for Prcduciflng
V-1 ;r,,- 7- D
fv.,P Y
F7
T. C. TSO
N 1964 the Surgeon General of the US. Public
Department of Agriculture has underway inhouse
Health Set-vice released a report prepared by his
and extramural rescaicli prograins which incit-rit
ad%isory mfnTnittre on ".&noking and Health" (27).
genetics, physiology, and biochemistry W the
tobacco
This report stated that "cigarette smoking is a
health plant, and the clwrmstry and bioamay of
tobacco
hazard of sufficient importance in the United
States smoke to heip mert this goal. Thiz research
is co-
to warrant appropriate mnaedial action." Sub-
ordinated with other tobacco and health-related
"ent rvtports of similar nattire have added to the
research in the United States and around the
complexity of probleiris of produc6on and use of
.world. Scientists froin tobacco-prodmi"S States
con-
tobatco. tributed signifiraotly in this
cooperative re5earch
The U.S. tobacco industry i-anks fortrth in cash
effort by producing experimental tobaccos, supply-
receipts among farm crops, and also fourth among
ing test materials, tictennining teal composition,
and
fam crops in export value: It provides an ificonie
taking part in special studics. For e-arnple, both
the
of- $1.4 billion- for 625,000 farm lainilic;, -and
mom University of Kentucky and the North- Carolina
evi t"illor in 4~ot 0-i-vitie, for,
I-edcral,Statc,
_y have an extensive tobacco rr3earch
StAtc Viliversit
and local governments. In 1970, 538 billion
cigar-- prograin iclating to "d
ettes were cnswned in the United State& However,
marketing; some of thcse projccts are supported by
Om f*r eapitA ~xinsixnpuwi in - rc~mt years has
Federal funding with spbeial interest in health-
trended downward from 4,3:15 in 1963 to .4,000 in
_o Scienfisa !`rotn-GcorgY'A;---
rClattid Lob- C,
1970 (26). Tennessee, Maryland; jnd~South Carolina
~ollabo~
Many people will tontiiiue to smoke, and fantirrs
rated with AltS in providing special sampics as
will contilitte to grow tobacco a.% long a's
thei-e is a cart), al 14~5. Oth" tobaoco-producing
Sta~tes and
_
warket. It i% necr_"ary, dwreforc, to el4uitiateor
re-
ab,~o colL
~Iwatcd in many are-is of
tobaeco int4usily
drim any pttrntial ha;mrds iii cigarette
sinoke~The health-orientod V~pjects.
Ajilcultulal P-.; 11w --prititary -obiccti%T_.Qf
Vhi, 'health-rclated to-
Rbpint-d from, AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE REVIEW, Vol.
10 Ho. 3 Third Qualter 1972.
'
uf Agriculittre
pilhli,-ked qlarwrl). ~y Coolittotive suit,:
H.C.'eaLcli Scrvic'u,"U.S. D~Fanlllvju
302058903
BATCO document for Province Of BritiSh COIUMbia 19
April 1999


.- if-
All -)T
Qrs
AM
4 ~
'FOBACGO diflm-s fim-th- in.,j,,r 4op, in Illat
it is .,,,I prim-il, f,.. pl-n- ,.d a, a 1-d-, of
In the p,.~ t, ih,- rimility of a 1,af tobacce,
was judged by its !ft-kc chararler"Itics. In
h-Ith-
Mlatcd tobacco lenf t.b.- 61l.addition-
ally b, -aluated by th-Imi- biologic.,] a,tivity
of the m,,kc
6,mi~t, hve devel.p,d mail),
plants fm increasing yield, improving clunlity, or
re-
d,!si-d pl-t-re sel-ted by
cr-i,~g o-- ,ith standard afi,tics.
The problem nf ioh;- smoking and health, how-
e-ver, adds a nc%v dim~-mion_ Fir-st, flic- ire at
least
1,300 ornp.,,nds ,,Iii,h have so far been
identified
in tobacco and tobarro M.kc. Only very hinited in-
formation is available indiratim
thi, undesirabilit),
of a few of these compuncrits. Second, there. is a
lark
of dependable systems for evaluatirg the "Wety" of
tobacco or tobacco produms. Furthermore, cig-
arette smoke is considered to be a very "mild"
car-
cinogen; the amount of undesirable component (or
a combination of components) is minute and may
easily etcape-dettction.
The characteristics of cigarette smoke are func-
tions of the physical and chemical properties of
leaf
tobacco which make the cigarette. Smoke constitu-
ents may be modified by changing leaf characteris-
ti~ The questions arc: What kinds of changes are
nmded? anc!4,tow can these. changes be achievvd,
What is a Sqf~ Cigarette Tobacco?
N dea~ng with the problem of tobacco smoking
and health, there are nurrierous vitri~ables
inwhred,
including leaf tobacco, cigirettu, suiAing condi.
tion, and, most important, the smoker hirn . Oric
self
can only use the w-1 "safer" in a relative sense
under defined coilditions basL-d on availaWe
kmAvi-
odge. A "safer" tobacco would
;wnok~ that if in, or free'trom, kncnvn. hazard-
oui components apd"the Umoke condensate would be
krW in, or free from~ adverse activity in -a
biological
test sysWnl. Th, p6mpat taskq wmild'be to difine
the characteristicsofa safercigarette and
todevelop
means for evaluating the deirree of "safety"
before
productiorrof. a safer cigarette tobacco.
2
4-
302058904
io, it,, ocvci,~p-nt or a sw-
gh
11.1at, and identify 1-f --hi,
may be as,-imed , 411 , ind-hable -..k,, cmi-
stitticnits or adverse bitilogical acti%ity.
Drtenninr the range of gencticil, physiological,
-inical variabilitiv~ of available gerril
and clic
lasm alfecting th- characteristics.
p
Regulate 4,e bi.,hemi-l p,oress &ring
en" nd -ring.
Compare the difTvroicei in smoke constiluents
and biological activiti" of major tobacco types
var)ing in principal chemical components or
Gultmal plu'Lices.
Improve rurrent prod-tion and miring prac-
reduction of undesir-
tices, for cliniinadoei-i
able materials.
Tilm approaches air attainable based on our
current kno%dedge of the physiology and biochen)-
istry of tobacco plants.
THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL BASIS
Genetics and Gempl"M
THE 63 qi. related t- cultillted tob-cco,
Micutiana tabacum L., represent sourcus of dlWlcr-
gent germplasm for biochemical and physical varia-
tions. These species o-,-- widely in growth habit
a .ncL in chmmosome. n-mbers. Breeding of new va-
Miles has been successful via interspecific
hybridi~i-
tiom Utilization of interspecific. hybridiTation
may
induce extensive alterations in the chemical cam-
position of the plant for health-oriented purpo-
It should 6-- noted, 'however, that only 25 to 30
sed
NicotiOgit species have been -successfully cros
with N. tabacum, and intcrspecific hybridization
-consurning proem which
and gene transfer is a time
may require many inanipulations. Nevertheless,
Much progress. has been niLade in reoent yean; in
utilizing th:n, wide rapgS_ ge"plasm...
Within the spmJcs of N. labacum. u*ny varieties
and tylks show wide diffewriers in chemical coin-
position. A~ liute cotlection of no terials 18 '
'available
to the OSnA, including abdut 1,000 tobacco in-
troductibus and 400 emblis-hed varictics. Nehru-
inary examination am-ng sar-,plet from tobacce
iiifroduefi-ni ;!_-xi wide variation tn m.;q 4j-~r
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


0"
0-9
2.3
Niciotine Ptid relatiwa-
organic components, The. range of variaWlity for
of ne%vly photoiynthesized carbon chair's into the
ncicctcd chnaractcrir:tiz~ in progmy xrith A.
fabnrimt "itrr-r'1f'1fk pr'l. Wb" the Slippl'. ;'
'Vhtm-
crosses is probably not as wide as that found in
clant there will be more syntlic,-'s of amino
acids and
progeny produced from hybridization with Nico-
nicotine and les, sugars and starch. If the
nitrogen
tiana NpeLies. bupply is lin.itcd, there wilt LE:
an excess accumuLi-
In addition to breeding through selection or hy-
tion of acetate in the TCA cycle w1rich results in
bridization, parasexual interspecific
hybridization higher produc6on of carbohydrates,
fats, volatile
by potoplast. fusion and regeneration has been
oils, resins, and polyterpcncs. These variations
are
demonstrated (6). This new procedure would in-
also reflected in the leaf texture, color,
porosity, and
deed lead to Zrvat opportunities for developing a
combustibility.
9 afer tobacm Induction of beneficial mutations by
Thus, leaf characteristics are controlled -by
chemical or physical means are also f mible.
changes in the en-dronmental conditions. Some ex-
1)5-namic Balance Atrin cellent examples am
oriental, bright, and cigar to-
,g Grmtth bacco types. 'ne oriental type tobacco
isproduced lu
with limited supply of nutrients and waW, and
STOOKE C0113tit.tiOn is greatly affected by the
therefore the balance is toward carbohydrates and
balance between cirbon and nitrogenous- fractions
the leaves are highly aromatic. Gigar tobacco
repre- 7
of leaf tobacco (18). To interpret the phytochem-
sents the other extreme and is grown with an abun-
istry of tobacco, it is desirable to consider such
dant nitrogen supply. Protein and nicotine
contents
chwiges based on the Krebs tricarboxyhc acid are
high. Bright or flue-cured tobacco may be con-
(TCA) cycle.' Carbon dioxi& from. air is assimi:
sidered intermediate, but slightly toward the
carbon
lated by the tobacco leaf through ph6tosynth
esm side; it is gi-ewnaith a modera-e. supply of
rutrogen
Inorganic nitrqgen is assimilated by roots from
the which is depleted when the!lAant reaches
maturity.,
soil. Hydrogen, which i~; liberatcd by
dehydrogena- Other factors such as the height of
the tobacco
tion from the emponents -bf the TCA cycle, is uted
plant at'the time of &capitaLion, light
iateipsity, and
--tg -reduce niLrautAo aninwaiawhichim uu-n-is-
uLiL,
isted by-members of the'11C.Acycle (oxal6acetic
acid, namic balance. If Iopping is ve0y
low,,,-Aith only a
a-ketogla.'aric acid) to form aspartic. and
glutamic =all number of leaves remaining o In a
plant, even
acids. AnimonVi. ~i also. taUn up by pyruvic acid
to 1jujiled amount& of.ava"ble njuagen may &Wt dw
f9 im alanine. balance toward the
protein-nicolint: sidc. Under low
These prochwts serve ai nitmgen sources in the
light intensity ind low ternpcrature conditions
to-
,f -ther am]'nc, acids. The net result of bacco
leaf can hardly-be ammatic even %%+ten the
nitrogen asswtnil~tioll 6 the utilization of
kPortion n it~ogen supply is very low.
Third Clus,ter 1,972
7
302058905
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


N
tet,~ A
S ENESCENLT. is tl,,. ph,s, .( jAn,t g,o,,Lh tn.t
e't.."d, fnnn mmulity Io 0-1h, ,nd i, ChAr- J~af
conipositicn differs f-ii-i Ljop I0 crop. L T11
act,, i,,,1 byan.--unmlali,~n of mct.,bolic lcav-
1""n 'ari.- p-ilin-
inCTC.I%(', in reqp;lniary rile, and a loss of dry
rnatim 0.~ stalk vary -n,idctA,ly in (heir phy,i-l
1-p-
i,
(20). At die star_,, -p- autiviti,~ (vs- .
and hcrn;-1 (20). Ixaves twril
pc(iill) hyd,ol,ti, and other ,,,r poFitienti
ddiver le.,.; 1PN4 in mriokr than
the ,,
Thew ;,,c th~~- from midfi!,~ and tipper 1~itions
(28). Hoi~,-
:iblc for breikdou-n of finictio-1 and rar-tural
'L'v'-'- leaven frorn tiplier--and middle positi-%
am
CNa)-ats, of dw c0l, s,ich -,),, proteins, w,rleic
int- aromatic tl:an thote fTOM lower positions.
a64 carboh),hat,,, and lip,dt. I h,- latim
Vm!~lovini( irluu= sljit wt~ for turnorirTliCity
Of
f
senescence rv~cnibles the early stage Of lea
srnc,;~ condtrisate, tobacco leaf and tobacco
midtil,
Ctiring is a vital pro- which falls into the
cate-ory
~ Welt rampared for their relati-.T biologi,:al
activity
'%rd
'i
of starvation pherioniena or inanition of - (15,
?8). The _~p-cific tumori--i-nicity of rondensate
plant parts. from cigarettes Yrade of leaf mas
higher lh~ that of
'
Thiz incrst conspicnous chemical conversions dur-
Me
.
coni-nmtr fiom cigarettes made frotn midril).
ing curing involve two phases. Mie fint p!;asc is
condensate from cigarett" con-
c activity of
specifi
doininated by hydrolytic enzymes and oL(-ji% in
leaf and midrib had aii inter-
of
either fitic, .. iril, di.
or ir-etiring. In this pba~e, mdiate value. Tle
tumorigericity ratios were, led
-rrharidr.% and 1xilysaccharides are. hydrolvzed
to ixtum of leaf and midrib (in 7 - 3 ratio) 1
.00;
siniple sugan, proteins am hydioly-zed to amino
jrb 0.53 (151 In addition, snwkc condensate
In-
cids which urmiergo oxidafive deamination; and the
'
l fr0`3 6garettes made from reronstitated tobacco
ectins and pentosans are livdrol%7ed to pectir
acid,
p shEet had a lower specific tumorigenicity than
unonic acid, and methyl alcohol. The second phase
is smoke condensate from cigarettes made from the
don-iinwed by m6d.tive
reactions and takes place same blend of flutcured
tobacco proreswd in the
mostly in air-ruting pracesse& Among the conver.
corrven ional manner. The tumorigenicity ratios
t
sions are the following. oxidation of simple-
mftn7l were standard blend tobacc6, 1.00,
rec6nstituted
to acids, 0, arid 11.0; the increased oxidative
sheet tobacco 0.62 (15).
deamination of ainiuc, aclds leads to the
fonrration The above-mentioncd thcomtical and
experimen-
of ammonia and arnides~ particularly aspa~agine;
tal basis indicates that plant material, smoke
com.
clianges in organic arids, im-itiding conver-;on
of pusWon, and Wological activity are closely
interre.
m.,Jic to citti,. acid rnd also de"rboxylations;
and lated. Properties of leaf material can be
nioaMcd t
the oxidative and polymerization of phenols to
through geneta(A and biochemical manipulaLion-
brown products. Thene is a small decrease in alka-
from seed to curing. It is true that one cannot
use
loidsand some loss of dryweight. only leaves from,
certain stalk positions and discard
Metabolic changes as dewfibed above can be reg-
the rest, but opportunity exists that one can "re-
Ula" (ow2rd a desired'direction. mold" the
charact6ristid eleaf material to meet
Smoke C..p..id. d fli,44cerl Actitiy re:ruired
conditions even after-4rvest:ing.
CIGARETIMS made fmm tobacco varOng in EXPERIMENTAL
PROGRESS
farm production prae-tk= deliver
Lvf. S. Wk,"'u" M&gicdActivity
f-f nic-i6ite and total. par6culatz. pjqtcr~
(TPMjirt the anoke Th~'nicotint: content irf
tobacco smoke tmnnr. Lagely dependent an nicotine
and SPL.4dal cigarttes ~verc niade for this study.
One
'
ftWeat 4 kaf toU&ccop- but. TPM 9f the "oke group
of saraptes involved only bright type va~
seems-to be mom related to.the arnoUtit. Qf
tobacco7 bacc-; Alic rchcr-grmn~ *vcAved -blend
1~,,avcs of
required to Make the ei~~tte, a, thi density
bright, borley, Matylaz(.i, and oriental tobacco
;md toW numbcr of puffs. Adjustment, can be nva&
types. (23). Eavh sample of leaf tobacco -A-as
char-
in breeding and i,i farm production prmlices to
acteriwd iu det all Siccurdirg to, the boulnical,
phri-
modify nkvrtinc confent of tobacco srm-ke. The-
eal, arid cherai"I ies follows; trichorlie
PWP_e
302058906
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


-J
A
r .4 orer
I
A~
N
......... .
c1 t'. -
March, liul-c. f-ution,
(ind vi,ya.,l volmil,- total N, an,-
N, nk-i, N. N, -otiftiry riniii-
;.~,d inlividiml ;~--n- nrid,) : phe-lir, co I I,
('11, ui, -A, nain, sc.p"lviin, scoplin,
q-,,~ id, m,J ',~~,nin) -:~ftnic -id, (su-ini,,
oxAc, inali(~, an,- fitty compound, (petto-
1-., cthrr rr~r-, t-1 hpii, fmi~ of v..riou,
chain lengths) phytosterol, (clwl,,terol, ru,pc-
hc-rnicals (DDL. DDI', TDEE) organoleptic
ch.-terictir% (arnmR, flavor, strength and qual-
it) I ; and yi,ld.
The experini-it-I cig.r,ttes were also ch.rwter-
ill,-' L) IlLigllt, --,:tic b.rrin- -1~, p--
avirage puff numb~_r, smoke deli-r)
aio, rrm,
at,d nicotine), and smoke chemistry including
phe-As, crc,.6, a,rolcin, HCN,
benzo(a)pyrene Bal'), benz'(a),inthracent, (RaA),
smoke pH, GO, GO:, and N-nitrosarnines. Noassay
of smoke conden-ate from cach sample was ron-
ducted either by lcng-term mouse skin patiliting
or
by short-term tests such, as sebacLous glands,
cell
and chemically -trans-
formed cells), furoma virus in quail or in mice,
alveolar marmplo~ge, cell toxicity (Maminalian
cells) ciliary trarispoit activity, and E. -1i
system.
Approximate4- 20.0M piec" of infoirnatian from
e-Ach test will be o'btiinrd for computerization.
From
this mass of data, precursor and product relation-
ship among many variables can he established. Such
relationships, as indicated- from. preliminary
results,
%2 ry with tobacco types, and with the blending
for-
niulation,of the.6garettes. Furthermore, the 'I'PM
and Bal? content in-the smoke of a cigarette can
be
prt-dicted when the plant variety mid leaf stalk
Vc-itions are known. Va6cty itself re&cts gencti I
I
chjkpcteris~cs, -:!~Ie stalk position indicates
diff'.,-
c'
enca iii b.L4111-t, phy"c'l, and ch,!rrucal
ti
iq-. 'Ille effect of multiple variables can also
be
pi~dictcd hy m .Aipt. regression.
CU'RREN"r knowk*r ~f the inheritance of alka-
1 oicla io the tol-co plant is well advauccd. It
is
Th ird Qa,t,, 1.9,'7
.i, "finc, .,Snw, nd
py,i,t. .1'. 6- 8-ort"l.
Thr gri".6- . f -nv-:, i'M"". and
-, nwofi-. 1-n -1, studi'd. aud it is
kn- I, t,, 1, ~,ntn,llvd I, ingle, d.ini-W
uai;, ,ith cxu,:~,'cly I-
Irvels of ,:r i,e are ahc:~-: ~,inf, l,-+,, -d
(11)
in 1--, a I-, --Ikal.id (LA, tr.~in of
buricy 21 a 111coll"t, Of ;1ev.-i'l.11cly
0.2 pe,cma 12).
vi. tobacco, a 1- alka-
1-id Ill 111b- - iulc ")"i"ir 0.2 1-c-t is
1 ~ing
k 111,,ir ;u imiwi - _xA ph) conwnt
- found ,.g co-- h, ~R lit t.iac-
The resulft 2-suggestcd J.Lpossibilit) ~fobtauiing
I.,, slerol th--~ b,mding i,h-t f--
fecting yic,-i -,r alkaloid ccritent (7). The
amoi:nl
and disttibzwn of these j..i-itmicrols 'In th'.
tobacco
neties
plant i% afi~-tcd by tob-ze" types, %a , stag,,
of dc%,clop-t, method c; curing, and many othcr
crivironmer-1 and culu,-,f f-To, (R~ 91. Sterok
may take pin in the rn(:tA~ilic changci of the
plant.
Interron-i-xin among strols in tobacco plant.% has
been obser-d-
Prelimir.-V sAudit:s or polyptictiols in tobaecb
suggest that levels of this uoup of compounds are
contnAlrd I... inultiple g-- Phcnolic ccmpounds
am kno%%:n to affect leaf color, quality, and
smoke
strength. R,ain wid C.Lowgeuic acids are most
abundayll whilv- sedf"th. scopoletin, quinic a6d,
and relatc%~ compounds commonly occur. Five-fold
differene- of phenolic compounds were observed
in somt: -doinly sclccic,4 samples. Tobacco type,
variety, position, -aiurity, light, temperalure,
nutrient. and curing %vcm reported to affect the.
c?mpol..~.n and li~vels vi phenolic compounds in
tobacco. T-ci ammiatic anvino,aci&;, phenylalanine
:1
nd tym~_,r~ a rr major pceoursom of phenolic com-
pound& irLw4apco PTSress. has been made
...
ciew-irig the en-av gystc;A. involvc~ ~Ml
me4us 'If-!A, (1, 13).
'114id , Wth,4aponifi;~hl,- m.id unsapaifiable,
&'M
prmcnt io wlaacco, Cig~.rrttc tuba Iccos .differ
in- ~lic
w-u-ni --J distributiM. of lower fattv acids as
well
as higher oncs.~Fa .ity .alcohols are'also p-nt. A
constant thange in the level and tomposkion of
302058907
BATCO document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


duting growt1i, senescrnre, aiiii
falty .6d" 'petially ss".tunst"I -.s, flue culing
method -1% a rs- oprn-flam
;,t thc -rly ,ns-.,rn,r. 11,, mmt emrn- cluii.g
metbnd.
sive decira,v at the y'll-6ug tage of lvaf Bright
tylir lobocco %%hich wio air-cured vri%u,
curing. Stirls a dccsvx~e is approximatrl1v in pm-
ah-umd type tob;-o which -, flu, cured.
j)-rti-n to the d,rn,r of fattv acid nwaturati-.
Burlry type tobacco produced ith 3011 R, rsi.
During the. same lirriod, there is a Flitht
increase trugtaii I)er acie in addition to vvich
cover crop
of comparatively shcsrter and snore %attirated
fatty ventts no isitrogeti Jtcr tyc.
A
acids (22). robacco mmiic vir- (TNIV) infested
leaLf
indications are that genetical antl 1ji-heivai-I
ve ru- T-~i V+rr 4.
manipulations ran be employed to induce 6uinges
Leavm of three Nicatiana species.
in leaf coinyscysition and thus alter the snioke
cm- Maryland t)-pn tob;- varying in rnijnr alka-
stituents toward a desired dirrction. 11ox-ever,
one loid (nicotine versus nornicotine) and in rate
needs to recogaiis.: die coinpic-ity of the
problem, of nitrrwen feriiii73tion (16 1b. versus
150 1b.
especially the interaction among various biochem-
N/A)
istry processes in plant nsetabolism. Progress can
be Tobacco 'produced with variour. ncmaticidea
arhieved only after %ve. acquire a lx-twi
utjdtxsL-Ll- and -.oil fungicide 1,M), ~-Olhy- A5,
Mnean.
R, ing of basic knowledge on the tobacco plant.
Vorlex, telone)
Bright tobacco with high and low alkaloid
Agronomic cnd Cultural Axpeds
`7. levels.
IT is sometimes suggested that the tobacco and
Tobacco treated with various suckering chemi-
health issue, as a more recent problem, is
possibly re- cals (malcic hydrazide, Penar, methyl
caprate,
. . . . . . lasted to chann in varieties and
modernized pro- I-octanol,and 1-decanol).
duction practices. Such a h)Wthetsis is based on
the -Various po~t-harvest and post-curing treat-
fact that varieties in use for many decades have
been ments. In addition, pure chemicals whether
reoplace-d with nt,-w high-yi6ding
I _, disease resistant used as pesticides or
grcnvth regulators are being
ones, new curing methods are used for
cosriversience tested for their relative biolemcal
activity.
and to savc- labor, various fertilixm
formulations, Effects of nitrogen fertilization
and various nitrog-
pesticides, and suckering chemicals are used to
in- enous fractions in tobacco were extensively
studied
erease Tield and to reduce, tbir -"~ of ptodurtiom
(-2, 5). A number of these studies were conducted
Many studies am underway to evaluate these fac- in
cooperation with State tobacco scientists.
tors. Lxperimental tobaccos have been made into
While we are scarrhi" for answeis to the above.
A cigarettes and smoke composition and bioassay
mentioned agronomic and cultural variables, we
studies are being conducted. arc, at the same
time, conducting studies on
The broad scope of. these, investigations is
illus- problems of basic interest and immediate
-concern.
trated by the followine studies: In this area,
five imjxwt~mt tobaccdhealth studies
4
4
.42
4, -1 i.-",
L
302058908
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can be noted : Mycourxin raditwlrn)ci,(,,
SuckeXhig 210 its 1( ;:1 t,)barco, al,l thm in
rigareite -itike, is
agvnt~, N nitro,ttuinrs, and insect rr~;--,tnnc-.
s" 10~ it is not "1 2. b.-Ath com cin.
T-Ki,:- pIant, conk, inlo cont;i,t vith If
furthf-r %tudle, the need, fertilier can
ran'sms at all of handling. Among like
'
o
be purifit ~! fiev. from ti-, soor- (if llo-210
for to-
miny toxins produceLl 11\1 inicr-)1"1l;l"'rk',
Mlatoxin tncco in tion.
hoill As~,Ygilhts 110rus is thr most potent
caicino- Nialeic. i.,,drazide (MIJ) has been used
as a to-
'
gen. A. flwnis was reported to bt present. on
tobacco ring agent for nearly 20 yeats. In the
bacco sur,.~
1 ~f hm aliat.oxins. were not detccicd ill an
examina- early thew v,t:rc qiir~tickns conrerning
the
tion (,f hundreds of luaf sampl,s frcm difTercia
desiuabilizv of Mll vvith r-ird to rivarette leat
qual-
!cuice, under niold or non,nold ,)ndj6.-,. Thi,
ity. In re(~nt years. thtre have bt-en
contradictory
result is by no nicans a positive insurance that
afla- reports or. the ix"sible effrCts Of Nill on
tobacco
toxins %vould never occur on any tobacco. Several
smoking and health. Dwing the. past decade con-
Wst~ wckv inade by "sl)iking" ILI) to 5.000 p.p.b.
of sideribli- "-arch effort his bmn devoted to
SCiAlLIj-
aflatoxin B, onto cigarette tobacco. These
cigarettfr, ing for a substitute for N11-1. One
group of
--re smoked and smoke rDudcusatc was collected
compour+, fatty acid &rivativrs, was found to Le
to detenniuc aflatoxin iecovM,. Results showed
effective in controlling tobacco sucker growth by
that allatoxin B, %vas cithrr totally dccomposed
or contact action (14, 161, and results from
cigarette
nf
tnnsfen.ned to nthrr produrts during the prrwe"
smcAe and bioassav data are very promising (21).
combustion (24). This study eliminate-, nfLitoxin
as Comparatively, the syst-rkii~ compound, M11, is
one of the most urgent concerns of the tobacco-
much casi-:r to use by farmers.
health problem. Some N-nitrosamines are known as
carcinogens,
Naturally orcurring radioelements in manufac- The
proct--,s of metabolic activation and possible de-
turcd tobacco and in smoke have been investigated
toxification in biological s-,stcm Of these
compounds
many titnm Earlier reports concern mostly beta is
stiT1 under study,Earlicr reports indieAted the
pos-
activity of K-40, while recent studies mainly
refer sible preience, of volatile nitrosamines in
tobacco
to alpha activity, especially of the radium and
smoke. This possibility received much attention
re-
thorium, -cries. The problem of polonium-210 is of
cently because published data indicated that the
ad-
special intercst, for-.thisL element- is volatile
at the clition of nitrate. salts in tobacco irkay
reduce the
combustion temperature of maLnufacturcd tobacco.
yield of BaP and othcr polyriuclear xvinatic hy-
ro-210 in tobacco plants is derived fiom either
the drorarbt~r~ ',PAH) in ci!,afr1tc sirkoke (3,
10). If
soil or die air. It may be taken up dirmfly from
the one increases the amount of nitrogen
fertilization in
50 :1 or tuay msult. front radioactive decay of
lead- field'tobarm production, it would result in
an in-
210 or Ykdiurn-226 tal~cri tip from -the soil. It
may crease in the level of n4rate in leaf tobacco,
but at
also result from ratboactive, decay of the
daughters the saar urric it mayalsoincreasc the
risk of N-nitro-
of radon-222.deposited oh the-leaves. In
attempting sam incs, M s4 noke.
to establish its origin, we studied the wtural
radio. To examim this probkm, experimental
tobaccos
activity in d
ifferent types of leaf tdb~acco of various were
prodn,7ecl for ci~,ki.,ctte smoke evaluation. This
'
years zpd localities; in varinus tobarco soils and
in study is bo-i-tg conducted in collaboration
%vith."r-
dQtncxdc-aad.. [Pigim laboratories. Available
-data
appears tu vary. widely-among laboratories. G, n-
C
Other Sr"die.
' crally, rcsaft s show thal experiinrntil leaf
tobacco
ats wexc alw waduct,W, by supplying
&Pc6we -prod U~c(ld with'extremely high levels of
nitrogen
Rn-222, ro--210, and Pb-210 to growing tobacco
fertili zation (2 or 3 times the i) onnal le, el)
lead to
A
plants~ Results sho%kci-that the main ".urce is
from the prewnre of dimr,thAnitroxamine (DININA)
iu
,
t9 bacc-loot absorption, and that phosphorus fer-
cigarette smoke (Tesuivs --try from I to 32, trace
to.
tifi~er i-i the-principal carrier of Ra-226-and
its
50,.xnd27toi4Ong/cii:.fr(linLilr"diffeiciitiaboa-
dmjglitLr~. R-210 and P6- 210 in the soil can n1so
tories). 1-1,Avever, TAINA was ft"In'd at marginal
b,- repi~-,d to a ceFtaia exi nt ~ yq~- r, man
n (helw M hg/wig. ~ or was viotde-
lpvel of dmectio
recent
ktudies appcar to show thal, the level of Po--
tcrted at -ill in ~qnoke trout cigoiot vh oi,
Third a-t, 1972 7
302058909
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7-,t"
A-1
1. G., i i'-tio. h-l'.
By 1-celolk"I in 16,11,
pl.ut ret.imuo, ;in
thl'al-1, In
vd.- ill, lo, l cf h,,-, ill ih,- tl.u,
niti-,mine in ill kv. Sevc,al st ... lies arc in
to --,i .... ... ultiph~ f"t".-, ill 1-f "'llicle
in.,ey ,ff,,t n4r,--ire, ill Oth, industrial
techniq-% such - filte-mion, n,.,)- Aso r'll'ove,
0 a
fnrf:r n-:!cn-, rftronnnnie~ in lohnrm
A study a both ~drruic and practical import-
a,-, i, the se.--le f.r t~,blc- plants bicie .,c
di~-
case and iriscct resistant in order to eliminate
pesti-
cide jimbitme. firredirig, for di--e re-Fi,itarvre
his
been practiced for nony but breeding for in-
sevt re%istan(c- is relatively ne- Iarge numberi
of
aa;T rrrcecs ,crc M!:tcd for thcir rcsistancc to
fceding damage 11), tohicco hornworm and bud-
worms (4). Results show that plants with high
resistance it) one inwct spe,cies would sustain
con-
sidenible damas
gc of the other. Most Nicotiana spe-
cies -hich ai-c resistant to larvae of the
hornivonn or
bud~orm tend to shoxv close phylogenctic
relations.
Thus, rcsL%"nce to the tolincroe budivorin was
most
often found ainong members of the subgeneric sec.
tion. AlaLac, atkd. ieiiswaev.~ tu the bornworrit
was
found among species of section Repandae and
Bigclov' nar. Prowess mack-. so far indicates that
in.
blect i-istanoc can be arli,,cd in tobacr.. but it
will
bw- a cwly arid tiaw-consuming project.
-.e relay
ti-,-1 ruling, --fitina, ire "~t- for what or
-1 let t xq ill[- j il - %i"luill leaf ki-j ity.
The altf-I I I'Al ivf,
is, thrr,fo,,, aplewam,-, f,.r
-in(] i
ell, dec- wuh-t.Wing . r lation of the hi.-
chernical proce-.-e~ involved. Such a rcgulation,
)x-ever, ran 1.-;Jl)- be acco,-np!L~hccl by curing
the
intact leaf une-r convention:1 methods. This n%:w
approach is to "cure" leaf inati-riel in a bomoze-
W. -.4"'fecl h. li,enrece'..
eizing the harvcsted fresh Jeai i1erough
mcclianicaL
_g by plqsical, cheini,-a% 6.- No-
.h.ppin I
logical treatment.
In efforts. to improve this curing proccss~
several
experiments leave been pewfc-rmed. Thme include
various pichan-cst. field treatment procedures,
meth-
conditions, itw of enzyme inhibitors and/or
promot-
ers, removal of undesired fractions, addition of
de-
sircd ccxuijliiur,,L, and controllcd dchydration
and
incubation. Such a "cured" tobacco mass is then
ready for manufacture into shtets by methods
avail-
able: cornmercially. We find that this homogenized
leaf curing (HLC) procedute saves up to almost
50 percent of labor in certain tobacco types, and
offers vast opportunity for regulating the final
ccem~
position of cured tobacco matcrial. In addition,
one
can make tobacco sheets to mtet required physical
pmperties. Preliminary evaluatiren by .mokeri of
the
fifa RIOUP 'Of CXPCf]==tAI cigarettes Madet LrOM
this
HLC process was quite satisfactory. This hon)og-
enized curing meLbod opens a new, wide horizon
for tobacco improvement, especially adaptable in
bealth-related re3earch.
IVM-J Arpromch in Lcqf Curing
LEAF tobacco, as a natural product, follou-s the
laws -of natnte in all.aspects of gro%vth,
develop.
ment, and biolchemicAl changes. Certain: organic A
PERSPECTIVE OF THE POTEMAL
components are primary prnducts. and some are see-
ond.ry in riatcri.. Their presence is tbt:
result'of&s- IN dealing ~exith an organic material
as complex as
sentia bioch"Pical procqsses.of rife. One cannot
by tobacco, there a= limitations in the mnge
-breeding cr:culLujc clitai nate from leaf tobacco
ca-- of '
po3s"c chaugm Of- pruipary cost"M to, us
U.. -ernial pnoticts ~hi~h may not be desirable'
-a, the.biolgical interaction *~d metabolic:
balance
=d ~Caw Such -RroducL,
a P Dint I
may be reducc-4 or dirre"nated after har.Tu;W,. A
their biologiical 'activity. At the- same timt;
the basic
rit- riletleod is~ being developed for this
y."`P~x quality factors nmd to be incorporated
into the
thrm"t leaf -cutinge, f?M. "sare?'-feal"toSacco.
AVithout desired quality for
In. the conventionad tobacco curing processes,
kmer Acreptiloci a "sdce~ whaem rne&ns no
"'n"
harmsted tobacco -is cured as the intam individual
tol:eacccr. Our goal is to develop a tobacco
which.imn
le4f or as leaves attached cTto stalks. There is
little satisfy farmers, manufactumm and consurneu
in
ceppot [unity to imp.,Ve tl~_- leaf quality
ft?,rther than quality ~ well -As in health ULeds.
1 hc rontlitions which a hiervested ~rcsh kaf
provide& The task of dr--b l; a safer tobacco will
bc
Agericultuoal Science Retirw
C
302058910
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
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-g
di Therc, :!rr
I., -d f,.r '
plrl
--ement
, it, aod , ming 'I i
p
k 111til' fitllkbt 11I.It ;I Litt" tob-co can lie
(1-1-
riped. 11(l,evu, murh tffort is nec-ded in
providxg
We f- 1-,t!,.- i.
and tlwi,
IIII-It -I,IL -:..gh a w,11 -pprt, I, -
dinat, halan, 'uIdfil'I'-d 'pli-
pmgra,,.
LITERATURE CITFD
(I A..r..E., R. A., C-L... J. It., C...I., R. E.,
(10) D., -n W,-,,, E L.
F-t, 7- T. 1967. TUK II-LTION OF It, TTTMOWCIENI~
1970. PLANT PH-OLS IN FLUE-CUkED To-- COMILNrWrr.
t-
FI-rIL11FD AT I)IFFERENT RATEs. Agr(.,n A-110' OF!
ROM-1 1. T.11ACC..
62 :415 -417. C.-, R-, 27: 172-174.
(2) D., C'. im"'.. J~ F., -', (1m,'N., 0. H.
1971. N.TROCF1 1969. INI&FAITA- OF PERCF.NT TOTAI.
ALKA-
LOW. IN .. I-Cl. 1. J-1. f
suc-RING - TICE AND KARVF.ST IIA7t Heredity,
60:213-217.
ON YI&LD, VATAIE, ANY, DISTRIBUTIG.% *F (12) Uo.,
P. C-L.N., G. W. N. UIT.., C. C.
D N' BATTER A-MG PLANT PARTS. To. 1970.
ILEOISTIIATION OF IA II-1-1EY 21 TO1IACCO
bacco Sci., 15:63--66. Crop Sci-, 10.212. j
(3) BFNTLEY,n_R.,-iDUuRGAN,J.G. (13) S..,-,-,S.J.
1960. POLI-C-11 1.- 1970. o-P.EN.L CO.I.-IT,
1--.N.L-
Z- AND TOS- smo- AwInt GXID-E AND PEKO-ASK
ACTIVITY IN
0
AND S-WART
(4) BuRK
L. G.
P. A- . ICE 'FAIN NICOTIANA SPYCIP.3, VARTMES
.
,
,
1971. ... .--E-1. I ...... Th.-tical
..d A-;p6d (;-i- 40:45-49. ...
.P.CTES TO T-C. Al. (14' STEFFENS, I- T~, T. C.,
AND SPAULIXNU,
D.- ... --.. Tb.c,. S6 D. W.
15 :32-34.
(5) RD-, L. P., S-, J. I- ... AT-.N, W~ 0. 1967.
rm..-
1%9. ~-ATIUF A.. I-N.L U. OIL.---
Ag, -d F-cl Ch-, 15:972-975.
PULAM SECONDARY A-- OF R-MI (15) ToitAcco, RE-n
Cotimcu.
TDIIACCO. Gam jour. SLi., 50:289-294.
1970. REVILW OF CnVIT- 1961-69, LoNLION.
1972. PA-1-11.1- INT-11RE..111. PLANT 6, T.., T.
C.
---N. P,-. N.I. Acad. S,i., LISA 1964. -, N-.,rP..
-
69--2292-2294. rAIT'r ACIDS AND TWIIEIR ANALOGUES.
(7) Cuirn., A. L. S., C-LI., J. F., AN. T-, T. C.
Nlat~ 202:141-512-
A., U,,., P. D., AND COLLINs, G. K ON NtOITINE
A%Ml T*T*L PAW"CULATS
1970. D1-T-U- CW TO:tAL 3-A-HYDR45-6- MATT~ IN
C-~M S~IOKK. In
To-- Crop Sj.. Ciwett-",
10 :545-547. N-0 C.-I, I.L M-gr-~h 28, U,S.
(9) G-1-1ALD, C., Ilv~m, L P., h-, C_ L. Dcpt,
H-lth, Uwti- And Wdfm.
1971. YAtt-N 1-4 -OL1, AL-W.~ AND P.bli, I1,.lth
S-, beh,.da,
..D- MIPERI.- r-o, IF- 1960. E.,Vclpdi. of CV..,
Tirch.
TILIZ-..N A'4n -v.. -ocv-x, Aq, joh. Wil-Y _d 50-,
and rod Ohm t9:2K-22l.` 2U:59"25.
Th;ird Q- 1972 9
302058911
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


Soll - 11 t URT11 171 P NY IJ:A~m~o. Agron.
J,,u,,62:(,f,3 Gfil.
- -
19 72. 1- -I.-Y .1. I-C-41.71Y F T.-
III AITI. 11.ilhin-ll 111111
R,-. In,.. Str-dthn,y., FiL, U.S.A.
42.-, --
1972. %1 -p--n- - LrAT r.TIARA~T~M-rir.-4
F`H-MT-1-11.r. DI- -17
A-11:111-1 11 I-AIT RMAIFA~ TO-
.Ac~...ESLARCII. A rcport presented at
th~ S-oDd Tw-mi.-I C.,&r,.,, on
Sir.-,1inF and liralth, Jour., Nml Cnnct-r
In,v , (h press).
(.~;i
1970.
FIVE-CURtNG ON FATTY AMD M%11`951-
TION OF Toll-co. Agron. jour.,
1972. FrrrcT OP TORACCo rvt~%xAcTrj-Tic-s ON
Ch,-;~I,y f
S,,,A,,.- h- - - Publ. C-p. N- V-k
(24) T-. T C., -D T.
14 f-, 11 LEAF
-., 11 1.11.1,11ITT I, C-
DINSATr. Bit. 7ur la~,~fomhung,
4 : 18 20.
(25)
1.1 -.1
p--,, rpt.
(26) U.S UX.r`ARTMFNT0rA,;PtICV?-TURV.
197i AGRI(:VLT11N%;. 5TATU$TICS. Wash., D.C.
(27) U.S I)DJ'ARTMENT OF AND
MIL-E, PU13LIC HEALTH S-t-L
19-4 smoKma ... HEALTit. Rcp-)rt of the
A&is-y tr, the Surgeon
J4,.,jjj, 4.-,Vi,. PA.
No. 1103, L"l-da, Md.
(28)
TOBACCO ANV -104ACCO 8MGKE. Studies in
Experit-mA C.r6-ge-m Aeadmic
Press. Nt~- York.
L
lip
Tho Avthor~ T.C. TSO, is leader,
ToLuitt:o,Lnboratnty, Plabt Genctirs and
in-titute, NAM% ARS, I I-S.
Dcput!.~"tofApriculturc, BOtsvi lie, kid.
302058912
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999