S.J.G.
......... .
. .. .... ....
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Effects
on the NO'n-Smoker
Report from a Workshop
Edit,d by
302058626
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J;;
Z
302058627
Contents
PRFFACE 5
1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 7
Rogner Rylander
2. REVIEW OF STLIDIES ON ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO
SMOKE 10
Ragnar Rylander
.3. WORKSHOP WCUIAENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 21
3.1 Introduction . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 21
3.2 Characteristics of tobacco sidestream smoke
and factors influencing its
concentration and distribution in occupied spa~ez
. . . . . . . 21
Aforton Curn
3.3 Reduction of tobacco moke, contaminants in
interior spaces by means
of filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 37
Preilon E. McNall 3,
3.4 Tobacco smoke inhalation . . . .. . . . . . .
. . . . . 44
Da~id Muir
3.5 Epidemiol*cal Investigations on eav'Ironmental
tobacco unoke 47
Runc Cederibi and John Colley
3.6 Tobacco smoke allezrgy - does it exist? .50
Geoffrey raytor
3.7 effwAl-df kA- m1ccrittiiL-1.'~;f carbon
monoxide in wa -56
Rickard D. Stirwart
3.8 Effects 91 tobacco smoke 01D biological
3YStCZM
Kaye 11. Kilbufw
4. WORKSHOP RESULTS . . . . . . .. 79
4.1 Perspectives on environmental tobazco smoke
effects . . . . . . . 79
Ragairr Rylander
4.2 Workshop suinzaary-and recommendations . 88
Mort.n:Com, Kayr Kiltrurn Ond R#gnar Ryleader
13 ATCo document for Province of BritiSh Colurnbia
19 April 1999


Pre face
The workshop on Eavironotental, Tobacco ROME
CtbW,6F, Ph. D.
Smoke Effeas " die XLma-Sutoker took Karolinska
Institute
place on Bermuda, March 27-29, 1974. Department of
En%-ir*nmental Health
14' The Workshop ias organizc4 by Ragnar
' 10401 Storkholm 60 - Sweden
ether
Rylander, Geneva Universitv tog
with Morton Com, Pittsburib University
PETER CoLE, Af. D.
grid Kaye If. K;!btrm, University Of The Royal
Hospital of SL Rartholotnew
souri. Miss Vicky NicolopGulou acted as Department
of Anaesthesia
Head Secretary- West Stnithfic4d
if! Ile Workshop was supported by Gene- London EC
IA 7111B , England
va . University through a grant from
"Pabriques de Tabac Riunim-, Ncucha-
tel, Switzerland- J*Hrq R. T. CoLLY-Y, M. D,
Editorial assiqance was pro%ided by London School
of Hy0ene and,
bilichad A
It
Russell Tro~lcal 'Adedicine
.
.
. -Delutut t 6"Ietrwid StX6""* -.1fid
-Miss Ariane Cam Epidemiology
. Keppel Sta-et. (Cower streets
Ile participants in the Wwksitop am
Lotulad WC I E 711T - E*ghnA
lis", Wow.
Yvzs AtARm, Pit. D. CoR-4, PiL D.'
Uninisity of Pittsburgh UniveTsity of. Pittsburgh
Graduatt School of Public. Heilth Graduate School
of Public Heqlth
munivanii,15,961 -,V4A
Pit"h, Y*
Pittsburg, Penn Lvania 15261,- USA
D03UNGO M. AViAt1q, M. 1).
TbRE DAURAMN, M. D. i4
Univmify of Pennsylvania uppola univcnity
School-of Nledic;m Gi Institute of-Hygiene
Departownt of Pharnuicalogy pox 17007
Philade.lPhin, PenprAv4nia. 19174 U
SAI 10462 StocUolm 17 -Sweden
-
rr4
302058628
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
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LAIM FRISERG, I%'l. D. DAVW C. F. Mum, Pli. D.,
MRCT
Karolinska Institute Institnte of Ocetipational
Medicine
Depamnfw of Environmental Health Roxburgh Place
10401 Stockholm 60 - Sweden Edinburgh F148 9 SU -
Scotland
HANS-PETER HARKF, Ph.D. MICHAft A. H. RuSSELL, M.
D.
F(wichungsinst it kit der 'Mt; Maud.%ILY 110~pitat
Cigarettenindustrie e.v. 101 Derintark Hill
2 Harriburg 54 London SE5 8AF - England
Cazellenkarrip 38 - W. Germany
R_,%oNAit RYLANDER, M. D.
CustTis HAms, M. D. Institut de Midecine Sociale
National Cancer Institute et Pr6ventive
Building 37, Room 3C03 20, Quai Ernest Ansermet
Bethesda, Maryl.and 20014-- 1J9A 1203 Geieva -
Switmiand
Present wWress:
JAWS C. HAWORTH, M.D. Department of Environmental
Hygiene f.
The University of -Manitoba University of
Gothenburg rp
Department of Pediatrics 40033 Gothertbutg 33 -
Sweden
Children's Hospital 91
685 hannatyne Avenue HLLULr SCHIEVELBEIN, V.D.
11MV
Winnipeg Deutsches Hernentrum Miinch n
NL-ini~a R3E_OWl - Canada 8 Mijnchen 2
Lothstrassc I I - W. Germany 4.
KAvz H. KILIMMN, M. D. is
University of Missouri TnEcmok- D. STwtmric, Ph.D.
School of Medicine Simon Fraser University
Diwision of Pulmonary and Pownputing Science,-
Program i~
Environmental Medicine Burnlib; 2, ft. Columbia -
Canada -
Columbia4 Mis~ri 65201 - USA ART
RjcttAwD,D,STz%v M.D,.,
_
_ The Medical Colleg#_- of Wisconsin,
~N"
Q.Au~r Lz~F
r, M.D. Departmedi'of G%i~~nrnentat Vla&i"
National Heart and')Lung' Institute '8700
Wi!t~rwlsconin 4venkle
Ni!tional Institutes of 11cahli, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin 53226 - USA
BOwMa-Maqland 92W14 - USA
GtcwrRw TAYIft, M. 1).
PusTow F. MuNAm -la,. Pb, W Uninrsity,of
Manch.e9ter
507, Eabt Michigan Stmet Stopford Building
Milwauker,- - USA Manch"er M 13 9PT - Englanj
302058629
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iene
ine
Introductioii
RAoNAR RYLANDER
Ile relation bet-een human health and
Unfortunately the ideal situation con-
agent- in the environment has always ceming
information about the effects of
been of great interest to mankind. Against agents
does not prevail in most cases. In
factual information or suspicions that these
iiinfances decis'imis concerjung the
spottifit Agents m-.vr cause disease in inan,
control of agents have to be inade against
reactions develop in the society among a
background of incomplete data and lack
gmups of experts, P01itiLiiuis, "th ad- of
information in important areas. Under
ministratars and private individuals. These such
circumstances the proper eviduittibn
reactions 6fic'n have cruotional under- of
available data becomes even more im-
tones, cspeciA-V in CaSft WhCft iiifonna- purtant.
tion on the effects of the agent in question For
the evaluation the. exposure agent
is incomplete. itself has to be defined -for
diff~-rLlfit con-
Any agent in the environment suspect- ditions. Ile
various ponible effects. on hu-
ed of causing harmful'effects must be mans due to
exposure must be, reviewed
thoroughly studied. The Ideal procedure- and
criteria for ex .p.osure limits have to be
is to define the agent in physical, ehein-
established (Hatch 1973). The criteria last
ical or biological ternis~ then to delineate
aspect is used in the context established by' P
its various effmts ~'And finally to establi4sh WHO
for studies of environmetual agen'~k
7
be evaluated for each of the relevant pf- Quality
criteria are sets of teso-selected
fects and ~Dr. the aferent groups in the to
establish a quatititative relationshili be-.
tibd in-whom differences k mt-'
PUPWA tween'ak ~.~rnt a~icf A' 'Subject. Quality
tion pattems niny be expected. criteria need to be
established in respect
Ile dose-mpomse relationships should w4c effects
of the,agent ou'roap's health
'
be as accurate as passible .and b.14i on in its
broadest sense. Selection of,-tests to
.the late
st scientific Lnowlvdge. 71w data elucidate the,
dose-effect - patiem is im"
On CMM Are Of iftipOrtance 10 pt-lblic
P0VtAnt..3hUC,AV%UIt5 11136 *410rbPriefte-or - -
he"aft autbo; 6_as-.& basij& ta_&-umioo
'Yr;jri"_P1-,f1_-,t,_ liliust; Ac-
the accessity for tbe establishment of con-
tion-agairist the agent.
trol policies. Guider am the limits
recotuirwrided, in
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the fo= of numerical values or "zones",
at or below which an undesirable effect
does not appear.
Standeyrdi ire adrnini~trntive dcci~tons
which are taken by a local, 10lional or
inteniational authority, t3king into- (7011-
sideration nut only thr bt.i cvi-
dence available, but also econontic, social,
political.and other relevant facters.
It is obvious that quality criteria. guidcs
and standards must be brought up to date
whenever substantial advances in know-
ledge occur
In recent years there has been much
interest and. concern regarding the possible
health effects of enviromnentak tobacco
smoke.
Comprehensive reviews on the available
infamiation have be= presented (Schie-
velbein 1973) and on two occasions, the
health c1fects of environmental tobacco
smoke have bem- analyzed by a group of
experts.
In "The Health Gonwqf4enc of Smok-
Wg - a Report Of the Surgeon General
1972 (U.S. MIEW 1972)" - the fella-
ing conclusions were presented:
I - An atmosphere pontaminak-d with to-
acr.O ke can: contri ute S-
1,
coMfort of.rnaLny individwils.
2 -The level of carbon monom-ile auaitied
in experiments u~ng rootL15 IrIM4 Willi
tobacco smoke has. been shown to
equA4 and at times to ~mceed~ the
legal lintits for maxituum Mr. pollu tion
permitted f6r'ambicnt air quiility in
scverl&Woc~ and gw_k.abo exc
Wd
WL M4
Value for a nonn4 work period pres.
ently in effc~t for the Vitiled -States
-as a whole. The presence of suchlevels
indicates thAt' tive. effect of exposure
to carlion nionoxi& may on occasion,
depending upon the length of expo-
sure, be sufficient to lie harinful t(i the
health of an exposed person. This
would be part icularly significant for
people who are already suffering from
chmnir bronrlinlitiltbritiarv disease aiul
coronary heart di-eftse.
3 Other components of tobacco stnokc.
such as particulate inatter and the
oxides of nitrogen, have been shown
in various concentrations to adversely
affect animal pulmonary and cardiac
structure and function. The extcnt-.of
the contribution.4 of thew substances
I- illness 6 liumans exposed to the
concentrations present in all atmo-
6 phere contaminawd %ith tobacco
smoke it--not presently. known.
In a subwquent report (Fietchet- (et al.
1973) an expert group under the auspices
of the Royal 'College -of Ph)sicians of
London analysed the problem and in their
summary presented the"following conclu-
%ion-
-11here is no evidence that other peo-
pie's smoke is dangemus to hvalthy
it. call V. extrenvel
j
irritating and cause Jistresing syjMp-
ionU, especially in allergic persons or
in
dxase 'almoy~afkcted hy heiirt or
lung disease- The smoke frmu
PTU
and cigars is at least as irritating as that
froin cigarettes. 1.n*er-trow4ed, ffl-
%Tntilatrd, rooms Or in enclosed Paoes
such -as cars,,, smoking- can lead it, a
carb6ti-mmoxidr, level of 50 lipm or
ov 'I.
norc w itcl is ~i e T.V.11 F~11_
mitt~d in induitr/."
The comiusi-MIS from the abcn-v report-~
have litter been cliallenged bywher scien-
awl
Iwo I
to lk
in It
Wet
ell
n,,.
l0 e,
"I
4
re
soli
%i
in
-bj
L't
302058631
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expo-
to tile
This
nt for,
Z from
r,e and
imoke,
d the
show
,-Crs*
ardiac
ent of
cances
.0- the
;bac
rt al,
of
their.
nclu-
,Athy
AQ,
"Ls or
rt or
that
or
t pet-
-ort5
-ien-
tists and by public health repiewittativvs
rlf~i'air nf elviel-i^lr~ftiril -Hirr. if
and the di,cusiou tonceming the possible tile
responsibility of the rapporteurs of
health effects of envimninental tobacco cacti
session tc, compile relctant niaterid
smoke have i-ontinued. and present it to tile
workMicip. Fr.-,.-r,
It was flicrefort, ihought to he desirahir- niher
working dr,curnents and discussiors
to PeTform ;al vxtcu~ive evaluation of the that
took place. tile final manuscripts for
problems associaterl with tobacco -.tmoke thr
proceedings werr. prepared. All Pay-
in the ciwironnici.. aiid aii Lituii"tiuiial
ii~tipauts iii tht~ workshop agreed on tile
Workshop was organized. "Workshop conclusions and
recommen-
Twenty-one scientits representing the dations".
fields of ventilation. cellular toxicology,
caricinogenesis, inhalation toxicology, phar-
REFERENCES
macology, respirato-y physiology, psychO-
Fletcher, C. M.. Donovan, J. W.. Li%vihcr, P.
logy, sociology and epidemiology attended J.,
Waller, R. E. and Ball. K. P. (1973)
the 2 ~12 day meeting. Pipe and Cigar Stnoking:
The Report of an
Ile purMse ot -the Wotkshop was to Expert Ozoup
appointed by Actienii ft Snwi.
'
review the availabk- information on the ing and
Health. Practiti
ame 210(1259,;
ubject, to we wherr sufficient knowledge 645-652.
H.
'Lch, T. If. (1973) Crite-ria for IF-rdati!,
existed and whete more irtformation was Exposure
Lirniu, Arch. Eau. H-1th 27:
needed. The participants werc asked to 231-235.
make rmommenclat ions for future work
&-hievelbein, H. f 1973) On the Effects of To-
with A vicw io determining witethrr and bAirco
StrinkinS on the Itimbidity of Non-
in which ciTcurustarim environmental to- unoker%
(in Gerrn;in). 1"t~nia 14: 236- t
243.
bacco smoke might constitute a public U~&DJIX_W.
41972) The -H-fth Come-
health problem. quences of Sinaking - A report to
the Sur-
The presentations and discus-~ions of the meon
General, PuWk Health. S-ice, Jan-
Workshop covered scnieral aspe"s of tile uafy
1972-
subject,ranging from -m-ritila6m to aerosol World
Health Or"nization (1972) Environ-
'
niontal Health Criteria
, Repo" by a WHO
diaracteriuics,.pcil toxicity and the proper
Sc;-Afic frop (EP 73.21.
302058632
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2. Review of Studies
oii Environmental Tobacco Smoke
R %G.VAK R1 LANDER
PC
2.1 INTRODUCTION tobacco smoke compounds in
various en sot,
YI For the purpose of the work-shop a rrview
vironmenu. ney estimmed the amount
of studies on esivironmental tobacco smoke of
airborne particles in railway caniag" d
was pmpared with special emphasis on with the aid
of a Cottifuge and Lound sm,
the close-responsc aspms arki the MI-AnCe that the
level was alx-t 4 times higher cr4.
in smoke, coml,artmerin that L nO - mok-
of the data for exposure to environmental h n s
tobacco * smoke under real lifc conditions. ing
compartments. Similar proparti6ns
=0-
The studies were divided into the follow- wem
foudd ift mmuraut,
ing categories: Determinations were also made of
con-
densation nucici which include all small
Meastim-ment of to1mcco smoke cozuti-
particles not detected with the COILifUge.
ruents in environmental air.
In d.Li.. -we, the difference betcen
- Mewturement of tobacco smoke cnti-
snoke-free atmospheres and environments
Auents in environmental air and in man with a high
coucentration of smoke was
including studies on exposure effecm
- Studies on "posure effects without ix-fold. Of
particular intere,st in this iatt
st 4dy was the ssimvltaneous measurement
measus-ents of .tobacco smoke consti- of 44letent
fob." smoke components m
1--t5.
rooms .ttqF,,3 UrgL _zuMN- 4 Tipt&f,~
in the revit~ tht! cqnceftlrs~,~~n of d~ ~~ bcca
anakrd. At CO-le-15 Of 80 51
afeftnt stilwances has been given in ppm the
nicotiu, ejuicentration was 5.2
Aar
units as reported by tlw authors wit h oth-
~ingln$. Howev the juethod ai-zinalysii'
M
cr. units calculated to lacilitatir compari- 'in
th~ study Wlk* Dot Very aCCUratP_
tw
sorts in brackets. Ile concentration of bew-pyrene
in
smoky aftrompheres was 3tudied by Galus-
2.2 --MEASUREMENT OF-TOBACCO kinova (1964). In the
urban anbimt air ruI
X ravimts varied betwmh 0.'
SMOKE CONSTITUENTS 1, concent 28 - and
EM'IRONMENTAL AIR
If.
Harm3wi and Efferibergq'. fJ95;U ~t- --Z L-1. ,
;Calx~ntraWtt of 2.a~ 14.4 pgf
nrt-w ;,.t:A*LLm the vxwentrAtion of WO ms -m
mprwd. The aut4or oc;n,.
302058633
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Hous en-
amount
ages
rd' 71
.m-srnok-
~~portictns
of con-
'~onifuge.
6 etween
oke was
in this
~in I I
_j
garettes
g.
;t
~f so
It 5-2
anal"
in
ient air
'S and
g busi.
14.4 pgt.
clude.41 that thv variations depended on (CO) in
thf- air of the room were mca-
the general aini,ivm ai, and ii, -~urrd -it
Hif(~",vn timr-The levels reached
and t1w number of 6qtrettes sninked in after the
vmnking of 30 cigarent's ,,crt-:
the. room itself. Tin- benpyrene von- 0.51 Ing
niC0ti11V'jT13, 0.46 mg acrolein,ml.
tent of cigarette niaimtream smoke lies 64 ppin CO
and (3.5 nig acctyldchyL;t~ ii-0.
between 0.3 and 4.4 pv
_100 cigitrett- and I ec concentration under real
To achieve th
is about twice as witch in sidc~trvam life
conditions would me- that 30 smok-
smoke. If the concentration fonud in the ers had
to assemble in a room with about
-en dne to sinoking only it %vould
air had be lb rn~' ( 12 x 12 f-ti
..rbce. When -5
therefore have required the constant cigarettes
were smokc~ Within 13 minutes,
smoking of IM rigarettex per 10-40 mii- the
amounts during equal collecting peri-
utes depending on the ventilation. ods were: 0.06
mg nicotineltins, 0.07 mg
A number of experiments has been acrolcin/ins,
11.5 pprn CO and 1.3 mg
pMormed where environmental tobacco acetaldehyde.
smoke has been -studied under controlled Hoegg
(1972) studied the concentra-
conditions. Several of these studies were tion of
various constituents. of tobaccr,
desigt%ed to study the I W-f-life of tobacco smoke
i6i a scaled chamber under con- t
sinokc under various conditions. The con- trolled
conditions. He found that the GO
centrations were increa" to verv high
concentration was directly proportional to
k-vels. to facilitate the sampling procedure the
number of cigarettes sn-4ked in the-
or to reduce the influence of transient chamber.
The sidestream-mainstreaM ratio
variations. which would occur vvith low for GO was
found to he 4.7. For partic-
levels of the different compounds. Such ulate
matter, on the other hand, the ratio
cDneentrationswould not be present under was 0.7.
After unctking 24 ciprettes simul-
realistic oponditions. taxtemsly in.thc 25 m4t
test chamber the
Marke (1970) reported on experiments concentration
of GO was 69.8 ppm. nis-
wha involved both- experimental- and would
correspond to about 20 smokers in
more real i~tic exposure conditions- In the a
roolu 'with abuu't 10 m* (9 x 12 feet)
Imter which is of more intcrvA in this surface.
Based on eVerimental data,
nouticction, one peto w sawked I I Cc~aret- Hoegg
proposed a general foirmula. to_pm-
tei:dutitrg 5-houris-la a 30 P13 L1.7 I or dict
the CO concenfration in a sealed
9 X 12 feet) large raium. Measurements roo7 as a
tuntfitiin_of the, -ao
cli(a-
shovwd that during smoking the concen-, rettes
smoked.
itation of nicotine.mached 0.0".0q in Bridge
and-Corn-f1972) perforrned ex-
nr3,J meter from-the smokefs bead de- penments in
a 91.2 t~-,-c6mber w1here ft . ... . .
pending upon vcntiLition. The CO level ciVarette
smoking inachine generated -the
was below IQ ppin. In another experiment smoke. CO
was trionitored continuously.
(Harke et al. 1972) an unventifated raorn
as an index, of the degree of pollution.
(38.2 0) was filled with. smoke hi a- '!Ivey also
pctfonned -expetiniteritv, ill
inach4te srnoking. 5, 10,15 or 30 eigamml Mo .re
lAulral muiua.'At,two partics with
within about 13. ruinutes. onuvntta~akm~
aldehydes '(expressed
of nic,,tine
acr-lein crnirtitions over .1.5 hour$ were foukid
to ,
,
r con- a rt"4dt:hy&) and carbon nwonxide be 7 and,
9L pprn when about,60 ciga"es
302058634
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4
12
a-nd 15 vigm, v,re smoked. It wa, ralcti-
latrd that abotti t; r,~p. 12 r~, of this
animin( liid lwt-n creatcd I)% flie ti-st Im-r-
sons Th'. "emp. 'onceitira-
tion of stz~pvtidcd patticulate matter was
calculated t,~ he 2800 to 1301) 1&gin' at
the first party and 2100 to 3200 tag ill at
th'! -nd 11!,-ir -z-ahs dpinoti%iiated
that in equation, pr,)po,.;cd by Tnrk,
which took into acct it ventilation rate.
mixing factor, rwni %c4unic and pollutant
genvration rme. rmild ~,r mM to accurate-
ly predict the equilibrittin concentration
of pollutant in an occupied space. lit
thew WMLII~d st,ttings CO from cigarette
and cigar ~niaking did not exceed the
U.S. Federal Ambient Air Quality Stan-
clards, whereas the predicted levels of
suspe-dcd particuLate ma"er did exceed
the maxiintim- It raust however be borne
in mitid that the valuls which Bridge
and-ACorn rueasured refer to hourly aver-
ages whereas the Arn6icnt Air Quality
Standard refers to average& over 24 hours.
Data front the above studies show that
I
the arniount 4 tobacm smokc generated
in a specific indoor environment and the
average concentration can be calculated.
Uss inforluation is availaWe on exposure
levels noriti4lly presmt`iu different set-
tinp stich as meeting roonis. restaumni-s
and home-tnivironments.
2.8 MEASI.JiMMENT'OV.
SMOKE'CONSTITUIENTS IN
ENVIRUNMENTAL AIR AND
IN MAN INCLUDIN'll,
STUDIES. ON EXPOSURE
EFFECTS
~.3.1 Gearral effeet jludie.%
;i~ml stuLhes have been perfor!Wd
dic arnoull t of environmental to-
Kirco was inea,ni-ed i,, ah zind
thr effect on persons pi,--nt in th,- journ
was also studied. A cla--sic. study was i-c-
rxsrf4 Oil
cussed irit section 3.2.
J.hans,,on and Rnge 1965) studied
thc ii-iiiating properties of cigarette 4~moke
in roorn air under diffcreiit tenipciaturet,
and humidities. Test persons %verr. placed
in a chaniber into which sinuke %A,; fed
fiont inachine smoked cigarettes. The ir-
ritation was found to be largest in wayrn
dry air. A slight increase in the relative
hunddity decreased the subjective irrita-
tion. A change in subjective perception
from !!acceptable" to "unpleasant" was
reported at about 4.7 mWnj3 parl"Lue
matter for non-smokers and 9 nigims for
smokem Eye irritatto 'n was noted it about
9 mg/in" and in this respect smokers and
non-sutokers differed little. The authors
cvneluded that a venti6tion rate of 12
mi~!hourjlcigarctte srooked was r"puired-
h
to avoid eye irritation and 50 m3, our/
cigarette smoked to avoid unplcw~ant
odors for nou-smokers.
Several - other studies involve "peri-
ments where the concentration of en-
%irortmental- tobacco snuoke, has been in,
creased up.to very high levels in order to
produce the desired effect.
In tht. earlier reported exprrinwm -by.
Harke (1970) studieswe~ ad
_ _ . _ . .. 4).. rua-d.t:
.. itnokm an d nob-smakeis. I I sii4erz and
7 tion-smokcri, were
exposed,for 2 hours
in a 170 ni" room (about 64 m3 or 24 X
24 feet). After' smoking' ;05 cigam"es
without roani ventilation jequivalent to-
a "ly consumption of 57 cigarettes lprr-'
son), a CO lci.,ul of 30 ppin was recorded
he=llb level irt'non-nnokers in-
and t
cxe&Kd from 0-9 to 2.1 When 107
th
I"I
"04
R
E-'
die
'I'I
run
end i
Salo"
colj~
94
A!
A161
it:.
tk i.
sun"
I
P
302058635
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


mtal to-
ait and
1 w room
%1*a~ Yc-
is d;1-
studied
T smoie
icratul,cs
placed
was "
-IbJW
:n warm
relative
e i-:ta-
M.
at" was
rticulatc
g/0 for
at about
liers and
authors
,e of 12
required
rall'hour/
~pleasant
experi-
,iof M&
order to
rrient by
717 on
ke.
2 hourx
,or 24 V,
alesit to
rr"aded
-kers in-
ticn 107
13
cigarettes ivere smoked With room ven-
tilation. th, CO Icvcl wab al>out 5 and
the COHI) Ie%-el of non-smokers increased
fruin 1.1 tt, I.G. The utine cxcrctiun of
nicotitie ua-, about 100 times Inwer
among non-smokem than synokvr,
Harke and Bleichert 0972) aho re-
ported on other physiological measure-
ments on persons exposed iii the %ame
room. 150 cigarettes were smoked in
smoking machines during 30 minutes.
Even under these extreme exposure con-
ditions no effect was found on skin tem-
perature, blood pressure or pulse rate in
the exposed nom-3mokcrs.
The experiments (Harke et al. 1972)
further showed thal the concentration- of
all smoke constituents analysed fell at the
'eftd. of smoking, the nxwt rApid being
nicotine. )Vhen over 100 cigarettes were
smoked during 2 hours ia a 170 m! wom,
nicotine concentrations remained fairly
cofistant over the collecting periods .30-
94 and 60-124 min. 11tem was almost
arL equilibrititu betweca the amount of
niewitic intioduced by fresh smoke and
the amount lost by sedimentation and
other processes,
on to4veg sm;4!~ i
_.PJFansPQA
en
aimraft wab undertak by the,.Frderal
Aviaoon Administration and the Natiolial
;n3titutc for Qccilpational Saiqly and
licalth JI 9711. Thu, purptKe of the study
was to dete"nine the levvis, of eertain
tobacco smoke corn*pounds in aircraft and
to evaluate passengers7 subjective zintctions
to tobacco smoke. CO, polycyclic amma-
)q*dMrarbom Mid D"V Nyrrt' nWi-
stired anu a questionnairr. WAS rUtUPIMCE1
by pn~ssengrrs on 18 -military and 8 domci--
tic fliglits.
Illie munpling sites on the aircraft were
ing zone of the seatcd passenger. hut ont-
side tlit! turbulence '(au--cd by the over-
seat ventilation system. The relative hu-
taidity aboard the Aircraft, Was less illail
20 11c in all tests. In 72 samples from full)'
loaded military ffigbis, 32 contained con-
centrations of CO which were 2 ppm or
less. Only one was 5 pprn. In the 14 do-
mestir flight qrgmrnts, no valite tPachrd 5
ppm. Aldehydes and other volatile hydro-
carbons could not be detected. Total par-
ticulate matter, which includes tobacco
smoke as well as ordinary dust ranged up
to 0. 12 rnWnis.
The- questionitaixe watt. completed by
3.296 passengers (3043 military and 253
on domestic flights) who were about
equally divided betWeen smokers and non-
smokem About 20 %, of the smokers and
60 % of the non-smQkcrs reported that
they were annoyed by smoking in aircraft.
Persons widi a. history of- respiratory
diseases were ffiore annoyed both in the
smtJdng and non-smoking group.
Anderson and Dalhawn (1973) reported
a audy in which tobacc 'o smoke cqmpo-
nents were mmsured in a 80 ms room with
iWit 6 air changt".1ficktor (icom surf6ce
sormpondiag w_alapo4matc~i. ~O m~. ,Qr
18 x H 'feetl. 7 swokeis Smoked .37-
6 garcties,.9 small cigaysund 4 pipes over
&6 120 utiuut test pvriQi;4 This would
approximately corre,%pond to an hourly
average consumption of 3.6 cigoerson
which Js w#11 above dte.'valu~ of 1.3 re-
ported by Bridg~. and ~V orn, (1972). 7-he
nw,= c~o level in- the "M during the
120 minuics, -was 4.5 J)prn.'._-Ne,_ incren .it,
won-, found in the Lutib val4c4s or the a
no"a-mmokers present. The maxiinum
amount of partictilat" was 13 rng/in~
-W'ith a uwan of 3.0 mKhn3 ana the max-
lorated as near w p(Mible tothe hre.1th-
ininiu-nicotine levO 0,.38 mg!T*. Most of
302058636
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


W-7
MONOW-0
7
14
thr test 'uhject% -pei ietired f-%-r irritation.
fi-, l'-pultud hradad". and one had
that Olt,
nicotine do.,e ri-i%-ed by the iton-smokcr%
ditritig the experiiiient wa~ equivnIent if)
ab-t 1112 ig h--
2.3.2 Siudis ii. CO
A number of studies has focused on
single compont-nts of environmental to-
bacccp smAr. W~ihl (19991 trinchine
smoked 15 cigaT% in a 6-5.6 m" sciled
room (surface 25 m' or 13 x 15 feet)
and measured the CO conce-ntration. fie
calculated that 20 cigars had to be smoked
to increw the concentration of CO to
156 ppm
In order to investigate all accidental
death dLw to CO poistning in- a garnge.
Srch (1967) created an experiinqntal situa-
ticth where 2 smokers and 2 non-SHICilkCAs
were studied in a closed.car in a garage.
10 z4arctics were smoked d uring 60 ini n-
utes. The CO tevel increased to about 60
ppm after 9-0 minutes and up to 80 after
60 minutes. The COHb in the non-smok-
m incmAsed Froin 2-r/,c to 5 9~.
Another experiment where tobacco
ke %~-as studied inside vehicle, was
Performed b~-' Harke ct al, C1974). A
Ftimpean car wa pkil:W itt a wind usa.
nel and the wmi1ation_-Wind -Iocities
and unoke gcv~icration'wt:te varied. When
9 cWmTtrs - were 3uuA-W one afte die,
odicr withoqt ventila6ou or i,vutside wind
mov-ezvvent~ the dO concentration itt-
creased to nvarly 110 ppm. 116 value
agrees with those reported by Sith for .1
similir expezimevital kondition. When
-vei%itatit-in -as present in the ca i_ if 1~ QP
were 10 -ZU ppru.
In.n follo%vin& stucty (Harke Ond Peters
1974) UO measurent(ni* were jA-rform'd
in cars %vilen dri%-ing through traffic.
1 ~thcvv 2 of 4 pas-qt-tij~(- smoked 2 tiga-
rettes each without car %.entilati- the
mean CO ctincentmuoir iiirre.-d in 21.4
ppin. It deere-ed to h, ambient
2-3 minutes after rc,,ation id sitioking.
Abqov-Pti,,,l ,f CO as al- ~tlvd.ed by
Russel.l.ct al. (1973a. 21 lulmom wl~n! 78
minutes seated in a 43 nil un%,entilatcd
nitokc-filled room ( 13 x 12 x 8 feet)
BCfOl-C the %'~JUIAC- enteted the r-ni
30 cigarettes were left to hurn in asht'ays.
During the experiment the 9 smokers
smoked 32 cigarette- avid two r-igars and
a further 18 cigarette -cre k-ft to burn
on the ashtrays. The exposure was un~
plearafft to the test subjects. Ilic expostaiv
conditions correspond to an approximative
hourly mmumption of 9 cigawtim The
average CO concentration. in the room
was 10 ppin. The atran COlib level in
the 12 non-smokem increwd fforh 1.6 to
2.6 %. The authors concluded that under
the mtrrme -experimenw circunnunces,'
the amount of CO ab-orbed by non-
smokers ~vas about the same as if they
had acti~eiy w1oked and inhaled I ciga.
'i 4 th,_
rette dur at period.
represcot an
exp6surc to etivitruturneniA tobacco sirnoke.
whiEh will iw~ wrr,%,F real3ife can-
ditions..'They thus represent one extreme
of the dose-response relationship. The
value 4A the t6tilft it that WrAn Ix- dem-
onstrated that even urt&r these c6ndi-,
tionst the COHb I.cycl Idue to cp~.Mn-
mentail tobacco-swoke exposure-will onk,
be vt~ moderately iuctcawd and retruain
106tv the maximum kmel of-4'% sugges-
wA
In a study &-signed to ml)rosent mom
natural conditions the CO -level- -as
th'..
4'
6111:
ce"',
1 i1.':
LI
'M
C..
W;
Nul
b.
zz
If
PIV
pr~
302058637
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


1."Td
tialfic.
2 ciga-
Lion the
I m I-A
air Im-cl
spent 78
8 feet).
he room
asht
111114
gars and
tol-Irn
wa
ext,
imimative
-tes. The
v rown
l"'el in
1.6 to
~at under
~AsWkces,
non-
it they
I ciga-
tat an
sullah
,e cW,
3. The
-.tdi-
ill only
remaili
15
studied a~. all indicatol r,11 iobacco
rnvirminit-ntal tobacco swoke I lortling
pollution ill intercity T,Li7,:s (Sviff 19-141. rt
al., 114iJ). Till! itll%l1tlll( ..ILIILI;d by
'File exlx6niental co-dttions Nvere de- thwe
iton-smokers work ing in a laboratory
-igned to ?06evr "wom-, cac- and "more area -is
about 5 r," of that excroed by
realistic worst case" situations and toe,.,[-
F-moket, No information is given col -
uate wlicilit:r the accepted occupatirnA cerninL,
th, arno-i of t,A)Aeco MnOk~ ill
I th"iold exposure ma.-ollitim w3l ex- the air.
ceedvd. X!-T,rethents - perfornwd in Similar
studies were performed by Catio
a stationarN- bus with air circtilation and et al.
(1970). Subjects %vere studied for
fresh air introduction provided by a 3 days in a
66 ins large isolation cham-
blower sytern. The rioa air ~cntil.,ticn ber. 157
cignrettm wetr-striollM through-
system operating during normal. dri%ing out cacti
day restilting in Ili ambient air
conditiom was not funedoning. The %Tn-
concentration of 32 jig nicotine/Ins and
tilation was I air-change, every 4 minutes. a
maximal CO value of-40 ppm. Non-
Fa,. the "worst c-a--L" --ittl-ation a f.Uy_ smok
Ts excreted between 25 and 63 jtg
kaded bus was simulated, with all pas-
nicotincl,,24 hours, the corresponding fig-
sengers smoking, each smoking 50 %, of uers for
the !tmokers-be-ing 1135-1.6 ing.
the time. For the "mom realistic ,,,orst An
ambient air nicotine concentration of
case!I condition only khr-- rear 20 % of the 15-35
ttg~Mll re'.1ilted. in Ftn urinary excre-
space was Provided- for srooken
snJing tion of 22-70 jig~24 hours.
-
-who smoked 50 % oi the tirne. Ili the The resuft
fronri the nicotine air enti-
"worst case" situation the CO-h-vel at the
(sentration in this study is different from
driver's wat was 33 ppm and that in out- that of
Anderson and Dalhamn ( 1973).
side ambient air 7 ppm- This smoke level In (hat
study the air concewmtion of
caused subjective disconjort and irritation
nicotine -%4ias reported-to be 0.377 mg/tris
to 4 out of the 6. expo-M persons in the at CO
co6centration of about - 5 ppm.
bus. 11te "reallmic wom case" gave a CO The
prr_vnt study with . a hi
gher CO
level of 18 ppui compared to the outside value (40
ppm) only -mcorded l_'-33 tig!
Arribient air level of 13 ppin. No Wbjec- ni~.
This value does neither agree with
I live irritation was reported w-this co~,' that
prescytted by Hurke et al. <1972).
The latter results are contradictory to 0-51 mg-m$
at a CO concentrat; ofk of 64
those~reportcd by Andcrswi vW I)a1hamn ppm-
(0713) Vh* fourid sabjr~ irriwibn st
T1te..*t1Adb!&_ ow nicotinc ck-crefirin on
a mean 00 level of 4.5 ppnL This Jiscie-
non-smokers. exposed to environmental
paucy can be eaplaituxi if part of the CO tobacco
smoke have dexrlonstrated a de.
prmw in the hus:was in m0ty due to tmuble
LxFretion which is much lower
exhaust furnes penemating -into the sta- than
arnong stnakers. 'The. experimental'
bus fr6m the varmunding air.
tionav dala. uvTL obtainkd in &verim
ctits with a .
I
rglativcly 1 igh e-\ ure and no'data afr-
2.3.3 Studici on nicotire available frolu more a
1sUc._rxp(Uurr
t more In a study of inethodb of anMysiL -nicotine
condidawL.
A YaA wa~ miew-ured in non-iinwker.4 expowd to
302058638
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


16
2.4 STUDILS ON EXPO!~URE the isunibc-i- tol
thilil-n it, tht- difforf-i;-
EMT(, j S 1% 1 1 11OUT subgroups is very e4nall.
certain trrnds
MEASURXIMNJ OF TOBACCO could k, d,i.,,)-tratrd. An
in-r-se Wa,
SMOKE CONSTIFUENTS fow'd in ccrtai-ii re!'Ptiaturv
sNImpinins.
an)OFIK t-hil4ren frorn hoin-, where to- h- _j
2.4.1 Rripiratary sywpfims bacco was pre~,nt. The
incid(mcc was re-
Several studics deal %,ith the incidence lated to
the amount of tobacco smoked.
of tipper respiraton, Stwplonjs And -r- (MiH.,cii
fluli. ;wIll" wilvir orljv Pipes -n,
suir to environniental i(Amcco swoke. One or
cigars were smakrd showrd no increase nu,~
such study was reponed by Cameron et al. in
symptoms, of -i
(1-969). 727 familics were intcrxie~-ed 'I he
relation between environmental Sp.
by telephone and (piestiourd abutit s%nip-
tof)a(co smoke and pulmonary disease was at",
toms of acute ilitiess and smoking habits. also
studied by Colley- (1974). Thesc, re- ojx,1
In children aged 16 or less the pm-alence sults
air discussed in wetion 3.5.
of respiratory illnen was found to be in- Harlap
nnd Da%ics (1974) published
creased in those from homes wherc- the a ftTott
relating the hosp 'ital admission
parents smoked - 5.9 f~ conip.-irrd skith rate of
infants to mternal smoking. They sm"'.
3.1 % in those where tobacco smoke was studied the
hospital rx-cords of 10.762 in-
not.repor(ed to he prestrit- Thr numbers fants in
a Jerusalem population 1965-,69. IRUI -W:
were however very symil - the 13tter The smoking
hzid)its of -the mothers. wete clin;f
givup containing only 9 persons. 1%hen evaluatind
in a personal interview - 9.2 % testit
the material was reduced to contain only of the
modiers were smokers and 7.4 % At:
children aged 9 or less or 5 or less. no had given
tip smoking earlier. A signif- eye.
statistically sigiiificant diffetrntes ,-ere
icautly highcr admLsisiort, rate was found
ickind bettmen tobarco sukoke lu.id smoke- for
bronchitis and pneumonia among Son!
free enviromments.- children whose mothers
sm,okcA. A dose.
Shy -et al. 41970) repdrtcd on the inei- response
rel.atiodiJiip %a:,as present foS the of $y
dcnce of-acute respiratory illness during number
of cigaTtws smoke& No sigmit~ Cowl,
one winter in 871 familit, living in arras ifant
incre-4.se was found for thq, incidence
'
with difft-rr~n! levels of 11;r.pog~lioft. -nic
respirstafy tract infection. In a
~f PPM
jIluca. raw-Aocirw diad- fp".j to aw" authors
toond 'that
~e 1j!gjicr'in.the pofiuted area, but -no -1he
increwd' a0missiou rate Ltir hmnehitis
Forrqlatioll could ~be fowd between the
, or pneurnorna Was not present dtiri-go!~
n's. 'we ah d -their, "0;
cwl~rV (61 5 n-krriffiti-of life, tw--r after the
fir st thc~ A.
smoking habits. ti~rthday.
-Nenuan-Taylor at;d Dickinson J1972) The
differen6e in admission rate for Whir
evaluated the (rcclurucy of.mp0Wry_in-. bronchitis
and i7neximonia. 'for chil6ren tobac-
yvq~r old untrants i the
fections it) f k~ 9 5 with smpkirtg and
uon-smokiag mothers
till
County Priuiary..-Schook iu St. 'Albarts was
smaner ;Iutn thatdue Act SUCW clhss
~ntbncl. M h .1
_
re expkmintr the presence- of,
a questiciiinai A' 4nifican~ly. incrt-ased
'"41n6sioll fre-
upper resl .)irAi.my infectiong as wc1l.-as the'
queucy due tn jujurws was alsu, itoted'6'
smoking habifs of ghc fAmily. Uthough the iirst
born infant of fatWlirs where the ents
302058639
BATCO document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


the d4f-
ertain ir-d,
r)
Olfrt- I-
J-7 11'
.I[Co li-k, d.
onI% P.J.-
-d no Inc I(
F nv.VI.M?1nf,?
ry di . was
'I ese re-
M, 4) published
"I adaiii.n
mking. They
,f 10.- 71512 in-
ion 1965-.69.
hers wert:
icur - 9.2 7c
s and 7.4
A signif-
was fcu.d
arwrig
A ed. A dosc-
t f0t the
No signif-
Y,~_ fun(T-It h at
brolich
during the
fcr th,-' fiist
rate for
ug rn4thcrs
social clss
infants).
izion, fVC-
noted for
0
law
smoked. 'nw clinical rvinpi.rn,- Reicl,, li.6.g
ho,,-- ve,y ).- lit this wdy I). ac- typical
aflei-gi, On VX1.- T~
-,ult -I, given of the iniuLit'. h-hif. nf --I
agent, mch it,
LoW nd
Ldit
or other jticinhc-r~ of the house- drugs, th-c-
patients d-tlop,-d n.-al, or-
h.ld. cular and broncluil ,ft,r C.pa-
sure to -,akc,. Mi", th, ~ourcc
2.4.2 11)-p-ensirivity of tobarro expo%urt- i%-a,
reinovt!d, the
Tht: rulation betwt-,rt exixsure w crivirou-
patients re~-,rtvd disapl.-amn- nf the
-mental tob-co -oke and the prcsc!ncc symptorns
witlwii 15-V -rinuici.. Sciitch
of allvrgic ructlom h~ been i--tigated. test, for
tobcco gave weak skin reactions,
Sp- (1968) t;ttjdird two s~uuplcs of %-hercas
intraderrmal testing gave responscs
atopic iiou-sujokers, all of %vhr)m devel- in all
Ntir-nts tc~ted. Passive Iransf"
oWd symptouis wlit:ii -posed to tobacco from 4
patients chosen at randorn gave
stroke. ne first &nuple consisted of pati-
positive rivac6ous. Foll-ing de-vitisa-
cuts with allergic di~easc%s, such as nasal tion
the impro-ment livas reported as
allergy, a-sthnia and alk-rgic headache. 'Pie
"excellent" in 10 -F-cs and, "falie' in the
second sample waa5 dmawrs from profc~ remaining G.
simml univenity staff. la addition to Blue (1970)
reported wic caw of asth-
qucstio"aire dita; the allcrgic group had ma due
to cigarette tobacco allergy. Thr
clinical examinations including scratch patient
was a heavy stuoker who suffered
testing- with tobacco extract. from 1"tient asthma
attacks, which were
About 70 % of each sarrqJl~! reported worse during
the winter monthIL After
eye irritation on exposure to tobacco giving up
smoking the asthjuatic
smokc% Nam) syttiptoms, hcadachc, cough, tom-,
disappeared.
sore throat and nausea were triore corn- Another
allergic case -u reported by
mon in the allergic group. The frequency Cohnia
and De Gara. (1965) who de-
44 symptoms in this group was 15-46 %, scribed
a-case of dcrutatitis due to to-
compared with 8 -36 % for the rim-al- bacco smoke-
A vesiculpbullous dcrinatiti,
lergic group. 21 of thr 191 alk-rgic patients
de-loped on the hands- of the patient
g- a positive reaction to the scratch when
cigarette or pipe tobacco was
test with tobacco. extract, but none of smoked.
This disapi~_" following ccs~
t,no showed an especially'.1vire
(he-- rati go of ssridkirsp,~
reac-OWLIQ lffiaki~. ..Kincc no J;iLicnt; irom,
Hypersensitivity to tobacco, sapoke was
the aergic group gave a history of non- also
studiLd by Savci (1970L in 8 non-
respratory. allergic syrriptorus. swh~ as
smqk=.:"4io had str6ng aftergic b"-
itchiM or sLu eru4Aioh afterexpostire to
triTnediatc up-
ground and who reported i
tobatwo smoke, the author concluded that per
respiritory discoinfort after being ex-
the r~~potiw to coluicco smoke was prob- posed to
cigarette snvAe. He (ound tbat
ably-not allergic- lie suRginted that part
an in
the addition of cigam~re,sntoke to ,
of the ropilisc
rnight be.attributabk to. , 'vitro culture of the
subjects' lymphocytia.
an inctcawd.6carwr*tio-oif vitf--
Zimman (I 97OL:itudied 11; ~vlpic prV
w-d tttyin,
-idute as comixired to a control
tmts in wboru exlx~urr to tobacco smoke cul ure.
In 92 contircil 1ruients witIlIout
-4
a
302058640
BATOD document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


4-
V-
I
*41
.k
514
kinpli,x-,te latim, the .rmawd thy- not The Iif-
upt;4, 6Y ru-n- -old pwb.bly b, tirih.t,d t,,
cxpos..-C. d": ,C11 3n tO
Thip stuttv. - oil the po-1 '.- allergenic the
exl.,cs urr.. FK-
action ,f to~ ..- snluk, I- Brit a c.- Th~
finding, are ont-di,tory to thos,!
fusing 1?.ttt,- -1-he fact L-, thew i- ieporIL-d
by llat-Le and B16illit!tt i19721
that toh?,- extract is who wem not able-to rL~curd
uly L!ffcctF Iv
ahergenic ls~ sonkt,timcs i~,:n taken to on blood
pres-re --r Ttl%c rate under ex-
yr-.'n thi, -6;orco mist)ke i. also alJcr- posure
conditions whirh were even 1nom M
genic. No -~-inientit vvidi.-.ce has bmit extreme.
tio
presented to ~-ipport this h%i~-thesis. Cameron
(1972) also studied children's me
rractiorts to enrimnmental tobacco stitokc. cc
2.4.3 Oth, ..-i,ai A sample of 1710 children aged
7-15 .
Other effecu; of environmrntal tobacco were asked
whe-ther they liked tobacco
smok-42 cxpoLum. have bma investigated. smoke,
whether they developed symptoms fro
L-qu-,-te et aJ. 1
,1970) --d the acute
on exposure to it and what their attitude rel
effects of cigarette.smolse on children. 40 was to
smoking by their t=ents and to is
children %%ib a mean age of ~kft rars were
--smnking in gewt-ral- AmotiK the childiva
exposed to s-zky and s-Le-frec atmo- aged 7-12
yem, 76 % reported that they iib
spheres ,iikai. Lmironnientn!z-hambernwa- disliked
environmental tobacco smoke a ba
suring 12 x 7 x 7 feet (ca. 9 m3) without "little
bit" to "a whole lot". 21 (74o m- Sy3
%Tntilation. S children wt, 5tudird at a portcd
indifference and 3 % said that 11.
time. Whik in tht~chandwr the children thicy
enjoyed it., In the 1.3-15 year age STi
watched rno~:z films the harmful group, 58 rA
d6liked it and 7 fA said they cv
effects at smoking. After 35 minutes dur- enjoyed
iL 47 % of the children reported m
ing which tizne 6 ciga'n-tu- wcxc stuolrd eye
irritation, I I c1b naud iftitmion, 12 % . dc
by two smolers Aso presen; in the cham- headache
and 37 9b cough. Thaw trou- W
-t tt~e aM b1cod
ber, n-wasure-zents, of hear ble, nausea and other
symptoms were m- IJa
Pressum werr taken. parted by 5-101A. Reported
vymptorri% sh
The non-moking emironment pro- '
were about twice as frequent among chil- in
d -ne increase ill the Lcrt rate and
M ul
Whru
ait"I'l,
any
ns
ntal
ntrtk-,,
it
nt
evant
it,
cco
ternati;
1 vedL
m
idenre
ental
rtaken
orkJxl
red..
op
g.
dreb who disliked tObRCI-ID
wa
sr-to!ic +A-4 -Wadkkg~s-. -
Xhe fi"njo of thk sqdy. ar~p~ Oifficidt
,hr-
t-
even
pill,
very wt-.
For a i;'-
he.
sm
F.~. ,
cml"
4-t-
f"
r 6 i
-
the experiment was perforated without *a evaluate,
as the meflio& were different
tabacco sritake exputiure a tignificant iu- frosix
those gtjwratly wed to assm an- REFM;:
~crra" iiN i~rsti t9tt! A"d hitioa-preadm ' auVwxv
due w various-enVirvornental, pot Andw
was initi;W recoided. As. the 5th ineasur- lutants
(Lin&all and Radford 19'72).
inent after'30 1uinut,~,rxpo,,urc thL blood
pressure, in the.,moking envimi)ment -m 2'-5
CONCLUSION
found to L-w slightly higfr--r than in dw The
review of the literature on C"Iron-
stooke-frrt conditicm, but There Was no nwrital
tobacco unoke -&monstratrs that Padw. I.
i.-h -.aLli.v diffeivnces 'flic nunthtr of
1"tblit~a&vi draling-whit
-
-
r-d )werr smAll (4-5 rim blood pm- A
the matter is lairiy large. A variety
sam and (i lwats!mia). arid the statistical
enviropinents has been studied and wra-
L:
302058641
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


-1. Ile dif.
luit
we as to
fty to ihosc
,ell ( 1972)
many vff~cts
undef ex-
even rnore'
~Cco We.
Wd 7-15
4 tobacco
syruptoms
~ir attitude
a rf. , to
r! CL -C"
that th,-y
smoke a
~21 r/r re-
said that
year age
said dtcy
rTorted
Lori, 12
[oat troul
WCM' re-
I-Mpg
diffittilt.
different
34" an -
nta, ';01-
znviron-
ms that
Ig with
ricty of
SurellicriLs, Of. dificit-ni Cf%V?.1lW-tT4- havc
(1~7.e) S~ I liand TM,a-
hvc-n p,ifoijiwd. Expo,are eff,-ct,; have
S-ke: Child,W,.t Rvacri-. Th, la,-.1
been stndi,d with and withto imidta- of S,h,-,,l
11-11h 42 ~5): 284.
neous ctntrol mid measurement of the Carnemn, P.,
Kmtin, J. S.. Z~ks. .1. M., Wolfe,
-
H., Tighc-, G., ()wlctt. B., St~kr-r. X.
ex)iosurc level. ..
d Wirimn, J. ( 1969! 'ri,,: i 1-1t), of s ... ok--
When -in attenipt is made to use the r%' and
Nori-Smokem' Chiklien. 1--a1 ot
available iiiforina6on to evaluate the All, 'igy
43. 336-341.
rl~r-terpmfzc asp-- difficuitws anse. C.,,,,,,
J.X., Uawhn. J,, BMO~, R.. D a,. C.,
Many studies rcprt:_,cat exposure condi- Viala, A.
and GtiMernie, R. *1970) DvIer-
tions where the concentration of environ- inati..,
of Ni-tine b~ G.-Pl-, Chron-
mgraphy. 11. Applk.ti-, im Frewi,). An-
mental tooacco swoke grvatlv cm-cuds con- n.les
Pharniarrutiques Fr-jaim, 28(11):
centrations that can be empected to pre. 633-640.
vail even briefly in real life situations. Cfley,
J. R. T. (197-4) Respiem"ry Symptoms
Inf-rination concerning the lower and in Children
and Parental Smoking and
f-mu hridth point of vimy more Phl-_= firii. Afed.
2. 20-1-
205.
relevant Patti of the dow-respori~se scale
Corviia, F. E. atut rk-Cam, P. F. ~,t%5) 41,regi-
is very inconipletc. culobullons Derm3titi. from
Tobacco Smoke.
For a satisfactory evaluation of the pos- - -
journal of th* American Aledirat Amoria-
sibJe health hazards of envirorimental to- tion
193 (5): 391-392.
bacco sutoke
it is them-fore desirable to Feder4l Miation
Admini%traticya, Deparuncal,
. of Transportation 4nd die National Insti-tute
systematically look into all parameters in. for
Occupational Safety and Health (1971)
volved, namely the vxij.4are agent, "po- .Health
JV%pcct. of - 5-okinz in Tra-port
sure conditi-ns, effect mechanisms and Aircraft
(Report).
evidence for effects at mlistic cairon- C"'linma,
V. (1964.1 3,4-Benrprww. De--tex,
zriental conditions. This was
the task un- roination in the Sivoky Atnimphere.
of Social
- Rona d Rea-rann. A Contri-
an
dertaken by the participants, of th -mimsness of
butim to the Problem of the N
Thc different documents PrL- . socalled ilau;v.
Smoking. Neopiaima I 1 (5):
pared for the Workshop and the Work- 465-468.
shop resulus air presented in the fall w- Harke,
ll.-P. (1970) The PnA-k- of- -Pamive
8 xnaking". Minchiner Afedii*iwhe 1Vo0c!i7
1119- _
ttT rig,,; :329~2544. . " :- .
Harked IL P; Raam A., rrahin, 6, Ntert, If.
"d Sdtultz, U%. (1974) Relation batwea6
rimttituitnts Ajid nuaiber..Of Mi&M
cigAretta, 144c and room. voJu"w (in Get-
Andrion, G. &.d Dgih.mn, (19731 11-tth man). Int.
Atih. Arbcit,-wd. 29, 32 3-339.
risks d.e to pa~~4- uno~ing '~in Stwji~jj). Harke.
11. P. and Nelchimn, A., (1972) On ilie
Liikotlid., 70: 2833~2836. ~problern of pu~xive
amoldng (in Gennan).
Illue,'j. A. (1970) 0,w.~uc Athma aid T- lat.
A,eh. A,beitmcd.. 29. 312-4M.
bac 'co AlfeW. Awn.h c4 AllerRy 28 6' Harke, H.
P., and Dvnkr,.'D..(J.974)
Juvestinatiobt, ot-the--Carban' Uum&%;
Nridii, %L. e-i. -
bution to. the As&t%mmat of Enpourr uf (in
Gennim). Are*. Arbz*jnu'(.' 33: .'in
Non-Szriokcrs to Ali- Vallwimt froin Cisar-
ettF and'Cigar Imooke iu 0~capied Space,. It. P.
and -)!"eis, H., f 1974) The lin-
1 mriromme-fttal Reitarch 3 (2):- M2-20% Poo unlre
of S1110king. for We' Cd' Ctinceq-
C.
4
r
302058642
BATCO document for Province of British Columbia 19
April '1999


20
U.1i.- in Lla., "t 'I raffi. (in G-U). hm, Nf-xidr
fco., R- Air P.11-d by
A,,h. 4,b, ~. --,..d. 33: i. 1.4.- S.~Ac. The
I.-cet 1: 571,
M,!,~P, S. utl I-"- , A. M. (V-74) Infant Sa-1.
If. (1970) Clini-I
er 0. -- S ~ke. A"I""' ~f
1.6-1 1; 529-- Health 21 (21: 146-14M.
Har-, 11. -d E. , 1957) T- Skiff, H. E. (1973) W
i.di ..... . f
b-. S,-k,- ir Tm-p-w- ,hirle% eigmte ,-d p.11.6-
le-6 in i.w,6,y
"'d lligb-q AJ-i~,i ...... i., US
Archiv fii, ilyg- ..d &A r. loj~r 141
' D,pr-., of Trartspo-ti.. (Report),
(5, 383-400.
, ci
-:~
.
R
H
U
Z
, i 1-11.
P-l"-
sh
C
P
M
J
.
.
.
.
-
n
q~ .
,
.,
.,
,
y,
Ck-d SI.- 11-Ith Per- (1970) Th~ Chwonnog. Sch-I
Child-,
x "r-ti- 117-1'2-2. Study: Effects of caunmunity
exp-e to
Horning, ~'. C., Hom-q, M. G., Czmll, D. I.,
nitrogen dioxide, 11 inciduict! of -tr
Still-JI, R. N. L.,d D,idk, 1. (1',73) Ni-
-pirawry illn- 1. Ai, Poll. C-e. .4n. 20-
tin, in S..k-., N.n-S,-k- aFjd R-n- 582 588.
Air. Lift Sci-- 13 (10): 1331-1346. Speer, F.
(19CA) Tb... -d the Non-S-ke,
job.-, C. R. nod R..g,, 11. (1%5) Acute A Study of
Subjcai~ Symptom, -4 W4-
irritation effcct~ of tobaeco ~ke in the ol
Environmental Health 16 (3): 443446.
rao., Urtuapl~ (in Swedkla). Nordijk Srch, M.
(19G7) On the import-tce of cub-
II)g. TidA,ill 44 41-5D. -noxid. due t. cig-tt.
-king in
Lindvall, 1'. and F~dford, F.. P. (1973) (in G-)
D,.I,,Ac Z. Gtrrichll. AW. W.
k,
M-rernent efAn-.-j-ancc Me -~ Exwsure GO: 80 -80.
,
to EnviroarnentA Factors. F-. Rcscarch %VaM, F.
(1999) ILber den Gehalt de, TAk- VC,
4 6: 1-36. .-h- .. K.Id-ox)d. PINS- Arch S.
Luquette, A. J., I.andwa, C. W. and %ferki, D.
Pkpil. 78: 262-285.
J. (1970) ~ S-: hmt!dijtc EffccU or a WHO (1972)
Air Quality Ciii-itt and Guido
S-Mrig r-i-n, .. Child- of Elc-' for Urban Air
Pollutant~ Md. flealth Org.
-t-Y Shool Aae. Journal 4 &1-1 7,,h. R". S.-r.
506, p~ 1-35.
Malfit 40 (10): 533-53G. Ynwu, c. r. (1955)
VemiLatim Requite-
N--T.)i-, W.' ..d Dicki.-a, V ' A- -i. for
Cigarette Smake. ASRIIAE T--
-
~ (1`972) Dangw~ f- CliiW,- i. Smiting actioni Q:
!~Z7-230.
~
7
4 Fu.ili- C.-n-usj, Aldici., 128 (l)- Z.s-,,. B.
M. (1970) Tob.- Semitivity, in
~
11
0 32-33. d. AU&g;c P.,i~n, A.-I, .1 A14-,Sy 29:
,
H.. C41r, P. M. ~&ud _371-377-
tM) Ab~-Vti.- by f C-
Of
302058643
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


-r l'olluit'd by
1 : 5 7 6 579.
nensitivity to
indic~At- of
,18 in int,cn~
ni,b-ati-, U's
~.oc,l Child,-
. CxPW1E_*T to
Ice Wcute
C.W. A- 20:
Non-Sokcr.
$_,*~, 1-01ft-
3),. 446.
~~cej c.rbon
~jking in can
,~rhtl. Md.
It dcx I:abak-
,crj Arch gas
;~L and Guidm
H.11h Qg-
wm Acquir-
WIJET,m-
riensitivity 1.
28.
3. Work shop Documents
3.1 Introduction
In the following sections the-backgrousid
material for the workshop discussions is
presented. Initially technical emposure
aspects will be di,cumcd in two papers
folio-rd by it t*vie~ of bir-lozical far-tots
relevant for the inhalation and deposition
of environmental tobacco unok-c. Epidern-
iot9gical techniques to detect exposure cf-
fects in the p6pulaoicri, will then -bw re-
viewed followed by an evaluation of two
specific aspects; allergic reactions and the
exposure to lorw concentrations of caeban
inonoxide. Tbe final paper presents a
broad review of diffewrit biological r-f-
fects of tobacco snioke which acted as a
general sourm of infonnation throughout
tbe.worksitop.
3.2 -C.haracteristics of Tobacco.. Sidestream
Smoke
Distribution in Occupied-Space's
MORTON CORN
13.2.1. INTRODUCTION the chei" cornixmitiort
ol"tobaced'and
Tht- ptwpn*~- -4 this - preseniadon 4s, to
toluteco, wrieke. 4 to,* dixuswd . 4 cOn.
rwTsvilm-Wr6i t.,jij1..vLwJ 4 LYTZ:, 1; -dilLii
ette sWestream snr-*c after emission it) However,
an effort-is inade here to cx-
lite air of occupicd +um The discussion tract
those data whith remAl components
Q.Uuwt pmoibty present .evciv ;%,, tuajor of
tobacco stnuW which have been con-
portion c4 all,.tLit is 4iown reLtive to siderud
by linvestiptors in studying dw
302058644
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


22
A
Fig-, 1. P.,61v S,;,- Di:,-,i-
hwi- of sid-I.,am UK.-I.~
0
30- swoke 1&6th and Lk-nid.j.
o
0
0 0 0
0
o and
pa r,
COM-
a: to
dircci
0 woul'i
5-
porny
0 frre "i
.06 .00 Ul ID2 0.1 0.9 0.6 Q6
I W 20
-,"
f 6
PART
CLE DIAMETER- MICRONS; o
.
k
exposure of individuals in passive muoking
important function of highlighting studies wm Lt
or which shoitid 6~- of concern in any which
rentain to be performed if we are from
future studies. The lack of data stems to get a
finn grasp on this subject. The
fr6iii the vieve that usItil no%,. becausc
of die compkxity of these types of inves-
tigations, it has been considered feasible 3-2.2.
PARTICULATE MATTER IN
-and. suffirient to -trace" the vapor and'
CIGARETTE SMOKE
particulate pliasc~ of tobacco unoke by The
particulate phase of cigawffe side- Whet, -
nionitoritig a tracer cornpound which was strea"i
smoke is composed of both solid
asstimed to bear a siffq)le-relationsWp to, -
particles and ~roplets._Xvults reported
the other gascous or particulAte phasc through
-approximately 1966 were. suin-
compounds in the sidestrearn satol- in marized by
Wynder ai~d Flofftinui (19G7 Coat
6 ccupicd spates. The mmt widely rited work on
particle_ proxin~
A*Wier piirpow of this, disc~t_ is,,
in - cigar'PA!~ -sawk-C
iizc and-couccuLtatiw
licl c
-
to isolate those ,ariables aLsociated with is that
by Keith and Derrick (060). A -
have
design of -occupied space,,., including se-
"conifuge" was used to centrifuga -11y class- ran&
ieniilatioa. qs- iA, p.~ajq,6-, -An lwirumental
i4:chnIqtr.
-tems, in order to W their effcct, eidier
Icle size dis-
still considered valid. A part; nus
dit-ovictically or froncreported itivestiga-
b tribution fhvy determined for _%idestfram
I -
i
Fi
i
h
-pi&
t
e
s shown
acco cigarette smoke
n
tionson the emreqtrations a to
gure
s 0.15 ~,ic
3 inokc Compounds in mlctipicd. T-ace&-lt modal
sive i ran aeiudyRantic
hot f 'I gfcin3. Largr
Ad be recogni7ed that the amount of size based on
density 0
I
limited. 1he"re- uun-J)c o _pnrti6-% down to 0A
1 )8 mirrdrt
.-A
fore.. a large part 4.rn)~ prewittation Tnust were
observed. ~k 20 power alxw kron-tic. HIM-
be RX-rulative. It may uill,,scrve the n,cKt
ob~wtkvc und a 25 power compet M'-Xtrd
302058645
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
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Sim. oi~t-
- Og--
4"d )),,okk,
IN
tte side-
1 both solid--.
t
is re 4
werw
(1067).
-.on particle
r"'tte satokc
960). A -
0 W
1,1
technique
le size dis-
-Sidriptiram
,urr 1;- the
~rodynantiic
ftil. Large
or
ting si"ft
I if we are
It.
vvc-rr -~d to cotint drrx)siird 1).ir-
ticles with a dark-fit,41 lechni(ple.
tion ;ajw, -, roll,, tiog Oides werr estab-
lishvd ljy calibration w i(IL test awt-ols in-
cludin lit-, paraffiii %vax
g poi, -
Ond dioctyl philialate. Thr deposition ri7v
lower limit va, about 0.01 t ... 1. 1( is A-
most certain th4t large numbers of smaller
particles were present v%ijirh were not
rmintcd by this teclinique. However, util-
ization of an clectron miernscope for
direct observation of coMccied saixaplc
would introduce artifacts., stich as eva-
poration of particles or material from par-
ticles. Keith and Derrick estimated that
free burning produces particle: at a rate
of 6.3 X 10* per second.
The thodal si2e of majustreani -smoke
was larger than sidestrearn smoke, ranging
from 0.20-0.23 tim for different blends.
'nic coagulation constant K was approx-
itaitely 3.4 X (Fq. 1).
_~N
= - KNI (1)
dt
Where: N = particle number per wt-
t = time, see
K = ioagulation constant, ml,'gec
CoaguLuion leads to a modal shift of ap-
proxiniately.0.3 pm in four miu'utes; par-
ticle shifts with longer i;vaO6+;ezz ti,-es
hive r..~. i-en reported. The particle size
range is extended approxintat.ely 0.7 Wn
to the IarW sizes during' four ininntrs.'
Thus~ the -partides am-, agglonwra~rtg
rapidly and their size is sbiftlhg upwards
~rapidly, The coagulation constant %milki
be eipmted to be further enhanced in att
accupittl spacc. which is genendly wk-
sociated with air *+witivs
occurs.
Howm,er. at the -anie tidw that the effec-
23
five cong,11"tioil Con."mit file
itataber concentration 4ecrra- dne to
dilution and it i% difficult if, -trapolatc
to the actual raw of coagulitiri-, of thesw
partirles after several mitnitc~ if, urcttpicd
Npaes.
It is known-that the partich-, are high-
ly charged. Oh~ervalioit of cite particles
in the clec(ron microscope rc,va6 par-
ticle chains, a characteristic pa-m
sociated u.'411 aerosols canden" frorn
supersaturated vapor at high temper-
atures.
The possible biological effects of clectri-
cally charged paiiicles in i(A)a0co smoke
has been broaclited by Ringdon (1-461),
who estivinted a mainstream generation
of approximately 2 x 10" ions/mi. a con-
rentration 315OUL 1000 times that preberst
in the air of indoor eccupied spncc,.
The panicle size of the sidc.~trcata
smoke plac" essentially the total disper-
sion in what is commonly referrud to as
the "respirable particle size range" ( M-4),
particles whU will penetrate to the nart-
cilived portion of the humall,respiraffoy
tfact. There will be losses along the Calke
respiratory tract, particularly at bifurca-
tions. A question which requires ~orrie
aps-em is related to the hy&Trcojair~
of.-,Ihc cigamte
SMoke and whether there is. apprecialik
growth as theacm%cil travems the.h4uma
rViratory -traet- 'Merr are statements in
the Uterature that the material is hygr-
oicopic but the extent ojHsygroscopicity is
not - delineated aiW the additional P~r
A;spersitycreated by growth due to' ruois,-
turels not known.
-W~rmt. dPc%ctaa-j-rrh ;u -our labo.
jF
at6r" (Oberg 1973) sugg,-ts that the
Mason growth equation (I q0) is a reli-
able predictor of sufruric sicid aerosol
302058646
BATCo doCumentior ProVince of BritiSh Columbia jq
April `1999


t
24
gm,th ill litlow! zics ul, to 99 7". in the air of
a rwwl. '-,,ni(- ol tlj,~
tent- 0i
gr"-Itll Of TMAW IM11111- ill tile! particles
mwill rollidt: -...:rh largev, p;j-ticlr% Only 6.
1~
hii-nan respirator. traci i, a wore cornpli-
to be rrinmed by st-Emelilation i~, tile .
P",uld,
cated rnatwr ai;,' requires fimher in%c,- floor.
hy inipactioii u., stirfacvs; wtr.- will UlAte
tig3tion to more r0iably detcnnitic sited, diffuse
to t1w wall -..herv they ,,ai bc in tile
01 Wposition h- ~tli%~Livc nieth-ds. Upon
retained. Othcrs wiii ~t itilmled lj~: r-cell-
(Sledil,.1
inlialalion it i~ seenerally a-urned that alvd art
a-vrned
pall's. 70 7c of Illf- fit
alkt-iic~_
approximait-ly 10 ~-f, of smoke particles in to be
removed in thin manner. It i, not stcro!, , :,
nuainstrearn sw,'- are dcp--t-I ill the known to
what clegme panicles from. side- pc Ild'. ~.
respiratory tr-ac! and tile rentainder are strearn
smoke partilipaw in chrm--) irt-.- and (1kii,
exhaled. Becaai~ of the shift to higher actions
while suspeloc:td in tile air of oc- COMIN,-,
sim, a larger fraction. of inhaled dillited cupied
spaces- Tile aving studies th..t have ethers.
sidestrrant si-az;k~ partir" shotild be de- been
performed on the dijwrsc phase of miscell.n.
tobacco smoke been far periods of orgPinic
It should IA~ recoghi:7,M iltat the par- minutes
after getierAtion and not for peri- as c-.d`i-,,
ticle %ize and c1hrmical composition of the ods up
to one hour or rhoro-, a- period of
disperse pha_~c uf sidestreayn smoke can time
relevant to e.Kposure to environ-
be gft-atly aittred. when different. smok- mental
tobacco sn-,okc. eous
ing mpchillc~ zissocialed uith diffewril Particles
contributed to tile background tile pill,
puff it'ines znd rRm-s of puffing are uti-
particle population ))-y cigar siawke con- am thc.
`
lized- However. in all thme cases the tain not
only carl-n particjcs with ad- and c.:
-4
acrxsol product is compmed of particles
sortwd condensed organic compounds, but
ans%vH'
all below approxtruately 3 pm at-m- a number of
the products of combustion centrjO
dynamic ,equi~.-zlent diameter- and is thus of
crystalline and optically js-ofopic in- occupw
'
sell toWly T-_-7~ralait. The variations cited
organic materials used ill the manufacture ,~
with ti
? are believed to be produ".d by thejern- of
reconstituted too-, icro'she6s. Thus~ dia- oz~
pal'
perature vaC-.1tions at die cigarette lip. tont,
fragments have been, identifk-d in
The varial)k.~ ax%ociatcd %%ith the mwk- cigar
sinoke (Langer 1971 an&n):
=rp -pRff *olwuic, puff,dura: collipc.,
tiou, and puff frequency. ff we- add. to
this the prewrictt-of various tylw4 of fil- 3.2.3.
THE VAPOR P14ASF OF
-z
ters adid aiffe"rit tobuccoa~ the.sim TOBACCO
SMOKE
data e
.., Composition ---Xiadolls of tobacco. %tooke
Tetnp'era't urm - %lip ~-(p hAve. bert!
of
are anders4,,nd&blc.
' measured in the outer ring of a cigamte and r
r
Once entitted, the disperse phase of (Egerton ct
v4. 1%3). SU6imatn syrinke *is ne
tobaeco snu)ke is in ihe air of occupied Icaviiig
the rigavruq can mach 400'C but coultV
~vh7,e, depending on tile partictkiar is at 100'C
si-.k cm, (min the bulming
-"-4 area.- their will bt- from 65 cigarette
(Nrtiruh 1966). 'Dw degree to
7 t of nautral and lanum,
to -180 p,
lx,- 'r
it;terzirt dur--
genic suspriKkQ particulate matter prc3- ing the
'cooling of Sidizs1rearn 'Map lun,
ent. The Ad,-4reata -Aiw4ic will lic mixed not
been repomd. but tnAny of the vapor .s
'mpi~l 4- wlh Pe"
ollicr sit tied particulaw w on-.
lilch could have bLeti initaled are c phrl.."
anatter because of iticAurbitlorive pi.-scrit
densmi oil die pagd,culate ex- but
302058647
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


25
:ic s-inoke ivat of conclopaiiork and interaction
van any minor constituents of mainstream
particles ostly be p-tulatt-cl on the b;"is of
royn- quinke are Its prm-aleni in sidvsti-vain
to I he ig.,mite parne- vnoke. One
nuportmit-excelinon Is Un-
-orne will ulate rwittr. The number of conilKninds
nionia, att important constituctit of side-
will bc in the vapor particle phi~t%e exct:edi
1200 stream smoke.
by ocxu- (Stedrnan 1968). These luclude alkanes,
It is nect-,iry to de(ennine the extent
assorned alk,lies, all,-s, aromatic hydnwaii~ons.
to whicb thrtr compomids zire clihited
It is not steroles and xYgenated koprvnoid com-
after emissioti and before Lwing Inhaled by
frorn, srde-
pounds, RIL01101%, esters, aldchycle-s; ketones
human receploni in clos.,- pmximilly to the
--mical re- and quinon", t6iric cyclir ethers,
sulfur source of sidestreant sinoke. Their is a
air of oc- compounds. acids, phenols and pher~olic
large array of situations to be considered,
thatA~Lv - ethers, a1ah,ids, and oth,-r hmer and
from the penmlix directly downwind of the
phlaf miscellancow; components. including in-
smoker to the individual inhaling well
x-riods of organic constituents (irate metals such
inixed uid highly diluted Smoke.
for peri- -e
as cadmium and nickel) and radioacti%
Seforr examining these dilution rrwcha-
period of conqituents (Stedinan 1968). nisrns~ it
is im-cim&iry to review the subject
environ- Perhaps the most widely studied gas- of
indoor particulate air poflution in. order-
cous pollutants which da not.coudense on to place
- In ". pmtivr the contribution
d. the particulate matter as cooling occurs of
tobacco smoke.
tokc con- arc tL nitrozen oxides. carbon monoxide
with ad- and carbon dioxide. The question to be
,un&. but enswerM it .,hat are the changes in con-
!V.2.4. INDOOR VARTICUL.NTE
=bUstion centrations of these gases with dilution.
in POLLUMON
~t,pic in- occupied sparcs,and-what changes occur,
There is a %-ast literature of air pollution
nufacture with time, to those compounds condensed
measurements outdoon, but relatively few
rhus, dia- on pattielm? studies have been. devoted
to pollution
,itified in Table -1 is a summary of sidestrearn
which enters or originates in buil4ings
and mainstream smoke characteristlcs,,~md
'!(Bertsm et al..1972). notwithstanding the.
composition. as prepared b~ Hoegg (1972) extemive
reports of occupational exposure
frorn several sDurces in the scientific titer- of
workers to Airbome toxic agents, This
ature. I hAve --added carbon monoxide is spi7rNing
WW6c inost wirban residents
data to the tawc..'7111L 1UNA-Ing _variable&
~4*ffd --d* gtr~0,4 fiWrt. if ih-:r dn~ in-
,avc becq of ptiff volume a"4 frequency, butt
length doors. It seems appropriate at this time
cigarette and tobacco znolsl~ure were
staudardized, to. briefly, summarize our-
knowlcdgc~ of
im smoke noted -to obtain, 11mir-d4tia, Me list
pi"-cicuW-v:-pf4iutihit ifisitk~bidtdibgs:
00-C tut c~.Icl bc len wened.
9 d The partide size distributiorts of Pat-
I
Yn surnrinary, Ims than about 1/3 of the ticks
Indoors and outdoors have been
dCg, 3 inainstream smokc emerges into the air
found to -br.similar,. but show a larger
r.act chic'. following' inhaLation bv-, the
smoker. The pro )ortion of ~4bml c" partick-s iml
n
I
awke has "s,trom, %moke is assusned to havle,
1957, VIM=
Uacobs 1962, Jacobs-e~al-
he VaPOIS about- Ow -,w6e r0ationshi f
p_ _:y.~por _
c -Ucd
Ph"'W, t to particulate p6se weight rrninLO
nticrcs w*. ledwique and""
The 'but it 4 much bLss -complex chernicAly; that
indoc~ Sampleg citained it larger
7 Z.-
I
4
7
.4-
302058648
BATCO document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


j.
J
26
TABl.r 1. C-p.6-n .1 ..d
C-,-nd
(rng,6g)
(rng"ig) C..._t
A Gmml
Ditrati-a (if --ke prMuct- 20 wc 550 =c 27
T.bcco bu-t 347 411 1.2
p- 6g-ue 1.05 x 1011 3-5 x 1011 3.3
B. Particulate p6se
*Tar (clilorofc-i- extr.%ct) 20.8 44.1
10.2 34.5 3.4 Filter cigAiette
Nicotim 0.92 1.69 1.8
0.46 - 1.27 2.8 Filter cigarette
&nzo(a)pyrme 3.5 X 10-1 13.5 X 1" 3.7
Pyrene 13 x 101 39 x 10-1 3.0
TOW phenols 0.229 0.603 2.6
Cdnii~- 12.5 x 10-1 45 x 10-1 3.6
C. t;.- and -apo.
Water 7.5 298 39.7 3.5 rag of M -d 5.5
Tor S ift P~,,tk.la te
phase, rest in valwar
ph-
higher. 1,
d,,r
ulate nuu,
concelilral.
ter uas
as
finding u,
cooking a,"
Thi~ LjL__
monstrat-_:,
ide (54 1,,
than that, .
teker ,t a;:
Ammbnia 0.16 7.4 46 The -rm'
Carbon nrarmide 31.4 148 4.7
63.5 1.3
79.5
Nit- Oxidm 0.014 0.051 3.6
M SideArea. S-A.
For 35 in't puff voluAm,_ 2 sm puff duration., aw
puff-per ininute and 23 or 30 mw Wt lengilk
and I D I,% tolucco mximare.
A.OapLe.L H gi; (1972)
presurnalAy frwm car-
fraction of rjber~, these -structures and for -the
eArichmenr (10.-: J
.
of
pets, curta4m vic. An inten,4~v- 3tudy
sites
ratio. The, des'iguatiops
of siunpling j
-structmv
.
indoo~I~Qutdoor air POULkiiallimolvW thrm, .
,
.
a~c -ewhl 6,d g5 [allow.%,: -
pairs of buildjap in and arowid Hart- Far
outsidL.. rept-ting anibi ent air
ford, _-Connecricut. Particidate sarnpics 9'
uality in thc =ra of the butkUng. . Offike
were evidtIated bv the wei
ght increase bf
ear outside: located next 19 a window 0 6 Otor~
..
fat
.~T papers containing samples and -by-
seprafing t!i~ indoor from ihi outdoor Mth .1;
.. U
optical . evaluation of fater tape stainx
envirortinent.
Rmilts were mpretwd -a& the. mtib'kif ' I---
lust i"IdL IIW-744"r-iii6w
1,
door to ouldogir co=ntrations. , rhme Saulple. t~"
typ" of Str"cu""s .%V.M U_wd in the &wdy, located
well iz~idc the uruc-
Far inside:
ix., public hnildings, office btsilding, nrid .
lure and, rvpksentitkq Iewls- of pcilut;vuts
1 ; -
private luxnws. 'rabic 2 pfesenm w%nits indomm '
frorn- putdom~&-ar generated to
for coni-t-titratims iiinde and outside, of which
-tlw occupants are
L
302058649
BATCo -document for Province of BritiSh Columbia
19 April 1999


inent
,rett
Lrette
M and 5.5
particulate
t in vapor
III gencral. daythut, (owewrali.n, ere
hight-r. buill indoors atid outdtxmi, than
nighttime cmirvatrations. The indtorrmt-
door ratio hows s,il,,aamial lo-~ of partic-
ul.m., matter in the 1-ciactration process.
III conin,"t tr, 1,*-Il -,-ticulat, u-tici
concentrations, the organic content (ben-
zene-soluble frdetion) of particulaw mai-
ter was cariched in the indoor samples
as contrasted to outdoor samples. This
fii Iding was attributed to smoking and
cooking activities indoor.,.
The Wf-fif-- of smoke inclotirs was de-
ruonstrated to be 143 to 300 minutm, con-
siderah4- longer than tha of sulfur diox-
ide (54 to 71 mili.) (Wilson 1968). A
half-life of sinoke four or i vc tintes longer
thwi that of- sulfur dioxId,- is reported
clsewliiere (Shepherd c( al. 1958, Biers-
ttker et at 1965).
The mean particle sin by volume of
airl I.),- i.,d,.,z d-t, d,,t,i ... ;ncd by con,
hined electron micm,-copy and sedillienta-
iion mcthod~. L, k1juut 3 tan. If an ap-
praximation to the logarithmic noinial
distribution is, a%%umed to be valid, the
geoinetrir standard deviation 'Is about 3.0.
Thus, 50 rh. of the particles by volume
are in the size range. 0.75--9.0 litin. All
types of particles are present: the fibrous
particle content can vary fr om, 3-35
by number (Whitbv et al. 19381.
3 t.5. GUIDELINES FORTRES11 AIR
REQUIREMENTS INDOORS
Air requirements for occupied space-, stern
primarily from two considerations; heat
dissipation ratt's of individuals as a ftfix-
lion of their activity and odor coutroL
Figure 2 indicates the -minimuni ventila-
lion rates suggested on the basis of odor
TABLE 2. Suip-drd particulate mancr al indoor and
outdoor mjnp"g sites
(con cen(ration, jigit::3: indoorloutdoos, ratio;
dim,mionkis)*
butt length- Sampling Surnmer tau Winter
Location Iminj
'
,
-
' Day Night aay
2'. Night Day N t
ish
P.Luz
L~iilifftc iar outdow 132 82 150 100 425 189
(li4ary-,,air tiRht New outdoor 98 66 115 77 293
13Q
pling sites avacture m-cr four, Near indoop 70'
.45
- 61 46
4 M. Whwily) .66 43. 57 44 67 45
bi,,,t air Indow'outdoor ~0.50 0.52 0.38 0.*4 0.16
-0.26.
Office bailding Fr ~,mdor 104 93 48 124 91
in (16 310ry UnICURIT Near autdwr 118 -90 47 40 43
.7 .80
with air -co-nditioh,j) Near iladoor 49. 49 34 24
39 41
Far indoor 50 46 -.36 27 M 39
Indaw 9uukvr_ d.49 0.49 0.75 e.71 - 0.31
Q41L
A9", 65 96 94 U4 86
(in the midst of a Near outdoor 87 65 .
93 70 109 79
~lte struc. ftem-F interchange Near Wear 67 51 5i
.42 '45 32,
~ollusants Far iudoor 70 - 36 54.. - 45 49 35
lwfww~outdoer 0.87 GS6 0.5G 0.61 0.43 0.41
doon to
F.,m J. E. aud W. Q (.lot,-. (19 711 4
7,
302058650
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


28
h4 w 2.
R te% (1-' - kng,.-i.g,
-,17). Ad,p.-: G.-
'I". of 0. P 1-.71"". F.
SMOKERS (WCOMMCNO 40) R'(~)- and D. I ( ,,gim,
N',-n-
24-- I'litinn Rcquir-,ots, T14".%.
A N H IT, Vvl. 4 --', pp. 13:1 196,
P.
Y"Rlmi, Ventilwloo R(41tvirt!-
L
7 `nts for Cig-tte Sinokc,
ISINT, V.1. 61, pp.
1,955, p, 31.
6
C,
01"
2 lop,
ing;
4
100 200 Soo 400
Soo
AJR SPACE -CU fT OER PCRACIN
coal" (Jorgensen 4970). In practice, re-
guidelines or adopted as standards by law. if 11i
ts
COMMrnd(,d MIcS arp at least 50% higbcr- - the
industrial rmironment
it. not Con-
Coll
Ilie air zvqttirernent for odor control is sidemd
in this discussion.
C=,.
gen=4 dia a t hat requ ired to ftimt A"ther .-ruli
(4 thunib- appmach to
the
heating and cooling "cls. desViation of
ventilation requirmenliz is
I'he designation of cubic feet per ntin-
based.0111 the pumber of roo" air chan
.9"
ute (cfm) Toquirtnien L% f6r smciler; is per hqpr
(TAIc, 3) -(Br;cf 1~-A).)..
-h-wd -Ximiniv -ab the whr-k-tif vxHablez Im to
-Iii. WIWI
-(195.~), wbo, uwd panel& of human sube fluence
the averawgr and lootal conceritra-
jects a;jd collawd subjective vesponses of tions
of sidesireasu awke in an ocl;Upied
-Yft tw 44tMat - td -Viee ft fiftn"%:
the j~tideline of 25 cfm per
sniol*r U
toL avoid. unde' 4able irsponses by
ow"Pants. A. Nutubt; ~f 6noket~ band -dtgme -,of
A
' entirely different !~ct -jDf criteria is 14
olanF( v ut Lf =wA. g !,,nd
n OL -q -itcy 4t
itwol(td toy thtr occupaWnaFenviron- extent, qf
cipmme . nuoked T,
tnent where Imic: L X
the air ni ust be -diltiled to cniscentratitaps C.
Fqnn",of toblcro smoked (6.garette,
OT ie.'
WOW thqw fte-colikirtended as liyffi,~tiic cigar,
pipe) -
302058651
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


a. V-6u-
r"gi ...... g.
'--',-d fro- h,
E. C.
)rnts, Tyan,
4 f '~. P.
IMI-o Vol. PP-
by law.
s~ not coll-
_PprcQ to
lirctrwrib is
air changes
ow,
n to in-
i
concentra-
ja dtftpied
of
pkin,
1). Amount of air upplied :r, i-in and TABLY I
17--d 11-61,114-
re-mended air chartges
E. rif"tiveness A1 distribution of air in
Minutes Air
F. 4NLturc of 1vall, it, toom (abvorhing or d.ngc
p,, ho.r
G7-I*Lit,pcramre of room air and supply A,.mbly
h.H. 5-10 6-12
air. 3 20
,-,n 1-3 12--60
Cbiu, 5 12
It iq not limmm if ;111 5mokc componclib C..duit
room, 1-10 6-60
dccay at the same r.tte. The limittd data Ditlimr
5-15 4_12
oil this subjt-ct indicaic- that they do not. Dye
hwws ~40 6-12
This could be due to inwractions bem-ecil F-adric,
5-15 4-12
paHutanis or if one or another rtacts with G-get 5
12
K,trb,, 2-3 2G_U
compohents of air or with interior huiW-
Laat~Atories 3-10 6-20
ingsurfaces. Laundrim 3 12
M.chi., hp. 15-20 642
Offices . 5-10 C-12
3.2.6. CALCULATION OF GONCEN- Proic"i- booths 2 so
Tunucls 1-10 6-W
TKATIONS OF POLLUTANTS Ship, kow. 1.0 6
tNIM'ED FROM TOBACCO
COMBUSTION IN OCCUPIED
SPACES is not well mixed, there may b~e "pockets"
If the air in the romn onder consideration of
p-porly inixed air in the room, leading
is well njixtd, then after cruission she to
several separate air volumes contain-
concentration of the pollutant wJJ de- ing smoke,
each decaying at a diffemmt-
cyra3c as a result of purgiag according to we.
This situation has been mkcn jum
de equwi-n account 14, Wi7ing a mixing factor, k,.
M equa
cxp
'C
t=
- exp (2)
where C the coaccutiati1oft, of diur t
(tugl~nll~ or pp-) Valtim of k are iu the rauge
113 to 1110,
C. itui&ial copcentrinion (t 0) depend6ig oil the
air supply system and
air supp~y'rate in cubk fre the, nowher of outlet
and supply grill"
per minute relative to roolll We, as ., wcM a9
othcri
V- = moin vrAumc, cubic fevt. lwiinnr IL~ c~iliilg
t - tinr_shinat~~_ mippTy'ot air, k 1,2, about
the. best
value one can,obta;n in practice.. Table
4'lists smue recommendcd values of It.
ute. Its recipror4 V.,Q,can be thought %Tallies of
k arr usually Jetenuitwd exper-
of As related to the avex,%mj#,sidencc inlentally
ming a tracer '43 technique.
9
tinw of a~r in ilte room. If the rootn_air. 71se
validity.of eq%wicm (2). IWI b"
I
IT
302058652
SATCo documentfor Pf"ince Of British Columbia J9
April 1999


i6
AA
30
TAIII.r. .1. t,,-,-,-d,d th, hexafltiedide as a
trat-f-r. Values of I from
;111 -- 113 to 110 were confirmed for ~rnall
jxxims (approxiinitc-ly 1000 cubit- ftmi).
Larger motai would presumably have
sir)aller k %-alum.
PLrf--j 112 If a 1-11lutint I's living genermed
(luring
T-k -t-, .-ith ---ut, 113 tile time tile room air
is being purged. or
Tr..k --t-, ~,ith d*ff-- i
I"
if there is an initia) -concentration of pole A.
Natur4l dr.ift and ceiling '.0,-t 116
f... littant present prior to injection of C_ of
Infils--ik and nat-1 draft I110 pollu(ant, a more
complex eqnation is
necessary to describe tile change of pol-
repeav-dly verified in practice, most re- lutant
concentration with time (Turk
centh, by Drivas ct. A ( 1972.i ening sulfur
11963). Equation (3).
k I CdQi + G
C = C., exp - Qj + EQ) - + exp - (Q + EQ) (3)
V
E
~
Q +
Qr -
A
wbere V roont volume, cubic feet
t tillic. luirlutcs A.
C - concentration of pollutant at 1. A constant
additional amount of the
any firne. njWft5 vapor was generated -idiin (of
in-
V_ = initial concentration of pol- jected into)
thO chaniber pcr unit time.
lutant at any time. Mgjft3 2. Ile chamber air was
being replaced Ej
Ci = concentration of pn1littant-ill with
outd(.,,,, air by ventilation or infil-
infiltration or venfilation air. tration.
nigiff" 3. The chamber air. was 4cingArcated by
F efficiency of filLer'in-stopply a'vaix)r
reducing device.
volume rate of infiltratipri or Equation (3)
provides a batis for Ac-
venti6tion, cubic feet per' ronwing for tile
Ixackqound concentra- 41;
tknits a polhit..lts in ouu"r air if the Sk.,
lit
Q, volume rate- of air through intake air supply
is not filtered. Sample
filter, efm caloulati6ni otsing this procedure are
pre-
AM'
-G CL4AUUtY rate of gencratiort vided by Owens
land Rossano ( 190).
of pollutant withui rooin, Table 5
is'takenfroni-thii reference and
rug/min-, is based-on cah~Wadom for a W (4,by 3D
-,k,+h n !f) A. ujg
4)
'A -crv assuined to be ptewnt and
ty people %
In-the derivation of this.gcmeral equation the
minoking nite WLr, w't at 1.29 cipir-
for odamn., valint's. Turk et,rusiderrd the eups M
hour per per9an (11allpeany and calc
cme of :v chamber which contained all 81arwt
1961), Ill,: air circulation. rate,
odormis vjpor alka in Wikli:, was 3.0 cAic feet
per n'tanute jxF pc!i;om
302058653
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


31
of L. fr.-) TABLE 5. Ci:1-1x,d q.;1ih,i-
(0-~n' ..d X.-t- I--.-
for small
bir fcct) N,t
"TTV
(ntg'hr per (Ing/nil,
purged, 01 A.
-1 of pol- Gad--- -i& 48. 5.9 11.
(If C~ of C-bft di-i& 3400. 398. IROO.
i Amnioni 12 1.42 7.
s
quatim
.T
1 fVd,.,q- cynidt,
0.78
0.09
-kewl_ Niui. ,.idL (NO', 0.35 0.04 22.4
Ni,,.r,, Dw.id,- ISO,) 0.20 0.02 1.8 .1
0-
hydrg- pc-6di,
0
0.02
1
0 0.02 7
hicth-c 0.8 OM
(3) Alk-ts 17. 2.0 MO.
V A-tic, 4.6 0.6 16.
Fatif acids 3.7 0.45 95-155
NI-W. 0.2 0.02 4.
Acrolein 0.06 0.00 0.02
Acrt.ld,h)dc 3.9 0.45 73.
t of the
~ Accio.i-w 0.14 1).OJB 14.
,n
(or A . 10.1 1.2
- 480.
,u_
unit finw. I.P.-c
wif-thn.1 S.66
0.18 0.45
0.02
52.
g replaced Eth-1 0 380.
rin or infil- hjrth~-j ChhXjdC. 0187 O'l 42.
C-f- &mIh1.ridc 0 is
P-wiaWhyd. 0.40.
trcated JYY F-aldt,h) dc 0
rhe-1 2.2 0.266
AccWJ,+Yd. 6.6 0.78 7-3.1
-but-c)
2
C
if the _';~Uthua __ 7.7 0.9 52,
lc
Siln
A Awk add 22.0 2.6
.
p 6.6 0.78 03
PM-
C WM Alk- 5.3 '05 0.1
.
~1969~. 21L 7 3.0
-rence and 30.4, 3.6
0 it. by .36: CiSaF-e-ut, subm~al 110
ight. Thir- BWY --dam 2
rcsont'and
'7
jp,nny add
302058654
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


32
TABLE G. 11""0" P"110,10 W. a.d ha- kg,-.,,d
p-Ilut-a
,,,d t. c.l(Wat, Tabir .1 C-, f
OW
A, 1;,.iy -,nanmin-
Pit. G-es Mi-, 4f hv -1~ 1,..- tx~d) P- Z I L,
Y (G 1-.,
1- 297
278 fvion-smoken)
417 ~.,--k-)
HydrcaiL %&t.
0.6
232.
hiempt.- ..d hyd-q- ..Ifi& 5.
F.tty .6d, 89.
I[- Is. background pullutitit conct-ritmtions*
Su4tctided particulite matter 140. pSm'
Carban numoxidt 19'6m
rv%.
Mirk oxide .118.
Nitwgeti di-ide 80. and
Suliur dioxidr. 341.
Hydr6nirbom 8,640.
Oxid."4 51.
t Kued- on 1965 Chicago iir tisafity data.
i
'A sured
Parn'l.
with 5 cfm per pt-rsoyi provided froin the the
"jc-ct of this workshop. Hourver, it initia.'
out4de.-The mixing factor was --wt at 1/3. is
clear that utilizatiou oL thl-. TL%rs In
ftnokii.,'
Body emanations and the concentrations the last
coluiun -of Table 5 is'not ap-
ied a I
of poflutajjv~ in outdoor air were those plicable
to the gencral populatio;i, which In th,
shown in Table 6. The maximum jr- includeb a largr
iumber-of indivklmlso*
commended concentrations 16tvd by thc%e. with
respiratory or circulatory ittilwir- was c"';
autbors are, for the muKt. paq, 'Flireshold ments.
.2 nil
Limit Values designated by the American For
lirntiou of Itcluation,
purposei of'utt
CIL'W-
Couk-rence of Goverumcmital Hygienist!,
(3), uncertainties ~m_qu it~*!!f
umg add
" .
was nri~
for healtity adult inalc,~ ~~rki;tig ia --tho-
' -iftu kiii'm ~i-this
"tinle are:
n
'.
Partic4-
a 11m, i
rs wr day for fony -
los 11w
years. Thr calculated %-alues of Q,11 am trale4
--L
subject Ao adjusiment on died basis of. aa,-
'I. Wfumnt getteratiou rates ior sioc-7' conce na
P-Iro- rsthvi;ites of sidestream. jwo,ke strceirt
swokt~- kr pertkn fok. -diffemit
emissions, niixing factov,... and removal cf'-
tyrws 6f,am-mbkWes, eith r 11~'
ficichcies of filters used iu-buiWing air oriunv%,
tic.
'Wpply imcirmlation or fresh air intAc 2~ MiKing
-factors for different: tiptis and
line-s. 11c conclunon rearhed by Oweris sirrs.of
room With Mease f(
&n4 - Rusano, .Vanwly Ilm hm i.4 Ile-
04 -!~&p'
. &P,
of vigal
pt)~Wnn -via-n-04 occupants in- -its
3. D&ay ratcsof thosii Pollut. t3 judged lkidg,
lialing C,,.,, concentratinus is of Courtic, to be
of si gilifical ice ip the heskith of "ics IC
S.-
02058655
3
BATco document for Province of British Columbia 19
April '1999


orcup-w, aher divy arc ciiiii(m] anti Pr,(I;,Ird
CO c.pro-oration; fEquaiioll
are subji-vt tti mixing in room air. 31 t,,mpmrd
fAv--Wy wiih ihe averim~
4. Cullvctiwi of g- ahsorheiN "iel-ired CO
cotict:ntrations.
atid pirticulaie filirrs for polhitants Ns.Lda
tind de Oh,eira (1974~ inves-
judgvd to Vx- of tx,s6W signif" cance to tigat,-d
the validit, of the a,,uniptioa
th,- healih of
tnad,, by Bridge -4 01 (1972) that
rn
CD 3nd stispended particulate matter r
decay at the sanic rate, in occitpied spacLs..
3.2.7. hXPERUMENTAL INVESTIGA- Budi 1.4h3tints
monitored contin-
TION OF VALIDITY OF uousiv in a 9.2 rn3 charnber
with stirring
FQUATIONS FOR POL-
of air for rnixiaig, but without ventilation.
LUTANTS EMITTFI) FROM Under these condition, an.
error of 10
TOBACCO COMBUSTION IN was ffmnd for the m_~pnWr~d
particutatc
OCCUPIED SPACES Matter copcentratiou c;.k-ulaird
from the
Two ilkVCStigati0l1S (.HOCgg 1972, Bfidge r_trbQu
wonmdde deta-. rAie. The concen-
and Coun- 1972) have been spf-cifically tration
half lives of carbon monoxide and
devoted to tL-% n
aing the validity of Equatio
suspendh-d particulate matter under these
(3) %ith pollutants prewnt in cigarettc conditiom.
were 83.5 and 42.8 minutes,
sidestrCalil S1110kC. Hoegg worked in a- 25 Thus.
it appvars that a cor-
mil waled chamber and periodically nica- rection
factor will ht- trece.,,basy for the
surra carbon monoxitic noid wspvnded calculation
of suspended particulate -niat-
particulate matter concentrations after ter frunt
CO concentrations in occupied
Hw.,,,,r, it initial gencraticm of pollutants with
a space-%. Firm ever, die correction factor will
T.LV'S in suiolting machine. In otber words. he
stud- have to be determined for different ,xn-
is not ap- ied a purge type situation (Equation
2). tilation toaditioas.
Aon- which In the study by Bridge and C~rn, pol-
Penkala and de -Oliveim (1974) con-
lutant generation by-cigarette machine eluded. &~
did Hoegg and Bridge and
ory JWir- was continuou.,; 4nd ventilatiOn rate
for a Com that %heri'auibient air quality cri-
9.2 n-0 chairiber was varird,irom I to 8 teria
-arc %wzd. u Lmi-..ZaafiArkon,
-
of Equation- air ch s per,bout- Gadv-n zhoiwj~!Je_
- -c
arbott snotioxide concetitrations hi oc-
t6 i; utillzcO, as a tracer for stiVended cupied
~spaces are apt excessive. but "W*
particulate ruattcr. I i.i bothof dx-wifud- pe~ded
paniculaw- Matier cnn&iii;~tioux
ics thevpmtiox* cited abAwe Wem &inom- cait be
&&&ivc ia~many occupied spacrs-
7 isted to be good predictorg of pollutant
ti whe curs.
re unaking 0c
,s for sid- cancen(rationv in thv air of the
uccupir4 The 41aong" of to
bacco smoke'does im
for different cliamber- Initially. it was ijecemry
to
' only.after the cozicentratiori'qf chemical
r either Hicksum- or to -.Itssunw the
pWutant cottipcnients with tinte, it tuateriAlly
al,
:gelicradon rMe front a siuglc ~igarctte feett-
tke qualk QU&
it typcs and ..4na lo- theb- obtaitt' ilig t6uL
4"him"t j]i) AJW -J~hcit)- to -annoy, The'
-nt typ-zs.uL--- irfc"~~ Ltoin -0is figum. and the
number very limiteo data. ;)vailaw on this mil),.
of cigAmues 'iert highlight i4, Awed for
itivesti~pting
'Ant. judged Widge And Corit C'xtcu&x.1 the
chaniber chi4ges of aging tob=~ sintj~c' M-O"u.
2 health of studies to 4 panT situatiott (Tatble
7). pic4 paccs.
302058656
BATCO document for Province of British Colurnbia
19 April `1999


34
TABLE 7. E.,p-i,-n1.1 dw~ ,,ad of -,-Xid,
(Hridge ~d C.- 1972)
Party I Pan) 2
Du,.U.n 0-.0 1.5 1.5 6.1
Average CO coiirenfi~iion ippan) 7 9
Rarap of CO --tairnti.. (ppan) 5-9 6-16
No. o( p-i~-T.,nts 50 73
un.kn. 25 36
non-"nAe,5 25 37
niales so 42
20 31
Male anok. 53 52
Female mnk- 45 45
i
Rom floor nc. (ft') 627 375 in
Volume 5570
exhaust rate (cfin) 600 640
Air chRrigriltour 7.0. 10.6
Arcid density (ft2!=wker) 25 10.4 1u_
Volunietric density (fts/unoker)
204 99 .
No. of cigi-it- ma.ked 50 63
cigars moked 17 10
-moked'per- Iota r 1.3 1.16
cigar; mioW'prrjon,'hmw 0.45 0.19 811
3.2.& SUMMARY A_NZD of approximately 4 X 10-10
ntlisec imine- 1.~
CONCLUSIONS diately following generation. Within
four
Although a 6rge number of variablics in minutes
(the longest period for which
the cigarette coutwt and in die manner -data art,
reported) rrmdal particie size is
of smoking wntribute to uncertainties in increased
about threefold. T'he decay rate'
de-lineating miimion ratrs for even major of
particulate matter in,a clo", unven-,
cordponent% of the particulate and.gas L~atcd 9.2
ni; clmmbcr with stirring.~,vas 2.
phases o-f-sideaream -Rtp
rtb&nt45rjttjnj iji,.a 66,~awentratjort
Z
some duja~ which pennit estimates to, be hMf' life
was itted as the paftvwtcr to
made for emissian of particuktes,, tat,
chatacterir~ cluvay. Uadvi-dw same con-
ni~ -djag, te=o1a) p4euc. jyr&ne,-phk*is,
.,ditions the-concentratkii 'haif life CO
1) of 3.
J
;-airbon monnxide, carbon diewide, nitrous was
about 84 niinutmi. Thus, there ap-
exitim, aninwiiii and water. pears to be need for
a correction factor
After cmimiou into an occupied space. .
whm ope pdllutantjftWii towcco smoke"
tobacco snink, pollutants "age", Little is is-
used zol a tracer to rstjn~-Ue the con-
known about this procts in terms of cuptrution of
another pollutant'frozn to,
4 semir;d anct physica _altcratip win -the bacco
4vinko -iR
articulate and gm plk+se. T'lie fornier is rection
fanor must be detern-liped - for
charactuimd loy a itiod?d particle sim, of
contlitions "of the verqilation' systrin and
about DXvjim and it coalpilmion cosistant space
involved-
302058657
BATCO document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


L:
'e
I
Party 2
5
6-16
73
31
52
15
375
0.6
10.4
99
63
10
1.16
0.19
~-mllsm
Within. four
d for which
nrtiC)e GiZe is
~he dj
it rate
-
stirriog -was
px-AawUr to
S.Vic COR-
of CO
_jS" ap-
vctio... tactor
~bacco sawk-C
:atr,the con-'
Xn-t from tO-
~C6' The Cor-
ennined. for
tell) and .
35
Thcre is t-vidunce that an equation to he xL-1k-J
in X.- 711RENC
prvp-i~il 1,y Tuik (i9kij) call tw xi%etl to data
ci,), Le u(ilized %%Ith existing equ-
predi(i dw conernirations of tobaccu atiolls.
Silloku pullutalits ill occupied spaut's if the
pollutant genor-ation rales an~ rcliably
.
k""m-r. the raoin % t iailat;un rate is char-
Br-son, F. L l1rade-n, J. J. and C.1d.-M,
acterizrd, together with a iiji~xitig factor D. E.
Indoor-Ome- Air Mluti..
for the rooin, and the ClUiSSiOll. Of (11C
RO.-,tion.-'. i- A Lite.t-.- Review. U.S.
pollutant from offier sources or its tni"
Pn--wction Agency, NERC,
with background air can be "vified. R,-w.-h
Iri-gle Park. N.C., Pub. No.
Lcyss mechanism in air are not consid- AP-1 12,
Bierste,ker, K.. dcrraaf, It. and Nass, Ch. A- G.
ered by this equation. The validity of this
(19115) 1~!. 1. A~ Waier Poll. 9, 343- 350.
-nethe-i of calculation is of major value Britip,
D. P. and Corti, M. (1972) Contribu-
in evaluating the possible hazard posed tio. to
the k--"MMt of F,p-m of'N,.n-
by tobaLco combustion products in occu- Sn~iokcrs
to Air Pollutiori frc4n Ciguiettc and
pied spaces. It also stresses the nmd to Cigar
Srn"e in Occupied Spaces. Knr-irfyn.
irliably detennine generation rates of pol- I'zs.
5. lw-_'09.
Brief, )L S. (1%0', Simple Way to Determine
lutants of coritern in sidestream sn"e. Air
C-un-i-m Air. Fg. 2, 39.
It is concluded that art-as where new Dri,,a,, P.
J., Siaunaud,%, P. G. -d Shair, F. It
or better data are required if the concen-
(1972) EmWianicuW Characterization of %
4 ration and nature of the challenge agent
Ventilation Svst"rus in Buildings. E~. Sci.
are to be better characterized are: Tr,h.of. 6,
609-614.
Egerton, A., Gjpn, K. and W,!inb~rg, J. F.
' (19653) '11. 11-hanisn. of Swoukki-ing in
rixation of~
1. More complete ch~ractc cilprelic& Cmburtion
Fi-. 7. 63-68.
c-owpositioll of 4idestream smoke and Gorblj2, C.
M, Kondrat'ycra, 1. 1. and Pod-
generation ra tes of coinponeats older d.1m. ya, L
Z. (19641 G- A,:&ity
cliffeir"t sruoki
The5e
co
ditions Products~ Ex-ted,by SIan Whm in an Air
4
,
n
ng T
WW Chamber. Prob1cms of Space Biology,
data are also neonded for- ciga'!?~,I!~d iA-.
-:14 "
joint F.blic.Aien Rewavch S,-i", Wad~-
2. Decay rates of tobacco smoke compo- ingwn, D.C.
sients.aw fmc&&"d data Telqtcd to H~Jlpenfkt, P.
F_ and"itaiTtI6,
d
lint
A
h
i
i
~ Cull
ulDl ~f OdOr Alld Irriution Due to
mi
c
ur
s
allg
ng 0
ng ag
$make And Othrr Air Pollut~tm ASIZAAE
bacco smbkc do not.noW cxist. J..rnal 3, 34-44.
While a range of mixing factors for How, V.. IL
;11972) Omiret w Srooke -in
-kentilaird spaeft is-available. AWW ill- Clowd
fipacm F.&Oot,. 111th, PersPerAircs,
fonnation'Is'-needcd Jar -,perific -t-)Trs
.117-128.
jac,-W.
SI, IL, .1kxo4arati. A- &W Opt"ater,
air supply wicauuioils. rmw sivet - .
I,- . -1 1.
L I.A.1964' V
-anti ralcn- 00tdoor Dust Cunw'lxlem. 1. Air
IV&tex--'
4. Data for rcmowiJ efficiencies of ccwk~
Pollution 6, 20-3-211t,
"101i room air cleatient' for p'artic,ttlate
J"A's, -NI, B-'~ %"Trm-kn, ~1. M.. Theophil,
i1 nd gas conipoticnits.of t olujc~ca untg&e
.
I tigin and Xle;A-mneut of Piteti(les in (Sty
- outdoo
r 4ir pollutants %%ould
and foo Atnto~phere. A~'j PabVe-9,0h 47, 1,60-.
"ist With plVdirtion of. iiuproAsPei;1s
7 ~'
302058658
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Colurribia
19 April 1999


36
R. (Fd.) (1970) 1-, FnK1i-,1inR, P,-,-Lda. S.
d,0li-i,a. (07-1)
7 th k1d.6-, N.ffal. F"'Ar C.,., ih.ff.d.. Call-
;J 14. "d Suq,,-,~drd
Keith, C. If. ,.,[ D-i~k, 1. C. (InFO Wa-
Cig.nvtt, S- E.,i-,. 16-,. 1.
suren."%, of the N.66. Si- 17:- 6-i".
and U-..nt.lli- f Uk-tic S- 'k. by Sh,ph-d. R. J.,
U --. G. C. arid Phair, J. J.
the "C-if. 1. C.11. S,i. 15, 3.0-356. , 10W
Criti-I h,j,;,,n of - Fill-suip
Kingd-, K. H. (196)) sn"'k, S.nyl" -,d in Fl---
Plerni~,V,.
Fffrct, ~f HVCJ 14'.df) U~Mltld ill A,,h. Id.
lifi,.. 17. 1,3G-242.
&-k.. 189, IR41-482. R. L. : -,'P 1 The 0-1 C-
A. M., M.,cki-, A. D., K,,fiin, I., I"iti.. f TO.
". and SjnAt:.
H:,...,d, E. C. and Selik.ff, J. 0971) Urni. Rev.
68 z , 153 207.
Inorg;mic Particles in Cigars and Cigar TuFk. A.
(1963; Mcasurernwt of Odwws t
Srn,,k,!. 174, 5115 537. 'talmrs ill H-- Charnbem,
1"Leoretical.
M-n, B. J. (1962) Clouds. Rain and Rain- ASHRAE
1.-.- 5. 55-58.
wkinR. U.iv. Pre-.,% Carrthidg,, p. 39. Whitby, K.
T., Aigm-n. A. R., Jordan, K. C. and
Morrow, P. (1961.1 Evaluation of Intwlation Aruth,
J. C. 1958) of Air 3.3.1
llazar& 8-d Upon the Xe~pir.N~ Dust Cleaners for
All Cle-ing nd Vtmlilwin.
CL-Mcvg znd thc phik-P.I.Y -d Appii-- jUg.,
Pipiiig ad Ai, C.adg. S,,- SLW
tion of Selecti,e Sampling. Am,,. Ind. Jlyg.
sion, P. 171. ,
Ass". 1. 25, 213-236,
Wit-, M. J. G. k'1';3', Wwr Air Pollution. for
N"rath, G., Ehmk.:, 14. nd St,hrlc-L-, H. P- R.y.
So,. .4 300, 215--221.
(1966) Vile, Dcn W-wrph-It Von Haupt- Wynder. E.
L. ..d Wffm.,.. 1). - 1967) Ta-
Und Ne6en-Strontrauch. Beitragc Tabak- bneco and
Tgbe-, Smoke. Acadentic Prc~s. dar,~
lo-h 3, 351. ?Z,
Oberg, M. (1973) G-th of Ifygro.%copic Sul-
Yagiou. C. P. (1955 Ventilatiott Req,,i,-'nt,
furic Ae~vls in Air. Dwtoral Di-LaLion. 1-r
Cigmtt, S=,-Ie. ASIMAE T-. 61,
Uni-nity of Pittsburgh, Gracludic School 227-230.
of Publi. H-11%. Y..-. J. E, CliuL W. L. -W Ct,,
W. C. in if-
0%-ens, D. F. and R-ano,.A. T. (1969) Dc- (1971)
Ihdoor -I Ontdmr Air Qtntlity to te
sign ProceduTes to Control Cigurette Smokc
ReLationbbips. Air Poll. Cunttal Aisuc. ,
and Other Air Pollutanu. AS17RAF fxani. 21,
261-259.
75, Ift"ealt
by c.-
the
Tito-
302058659
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


.. (1974)
-hair, J. J.
-itter-stlip
'CA C.-
ro S.oke.
R. C. and
Air
.'en U.
W- -ec-
Pollution.
11967) To-
~Mic Pren,
LqUiM1jj,ntS
T,ans. 61,
6 r Quality
,t,.t Aua,
3.3 Reduction ot'Tobacco Srnoke Containinants in
Intei-lor Spaces by Means of Filti-aticin*
PREs-roN E. MCNAT.I., JR.
3.3.1. FILTER EMCMINCY VOR
PARTICULATE MATTER
Standard methods have been develolwd
for ra-ting the performance of-filters. In
thds papcr these iucthods axe diw-usscd in
relation to tobacco smoke. The two stan-
dard inethods have earlier bccn described
in detail (ASHRAE 1968).
3.3.1.1 IF,ight melh~d
In this procedurc, an artificial dust i~ fed
to the sample filter. 'nw portiou,which
passes through the filter is collected and
measured. The efficiency can- be expressed
paper > 99."_ %v efficient on. filtration of
particles down to submicron size. Conta-
mination collects an the surface of- the
filter paper, causing a stain. This stain
is fneastiftcl by g photometer, which ftads
opacity (0), definud as the percent reduc.
tion in ligla passing through the paper
after staining. This metbod heavily fa-
vours particles- in the sire rartge of 0.1
pm-3pm and is almost insensitive to
larger partiele&
Tobacco smoke is almost entirely in. the
size range of 1-31tm. Its concentration
thus:-correlates- well with".dtit ap,~t mr-A-
by calculating Oic weight of du,4t held by~
sMrq_1!Cqts,.whVrcas.it, oc, r
the tilier,-divided by that led to the filter.
with tlw -weiglit fawthod. Duct spot read,
All inedia filter, impmve in efficiency ings can
therefore be used to eitimate
as they become loaded with contamima t: filt
r.rrrfqpnapce f9r tobacco smoke with"
ver, the air Dow rellistanrc A!50 in-, practical
accuracy.
creases and jWriodic cleaning or rrplace-
Information oti the efficiency of various
ment is necessary- 4illers on different particle
sizes is avail-
wigle-'and Baudei 1964, B
able (F U2UFtt
33.1.2 Amiofpherie 'dust spot efficirncy 1971..
Peterson alid Whiihy 1965)-
nifthod
-1- _Ally: CON J'AM D, A I JUIN
of air through a dense, gass fiber filter UNITS
To use duA spot readings. sonse defiiii.
71.6 4 . mndm.4 -xi- -f the -figi..l
tions of units are.mvcssary. -The Coh
pq)rr Aitht~it mmir of the hiaihrwndc;4t
-i,
and data. Th, orlgi,W pap;., (,coeffit z.!a of
Ham) is arbitraxily defined
V. 'as tbe uwcvntrition.'of panicks -in
-is-a" it alAe fausai. the 4aOtur.
302058660
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


tube i air MIO ft. It'11j" if cot-
Ircied wi a filter paler ecinal in awa it,
hv tuVw's sf-ciiwi. %-uld trduct- ibe
ight I ......... 6.,ion dwouph th'. pap'.1 I 1~_
;
It i a contan~inntirni cuiict-mimion h-vel
and caji Jc valculawd as fiyllows:
101 (0) )1
Cull
A
where: 01) = Optical Density of [tic filter
paper."mple (percent.1100)
= Volume of air sampled
(ft3)
A Area of the filter paper
(ft')
Mic Coh has no metric eqnivalent.
To relaie the Coh value to a particular
cotilaminant, the Smott tfoit can be used.
Miis is defined as the a6v_Jutc quantity
of parfikulate contaminant, which would
stain a I W filter Imper to a level of 1
Coh or:
Smoll
1000 ft3 Coh
For -tobacco smaw, about 5.4 tug' are,
equivalent to I Smoh and one-cignrette
produces al-ut 7.5.Smoh of_riawataiifi;l~
We now 'have factors to relate the
weight of lobacw smok.c in any valudQ-
of air to the dust spo! measurement -(or
e, Coh can
Ckih level). For tobacco smok
abo b,! related to,inOn".
OP
3,3.3. PREDICTED LEVFLS
.+Pox
JNATION
c
Using Ov filier efli ititeit-, and other
basic dain, pred'Clions,ciiii be inade of the
contantitiatirnt levels in variowt crs due
to toliacco stiot,kiiia at varintis r-tir-, (Su!-
ton et .11. 1964).
Figure J demomtratf, thc relevant
paranwwr% for this vilculation.
'File IklatlWnlaticll f.rinulatioi of it),
mady ittnt~ cowi,kuatioti (t can be
as-
C, --V,C.,(l E) 4- N, (2)
V,E N." + K
where C., Contamination concentra-
tion in outside air - any
units.
V. Infilffaiion air - 63,inin.
V, Ventilation air - ft".'min.
V, Recirculated air - ft' min.
Np Rate of contamination pro-
duction inside the spmv-
Units consistent with, C..
K Contantinant settling rate -
Unit consistent with C_
9 Filter efficiency
Ile space volume. has tio effect on the.
ation, but only an
steady stme concetatr,
th-transient rrapoose. For taining con-
jamLiation, such as tobacco. anoke and
tim.- staining fraction of atrno~vheric do t,
#h- rmncv~d 'L.: . ~eiAmg- is q-u,i te _,nWL.
The effect of air iiJiltration and von.
tilaritiq depends on die amount nf this
a*--Aw eampared wkh the u-nat VE (r,,-
circulation rate x filter efficiencyl, as
Wei al~ the. cotact!t1taticuk of. contaminant
in 1he infiltration and ventilation air.
raw lite jitaj,6rity or Iesiden-iial -and
c;Y1
-V,9- t--T- 1: 0 mapn 11tappr-
Ai=L thi
lance- If the xt-eiroilation'rate is Sinall-
compared with lh~ inflitralioto and wal.
becomes "- i6l-
tilation. ratx-_$~ this temi
portaist even. with high efficiency filtet-S.
It
itt c.
air
I-.
of C..
wh~
varp
rate
alx,,.
Irn,
HU',
nW
302058661
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


duc
(hu(-
the
j C., I i be
2)
Ai
fo
ff,&, Ul f n,
-in pro-
aee.
C.-
-ct an he
--ut only On
aining Con-
AerjMF'sl,
'Auite- W?a,,
;i and
11, V,E (re.
itiencil, as
,)0tarnir-Int
tr-
,ion, 07
,,-6al and
Ig
)e" im-
"CY fillen'-
39
IC"
VWMATtow
DOSIDE AIR
WCIRCtLAM
V. V~
ExF ILTFIA1,UN V SPACC W3_40#4
SPACE CCWEMMTION
Nq CONTAMINATION TER
M=j ION -YE
r E
ONIIQ
SIMMS pATE
_f I ^\- I L----J -
COMMMAI ION
filtration and cantwu-
Cure _,_6c of ,,ic., pc,, icl.ding entiI3
i
F
iront PrvductiOn,
tinuously during I the tests and the CICC'
ton
It is important to bave a big" -ircIll,
ic aif CICaW was turned_oll.at
u
tin" rate as will AS j, higi, efficiency filter
11V done in
- d-ircd i,e, The 51100king -as
h
e
of t
in order to keeP du, effctivmcss . It looln With a
sinok-
the basement ftcMall"
uni.
air Cie-alling elluipilwilt at a ynaXIM . Machine.
The C-h s _ere deter-
9
Equation 2 can be ~J,cd for any set tn. in the
return air d-cl. -ahCDA --f 'he
uned
M air from all the
tions and 'Figure 2 shows a case rr
of c..di
nce 'it air cleaner. The retu ad of
id
ll
d
e
occul-j ill a res
wl,ten smoking
air recirculation e
a
s of the house was Mixe
loom
CollditiOns in
r
l
i%h two
various rAICS W
turn of cificiepcy .
e
he samp
the locaLtion Of t
e C40h lCVC1
ra
re
ra,es. Th,,Oirltinishing
"
g
n
these tests. repre5c t an aye
factor 31)),
WO
6
.
above 60 r* is n1D T)
9
for the entire- house
in dir. bilsemellt rcc~,
jind not d1c level
i0 a
a,
TFST~ OF
SLD as in ~~Cral others
10 this experi-c"
A f IER piedicted*ve~ with
the
fOnned
experiments
iod tests and iaboralOrY -
also per
~,Oi
the wjyvilc air r.Uanpr agrIll;
were ndertaken t,, afidat .e die the' 'ry
experilnental.-data.
th
jo#-_d aboVe-
dC,:c e
iod the clectrank Ric
'
the Per
During
_
hrief sluffjmaq~ FiSure shows lhc
i ,
that the
was OU, it ~w*" 01_4~ a
n
jrsidence under fairly
of a trst tn a
l leaner
c tiow r0- ~01 bjcctiowable~ 3evels
l,
Mu
A ~3 bL11rf)0nl,
nilrolled catditiOn"
lk Ij hour
h d)~. bfwsc. wain a
v
we
singlt~_jcvelhousv with full bascuwnt WP3 throttg
:111
k -pi* ~-n "wr ~W
ft" qW d,4rud
v& quiP-"" "S'
Tt, pir rJeaning e 1~. .
a
,
- - - . the I~ Ot
the house evept
1 l or
vs
tyr" "maitce
bf~ 4L
fed a
~
on.
t;ceablv, haze ond the haze
-
cjc~r of no
,
-4 ust spot eff~ 10%1 _E1 an W
..u
, Ill was lnurh roduad-
-
kk-cl ip t)w, bjwule
eff. =__
r Cleaner (d perfolingkiwe of 'Air
()
ectronic a'
t addition, (he fic.l
l
in place
80 jujjxj~r filter was .
v
.
BA-fico document jor Provin ce 0 Britits1h C
oJuMbia 19 APO '999
05 S662
302


i9
40
clcaunrs mi %t;iiiiing contarninatiou in mr- tinn.
I-%,-(, of diem -:re tilikiped
inal evvi-N-da, -r ,i, r-!! I'mic ,,, ch"m-rS
;,kid !- Willi I -kld
pmj,-rt limm , in a suburb of Dalla%. ftimire
fliters. Culi lc-[~ --re n---nd
I,, s
Tc-7,a~, Th, --w vrry similar- in dwii% p-i-d, of
difff rent averag C
size, expomire. floor plan ind votistme- of In all
(Z~-' dw acti, t" in
I000FT3/MIN. FECIR4ULATION
? 50C' FT3/MIN. MULAT ION
1.25
116
16 CIG,/HR.
X
4
-2
0
<
Z
R
the I"
appligi,
uj 3
-Alp
w
rea,
for r-,
ism
.25-
I Colli.-I MR.
-0 2o,. 4)D w 8o__ i00
FILTER EFFICIENCY MTAIN),'%
2. 111i'mwetirid cotirem-li.- i.' It nmlt~;- %Sikh
cigartmt,
All *91",
0
302058663
BATCO docUMent for Province Of British Columbia 19
April 1999


4 t
-2.00
andard
-asured
'e rat(-- PRE NCTF
.. .' - ~ -L ZKA'i'+_
ivity lit
___r -1.50
0
THEORET4AL C __LATIO~
S 1 .25
z (:XPfRIMENTALI RES~LTS
2
< 1.0
z 75
-25 4
z EDIC' D STIIADv WATE
~3 EQICI
0 vft JAC
_5 D
L
.25
-FILTER
"10
1 .0 0. 0
3
ME OKKIRS)
-is affeetc a high p%~rfo-nce cleCtronic air
ctcan-
-d b)
er with A-x.4prette snioiiiT rate of 12 Wr 1-ir.
.75
the homes was %,cry -typical v)f a rrsiden6al more
effectively to protect other adjncent
application. :The wsults again sh-ed xpace!i. In
ca--s where a single room is
good, agrccuxlnt.. with the theory, required to be
as clean as pos~blc, the
air cleaner can a1Q be insmiled in the sup-
ply grill or duct,to 1hat room only.
0.5 3:3.5. APPLYING PRACTICAL AIR Many efficient
vlectronic air dr~'arlrn
'ri-actical high t n ' I im they mol be rated by
th~_ASIIRAE duct
-foruia cc air c
forrcsidential aiid situtil toazincrcial prem-
q.)ot method, and should have efficiencies
41 of. 70. c,
-ises, huj~__.WR= devck+,pt, MAiky ~typcs cxcrss
are a~ailablc. Media fdt,-rs (usually dcep- These
filters must be cleaned jwriodi-,
ly pleated iviiesi have a x-ariety of dust enfly,
by. .7"hing. They ame rt'vaitablv, with
spot efficiency ranges 4rant 50 4;~ to 95 ~~.
in-p4%cv %YaJiiug systems with other
All of these lacciurrit at regular iribdels
the'.,,cells may -be removed and
renw!- rep
-it (2-- 4'nl~f ' -au be wAshed by hand or in a
residetitial dish-
interv. O'k.
tyl!es t
'Mountm.in the kin. aW air-coivdition;, %vwhrr,
Wn~hi)ftg-i&m1d be doW, at. teg-
ItIg equTment at its ceuirm tocrttwn, utar IZA
mW"h) intervai&-
ating th -e systvin. Wier c;iu be -1 jwvy ASRHAL
Ventilati.11 Standard
i
re. v ent6 6.
instalb-d - in a retur. grill or duct from 62 -73
(ASRIIAE 1973) his bet.n. pith-
C)
a bingle::romn, and in this way. operate
lishit-cl. w4iich. ertc(Surages -the u.~ of - fit-
30205866
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


42
Wl'atiOll CqLlipllit:llt ill Ofj~!l to Coti~Lvc
ilwAts. Wilvil 411C clidj~:,jal iN 6111% i-dvd,
.%SRI I %)
the enerp- re(pured to li,at and'or (ool funher
contaminant ~-ill citlo-r pa ss ,"rN
large qti.AnLiLie~ of vitkicn--i all.
through or- Lc c-.clLau,,:,d for a ;,txr al, VS R)
I
ready il. tilt- filter. %'hich rclei.- that A.I.
material into the air -treain ag;~iri This
3.3.6. C0X(:!,USi0,N3 iGR exchange process i, %un.
cumpi(x and
P.A.RTICULATE, explain, thc strangt- ndt)rs whith
call
CONTAMINATION FROM wmetim- be present in pace
,J.,-re t1w
TOBACCO SMOKE air is treated with a ch-cont fiber
%vhich H.11p,:
6.1 The rrliintinii shnvx, hrrr mn he lins beconic
loadca. filt- all be Cbnt,,
used for the prediction of air c1caner per-
reactivaied by indu,trially pl~rfornied tm,
formance and is ii~eful o,cr a wide range heating.
Activated charcoal is ty;rrently J."',
of filter efficiencies ineastirtil by the diist
the only %s,ell accepted material for vapor D. I
spot method. filten.
The filtration of vap-)r constituents of
6.2 High llerformance filters (dust spot tobaccu
smoke has been xwwd in a lim-
bafis) installcd in the c"ai-all ductt-A. ited
riumIx-r of tudics (Richardson and
can without added ventRation -effettively
Middletown 1959, HaUpently ahd StarW4t
control tobacco %inoke particulatel; in 1461,
O~-ens and Rossano 1969). In these
spaces during typical (and even atypical) studies,
human subjects, rrported on their
social gatherings where miioking is heavy.
sem%ations under different experimental
conditions.
6.3 It is suggested that the procedurc- be
ined to detexminc and quantify the smoLe
levels when msearch is performed oil the 3.3.8.
CONCLUSIONS ON
effLct of environmental tobacco smoke. VAPOROUS
T015ACCO
CONTAMINATION,
8.1 Equation 2 applies also in the case
3.3.7. CONTROLLING THE VAPOR -
of -apor mritamination to pnrdict the con
V
CONSTITUENTS OF ,
nirtation levels ill spaces, where the ef-
TOBACCO SMOKE IN SPACES .
' fic
iency of the filters is kp~.wn.
ne analysis prt.--.ented for p
artictilwrs~
effiriencV.0f the available devices for the known
filter matexial, "ins to ha%v prac-
^ apor amteri.4
ntimevow and complex j,7. tichi. efficierlciej for
txpor tobacco irri-~
:V 0 tobacco OYin6 is rim welf'Ziowh and
' tanis aild ixI.r corlsiluzeuts 16T A.,oat
rd test meth-
no gefienflly accepitA standa that of'tbe device's
rating by the ikkistry.
&N
.exist. Ratitigs are generally made by
_
feeding 'a sin%
gle or..4 few specific vapori REF~AENCn 4
to mwh filiem PAid mca~,uiug--1hc up- ASRHAL
Standatd 52-68 (19GO) "Method of
strearn and do%yastreani concentrations. of
T,.,6rig Air CAr-ing I-d in
'Generni Vmiil-ti-n Jr Rmnovirlc ftnic-
Charcoal. like paIiiins W-r
' - -----
a limited alnullilt Of C011(allk-
hold only N_ Y,.,k, N.Y. 10017.
302058665
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


!1 y loadvd,
ASRII,%E Slu"Id"d 62 73 43
(j!)73,
C
19-mr Srn-k~ and
vapor al- ASRHAY. 3-17,f_ -17,h
st-1 7'r(?nsar-
-ase~
that ,
NX.
(to I It- 75. 93 1(j2.
iij
-
Thin T
1111"nett, (1971) Si,,.,y,-d Fili-
IL'
ISRII C. M. -nd
1%hitby, K. 1'. (19f;5)
-
. .
,
jt)urnal 13. 48 50 I
r-timal Efficievic\ Charactrristi- of I Init
1
'
plex. and
righ-, 11. M. j'. -11 IL1,11111
C
196
J
ASR!1AL' J-r 1 7, 42- I"
1
--
hich - can .
,
. (
4)
a,,d Allpfir-ti
f 49.
%here tile - o
Hith
rd.--u- Dry Filt-.. ASR11,1F Ri6-rcho.,. N. A. ..d
Middl,t.n, IV. C.
IPT Which G, 72-/-5. -1 hlwi~.t for R,m-i.
-
1 1
C
-UP-1q, P. F. .,.d St-ft
P
S g
Irritants f-m Miluted Air. ASRHAE Trans-
3 C
LZ
4 .
,
. (1961
CrtntTo4 of Odor arof I
it
i aclion 65, 401 -406.
-
PC rr
it
on Dne to Ciga
'
lltt~ SuvAi.,g Ab-,d Ai
d Sw,-, D. J. t .1. (1964: ..d
urrently -
t, ASRIJA
E
1,mr-1 3, 39 44. Appli-tim, of Air Cka.-, it,
for vapor
0,~-,, D. F. ind R.-n., A. T_ 196
9) Dc,si
n 0,,upi~d Sp.-, ASIMAE 1-n.1 6,
55
g
. -62.
'
in a lim-
---n and
r
l
t
-
n
es
e
d on their
t Se
V. t n-
Lue the ef-
and 6~st
pholit %
-.%IcthQd, of
L=q r2rtic-
47 th Sirmt,
302058666
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh columbia 19
April 1999


rj
-t
AM
3.4 Tobacco Siiioke hihalation
DAVI. L. F. NILE,
tot'l dq-
01-1. the L..
chell Ptz' '
3.4.1 INTRODUCTION cmqi~ing gases or particles.
this led, Therr.
The preo4ng mpprt% have given detaiLs nique draws
the inhaled substance further crepanc,'
of the characteristics of envirosinsental to- into
Oic lFing than if it wete di.,166-U!d ds~ part"
bacco smake and of the ventilation of throughout
the whole volunte of tidal air. lungs at.
romis. Fron, this infrn,.tin die t,xpo- A, fAr as
gases ~rc concertsM. thrre in inhaling,
!:tire of individuals call be calctilated nnder
urilik-IT to be any physiological difference mond
p .
var
fing conditions. This liaprr concerns bet-e--ti
tisoinh brew1iing or breath- hih d,--~
rucchani-snis by which the envirotinwinal ing. The
uplakt- (if CO is greater thals scopic
tobacco snioke acro-I -tes, and dep~it% that
rueasured during steady mair breath- Tlis I,i
in 4he respiratory tree. ing. Thi, gas is A-bed
from the alveoli siW M i
bUL -inre on*.y itictut 70 flF of a rictrinal
3.4.2 TBE PULIVIONARY BURDEN tidal breath
pesieimk~ bryond the ana- likelihxt'
I'lie intrapulnionary deposition. ah~rp- deatr
qvce. a proportion of the the ch a"
tion and ccretion of the various coulpo-
., CO mhaled during steady state breathing
' IL.O~n
,
netw~ of~toimcco smoke depends ot) their to tl,,-
alveolar
cux:~2 1jA have had acce.
e~klencc,.
_
C st
_phys,~zal chara teri ics and oil the pattern
surface. A puff of cigawtt. ~lsioke k on
30 /q.
mt
of bteA~I%. SusA
rtm#iv
forni a specitO j,"ul, ~Iskh bill not bc, th,
dqAhs- of the hsng, by die! fol"irg tobacc,".
discvmcd in detad's'inct- particles and "" i "
air- and no gasor particl- rinitaiii in
if the m"t- is
will not enter lite iusigs 'the d"iT
volurn,~~ n6 probably
held in the mouth. However, muly sntok- . lcad:~
to"a. greater absbi-psion of-CO that&
ers %4ia clahn it) avoid inhaling, probably .Ave
(about - 50 - 53 If)
the nonnal v depth j,*
do inlralt- siroke't. a greater --tent than .
pmwd d"g ac,dy,statc breathing. ii- Wry
they rea tw- The belisiviourof particulate to.itpr
in Tile. efr
Active snisAing with inhda4ioti consists', tin.
respiratory tl,.V.. is ni.re C.MPIC)fThe Pro blt
,td the site
it y-d
about '45 int in the
ustoke (.in xvrnr of
of its depmwitiou. dvIxiii.6 on the 6i-,w ol
(,aw pf cigisrette,~. is Iito the inoath the
pmtick%, an the rat, awl depth of
after it if, drawn into,d~.- lungs. Ulicthrr
bveathing and on whether it is inhaled is it. is:,
-FA
302058667
13 ATCO document for Province of British Columbia
19 April 1999


45
via 0j, wonth (it u), 'nit. vaii-s d- u-, ~utwk,
p-i- ih, L.- --rn dr.jtmg
~.v r-ni air 1- ~oniv timr. Furdirr t,xjjvT-
in a of publivaiions 1GRl' 1966. i-wal -,A -
cq..ired m 'hi,
All-t-i , A 11173 a ... I vill n,,t b,- 'FY,,
P-e-- ;,-- f migh,
orat,d heir, Frcmi the nic-Invd ~i7e di~- be
inq.~rvin, fnr 11tv v~.tii-tioti of the
trihuti,,.l of flic pailicles in cigarette sino.
VIV1,11r, ill 1111
,,,,k daring If a l.rgv pi-i"Irtio" of the
particles i~
mouth brvalhiiig_ N-idd-sugge~j filar [lie f:"-,,d
;~l th, 016C, MOL11--cois of the
it
tutal dq-tion shoiald be It- diar, 50 ~~
parliculite concenintion pf-r unit volulne
with . Girly ,.if-rm di5t,ibution 1hrough- of
roont air u ill nut give ilie , orrert rstitn-
out the lur X.%. Experimentq with icbacco au~m of
the lung bin-den if substances
sinoLc. however. have gencrilly gi%rn ~-fiich
exsert thtir effect in the deep parts
valuer. of 70-90 % (Policlorova 19til, Afit- of
the lung. TU dw.% not apply tu colil-
chell 19G2) chiring active smoking. pounds such a~
nico(ine, which can be
this tech- There may bc two reasons for this dis-
af-arbed front the n"il mu~Asa or front I
nrft! further crepanq-. Total deposition increases
as the bronchial epithelium, depending on the
dist,-~utcd the Imi-ticles are-drawit ftitthre
into the acittity of the particles.
of tidal air. lungs and the "puff" tochnique of.
the Two special cases deseme noting: ex-
-.cd, there is inhalitig smoker doci exicl)y this.
The posure to envirrnmental smoke in young
second possilile cauw for the unexpectedly
children and in athilis with established
ath- high def-itinfT values lies in the hygro-
di-~i~e of the hang. Experinic"ts have Uot
Qsve re
W.1--r"Ate, than scopic naturt of many of the
partirl". bCkli LAtried out on the depo4tion -of
par.
K, -rare bt"th- This kads to a rapid increase in
their ticles in die lunge of infano but calcula-
it-
Ithe al"Coli size as they enter the lungs and
-this Lions f *H41opct Al. 1972) suM_n that the
~f a normal rhange is assoriated with aij
increased anal) si~c of thei: Ituigs is not
asuviated
,,I the all.- likelihood of deposition. Ilic,
ex(ent of with any ~rrat cl~wigcs in the total ot
of thp the chauge bi particle dianmtee is not
regir-al drpositi~ of particle-, Their ral-
blift .'i.g kn~u in: detail although them- is
sorne ative minute ventilaticlit is greater titan
that an averap value might be that oi adults
h"-eve tin of
(he Iffolar evi r &ad per ft
-",h, is Oil 30.% (Alivitell 1962, Sano 19681.,
body uvight, %'Dung chiltim-A jahAlc- a
-,ln-d into pcn~)n cxpobcd-Ad 6wironrrent2l
-91UL6- aiii;i~,Wi m any airborue pollumn t
4.i. f"Jit"Tirg tofiacco wuA4 inhales this smoke
dis'. than dt, adult.,.
ii SOj" with injjt 'Utury Aca,
'c~ r-Ain in tributed througho4i !he tidal lj r
and aired vepo
ais, P~Axibly probably rn*~Ily by ua.,,ol
WeotAiim. Tin- prtc'it- chic 'to ai~ays
obstrucrion have
of W ft-rn - Prt.~lcss do not penetraiv. to the
-saaw- been found 19 havt- grratr;4.0m notmial
~-55 ex- depth as during smoking and a laige,frac-
'intrapulnionary depositiog A par-
of inhak
-eathing. tion.may ell be filftred out in'thc now.
ticles (Uive and Muir 1414) but th~ %iw
Ae- matter in The effiLiency of this I'a-I
fit"tion is of is shifted" proxi~n.llv -
The probably stion, effiricitt tha ii has bcen
Stijp- ch& ot al. J971).'
arid Ali site posed (Prw,-w ond qtAft 1 71) 4ut
aaaw 10--7 rc--qArd,';. to octennitte.
t1 w siAe. 4' ill,; p-Kticles. Ac- the prtrtic.J
intpli,.k1iolls of Cipos'six-, to
ad depth of Curate rstnu-Mcs all, difficult ~incc,
their envit-omm,aal tobacco smoke for thuse.
:~2eo;it is in4aled is it tht-'Aw d6nibutiou t,,.
groups.
302058668
13 ATCo document for Province of Britistj ColuMbia
19 April 1999


4
4 G
&-1 ...... K. -d IU-i-, 1). kl'~;3)
d,j-i,i- and i_,_ f
IS I' I I "I",
-k A,, h. 1w. Med
L.M'A.'
1-b- NJ. -d Sun- G. I'W2) P-t-
natal &-th "'d [.1116.1, .' L1, ---i-
ai-)'. 7'h,,,,, 27. 265 274.
Int-lati...,d C on R.,di,,'-i-I P-
smi.. (196C.) D'..J."ifion .'d 'eteoti..
niode6 fm ioteinal dosimetry of oic hunuin
-pirm-y t-t. 111th. Ph),. 12, 173-207.
l-, R. G. ..d 1). C. F. 1974) Pri--
sonal cownisinication.
Mitchell, R. J. (1972) C..tmlh~d -.-renw.t
M. 1961 M att-pt w de-
roiu: th, uq-iw.~ ,f LOu-, ,-k~ by
of -b-- fil-, in: C. N. D;--
fnh,led pjti,h, d -p,wi, P-
N,
p. 142- 144.
N--. D. 1'. .,d S.il. 1). (1971 1 *11,, n-,
6,f-c, it,,- ,t--phefi,
_t. WAt".1 ('d.): ri'l-k'I
Nnicks Ill. U.-ii, L-don, p. 59-
70.
J., D.I-kh. M., Ch;,I-,, R. and
Nc%%Iivtm, M. 1'. 0971) ReKional distribu.
fi.o and I..g cle-n- in-hani- in
and --.k-, in: IV. H. Walton
(ed.): Inhaled Particl~ 111, Unsyin Us-,
L..d.., 1, 183-1111.
4
-
ii, ati-ktparficir mtention in she -pimtOry SAno.
1. (19GU) Tbac~ sanoke ai~ a p.Ilutant,
aact. A- R,r. 1?,,p. Dii. $5, 526-533.
Kuld'Saij....p. 1-7. 3.5-L
An Cp
withee
in tab,.,
koed
proach,
- -
Imm Ot
t
are 14U,
betwM'
ciatim'
Cult.
const it,
-this 4
i
sitnita
.
t6 iolw
dedbf
F, 5. 2
3
.
The r
302058669
13 ATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia
19 April 1999


N D-i"
environ. 3.5 Epidemiological Investigations
1,hnk-d
CTI
P.
on Fnviron-mcnial
Tobacco Smoke
RUNE CEDFFtL6F AND JOHN COLI FY
"b-
in
3.5.1 GENERAL ASPECTS tativc population samples
tinder fcalistic
An epidemiological approach enabit-s as-
conditions have not yet bcen studied in
sessment of tht, 1witsible h(alth risks of depth
and insufficient data are avuilable
exposure to environmental tobacco sinoke for
discussion.
without the artificial corsditions inherent on
chronic effects
A rc,,icw of studies
in laboratory based studies of small, se- -
igi%*n in section 3.1. Miring the work-
lected group; of individualt.. This ap- shop,
data, at that time utipublislici,' from
proach lends iL-,,-,U to deAhr-- with pro6. a
study of respiratory symptoms in 2,426
lems of the %~pc wli(:rr a number of fac- 6-14.
year uld whooldii1dren and their
tors in addition to the one, under study parents
wat pmsented k(J-011,y 3974).
am known to have effects -on health. In- The
prevalence Of Cough ill the children 4
vestigatious. of this kind smk associations was
fowid to be associateKl ivith their
between factor axid disease. 71tough asso- par cim
smoking habits; preyalencc, was
ons arc often found. drAwing con-
C"i
clusions about causality can prove diffi- lowest
whrn both parents were ndn-
sinokefs -and highest were both parents
cult. smoktd. A-clesd osn-Haf"ri wZZZZ:Tout~~ n
Bebidm inywigatiow- i"-it-ng'jWiterru We twe~n
P61rents and children's rrspira-
pnnilation iiamples, twin stijdies cnalAe tory
~rnp onip. When p4rents, ;.mpiratDry
conaitutional factort to -be controDed. In
sYm-p!nmsj,-ew takeft intb amnitnt, e3ipo-
--this respect-thc study df (tvin palt, Aith _smm.
of the child to eigarette smoke ge-Mr-
similar and disimilar exposures-to tobacco ated,
by^ the parents stitoking, hao little
smoi)ke should be particularly useful -(C~- if any
effect upon the child's - resliii-a tary
derl6f et,,al. 1971).. associations between par-
s)
6(al anokiAg and' childrrnlb respiratory
1"40out-t Mpoitca bY'_Qt6tr 4"A,,n -and 7
3-5.2 INVESTICATIOMS IIN !Li 10cie4.as indicating
tbe effects of't". - r
vitorinwrital t0xicco sittoke, rilay in fart
The rffect~- of 4ion terni rxpcmtYe to 1v wh.lly
at) efirct -of parents' ~rpirutoiy
etiviroumcntal tobAcco stuoke oil mprestu. diwaw.
302058670
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48
Some lit-t-liminary f inil-ings were sl~
presew,d fro... a stud, of a Inirth roli(irt
of 2.200 itifani, ~Iticli' suyi~-tcd that P);-
posore to ctivironnic-Tital moke
in the first yvar of life. after parents rt-s-
piratory symptoins had bccn taken into
aCCOUnt Might double tht' Tisk oi an at-
tack of pticuinonia or bronchitis.
3.5.3 EVALUATION OF DATA,
The first problem discussed was whether
existing epiciriniological data provide any
reliable evidence of an advcr~e effect oil
health of environmental exposure to to-
bacco smoke. Most itiv"igations have
focused. on children or special sensitive
groups such as patient., with ailer-
gy; no
investigations at all havc bcen dune with
healthy adults. As for the possible effect
on children, the gencral view was ex-
presbec! that existing data %vere suggesti%v
of-an effect but not cAmiclusive. Other
Jactors may have accounted for the at)-
parent effect. The nwthodulogy shoti1q, lye
improved. It was also vinpliasized 'that
precise quantitative data an exposure %ocre
difficult to obtain ill these kinds-of invcs-_
the pit-lure. In addition the ffv~ts of cit-
%ironi--titA tobit-cu) snioke may 1W inall
in rciation to, the effi-ris of thew other
factoi-~. hi these circunist.nit-cs studies on
Larzt- popidation samples would Ix, needed
to dt-tect effects.
lrre~pvctivc oi whether or not existing
data have indicated a qualitative eff,-ct of
crivinuiruentat exposure to tobacco smoke,
data doe., no( ex6t that can Ix! u,ed for
aswssivig any dose-responsr~ relationship.
As a result any assessment of the dose-re-
sponse relationship has to be extrapolated
froni existing data on adult smokers or
on people exposed to environmental air
pollution. The general feeling of the grx)ul)
~as that neither active smoking nor expo-
sum to air pollutants could be regarded
as an ideal ba~,6 for extriVulation., 14ow-
ever. in view of the lack of adequate data.
particulate matter front tobacco smoke
cmiki not reasonably be regarded a% being
less toxic than particulate inauer from air-
pollution in gencral. Experience- and cri-
terjLt f"mu the r-Atter type of -11-ure could
thus In- used as guide-lines for assming
exposure effccts.
'tigations.
When. further investigatiops are per- 3.5.4
ANNOYANCE REACTIONS
index
of exposure stich
formed,
item, in the discusion
J
an
as
.
COMb, as well as a-me kind of lung func-
tion test as a itx-asure of effect. *hould
be iticluded. There ittay be difficuitics.
however, in detecting GO d
.vrived from
enviroruni;ntat 14laceo smoke aglijist
background levc6 derived f1`011k otlit-l'
Sourccs. such as auummobile-&-
"a A,.
Z-'~.All Z-ft,
was
An imponint
the non,5mblker's jxsrlio4*iaI reactions lo
a haa-king viivironnicia. 'llic topic has
6 een touched- uport in the literature Lut
Ao extensive and reliable, i"vestikatiujis
have Well luldeMakett Io a~sessthr'diinen_
:Ji0uj Of lihe-I)MIllelo. S~Cjj ';lIvestigation"
May not be as many non-mmokeii,
-will
tC4:ar,-.
I,." I .,:
cr-Stan,
I
t~cr, )'I
arr for,
DIM I'll
It un,:
theze pi-
pla% ll.,~
the ni.,
&Mokc c,
bu,&m.
i.
".1-i 'i'vs-
-.Y
.~dicrs of harm to ficalth. utch a% five reactions
against _vnfaky euvirmimems.
m1 ory syruptottis tkut~ al-x) be influenced The
-.,treognh of,the atiltoyance rention
by.factors other thatt clivirounitin tat to- iuiy
bt~ diffeiclit ill diffcr~ljl enviroll~
bacco. smoke and might thtt, confound menu!. For
exatupk., W'oph. mi), ivact 6s
302058671
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


J
IV "will
ba,,
I"Mcl,
.11irr ,
4",
col"J."t
Dat., (,k.
"' ;(
'd It
v,-d,d
IM,
it F"
S
:
W", .,
dy f
h,
7 4
0 S'nok,,
It would bt-j 11,1 Aled. S-d. S,,ppt.
a M,,d J. R. T. (1974)
y L.ul.l_
-
Ploy r 1 n
"" J"
-if " ,,
diling.j.,J,
he '"' '"I -.ki
"' 'd
""11911, Ai
m
MIC for
Moke l
h Af,dj_j
2. 201-205.
raP-l-red c~p-um from Other en'if-lumm?
burden,
ok," r .
~tat' dir
C group
or
regardd
5& How-
e
da1A,
mwk~ P
beirig
frt
TM
nu ai
r
d
a
n
cri.
ure could
IX
AS
_-n Iva;.
clim, to
U ic has
t-V -but
igwions
edi
_Su
7
4
0
a
eu~ir
n-
r-t 1-
302058672
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


4
3.6 Tobacco Smoke Allergy - Doesit Exist?
GEoFfam- TAW Ilk
3.6.1 IN-17RODUCTION smoke. The r,," nov,
populatioti
Tobacco Zl-vrU inipfies that some responding in
this nianner is diffitult to
individuals ",e acquited & specificany detenviiie.
Potnilations sujdli~d haim usu.
altered qate ol"mictiYlly to an agent pres- ally
been highly selected, and the responses
ent in the smoke. If this were so it would to
tobacco smoke hLve been. evaluated
be iMport.111L to identify the agent or
subjectively. Again die type of "ponse
agents in question. This could aho radi- varies
from person, to pvrson, from eye
cany alter an)- rtcornmendation on con- irritation
to severe dy5phom 111, awwer
centrwiow of tobacco sajokt in the cn- to a
quest6nnaire, 25 f1c of 250 non-aller-
vironment in dat an allergic individual gic,
rtoii-sinoker3, mported coughing as a
would be expected to responO to ccin~idce-
rcisponse to tobacco satokc; whitst 4
ably lower concentrations than might pro-
experimccd wheezing, and 29 % nasal U. F~
duce effects in nonna-1 indiiduals. symptwits
(Six_-er 19691).
lit this paper, the rcactknot~ involving
In the same survey the. incidence of
the reso~atory tracr are considered- lit symptoms
in an, allcrgic -gloup of 191
view of. the workhoptapic she pos6blc non-impkers
was' much. 'higher. Nasal
inmiundlogic.1 "4ationJiips of sjn~~ng symptouls
~OCWHrd i4-A7:%. -iffdagit.. tl
herr eir. ~- - aizi"&.-t%iiiis - oblit- 1,*~ and m
heezing in 22~5 %. -'rhere appears
erans and' skin contact sensitization to to be
o%vrall agr&ctnent, that th= is a And
to6uco-~,~,U.not be dealt ivitti.- - higher
popmti~A of "efiniml reactor,- to
The -idea of- tehacco srr",e
alfeW tobacco wnoke In an -atopic population
'
arose because it is'. coinnion for atopic than in.
a nvii-ai0pic. group. the.
individuals to complain djar tobacco sftW_ .-
ke may prqvoke or exacerbate both uppper Dill,,
and- lower respiratorT tract sytaptopim 3.6.2
EV'XLUATION OF ~TH.E,~
'I'liese paticnt~, who tumally Ww. defiua-
RE-SPON.5
_;,Iu 4wg6 -to a. situal"i in Which only a
proporrion
in
will %tiffer front thiulfis or asthma ou .
of a poptilation rviponds when rxpostd
expostux- to low concentrutions of toba .cco to an
agent, which may-have bodi irriunt lit V.,
302058673
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N_
7 g X:.~'
..d l.neutiall,
cvcral fio,,ihiliii, rnwit lx: ronsidcrvd:
1. Are there anmoinical
dill,rence., ir,' a section of- the pop-
lation hich r, tilt in cidirr a differ-
encc in disLr;5,,tion uf Lliv agent or in
a different &..- being r",:i,ed?
2. 1!, there true immunoloe.cal hensitiza-
ti,,. of p.,rr.f thc p.puLt:ao"
3. IF there a difference in respr-inst: to tile
agent in pirt of the population because
of inhemm or acquired differences in
the met-i-IL- -f the apn! or in a
pharmacological response to the agent?
3.6.3 DOSE DIFFERENCES
There is greater retention of small partic-
ulate aerosols in per-us with restrictive
rways disease than,in. normah (we sec-
ai
tion, 3.4). This would give such individ-
uals a greater likelihood of msponding
to the potentiall% irritative or toxic effcts
51
.[,,,r,,ed plau.i ~n- i, cl.,~ t. pecific
a nu,,,b,r f -nditi.m chrt.ld
a. the plititoinction A-uld be rvptcxluc-
tible by an objecti%ci~ mea.%Ujed chal-
Wiwe e%j~rimrn? character
i,,S agette and carric-d out, where. prac-
tical, in a double blind manner.
B. Sixcific, ininitinologi(-al rractivity,41-sould
be demonstrated in zitTo as the pres.
crice of Antibody or of sensitized lyinpho-
CytC3. The Specificity bhOtdd, where pos-
siur, be sho-i 6v abu"tion studies.
c. A good correlation hould exist I*--
tween the in vil- p.- .. ttc. .,.d the
phenomenon. Ideally, both the in rilro
and in i4vc, o6sexi-ations should b--
quantified and a positive quantitative
correlation deinorntraiccl.
d. Cotifirmatimi by pascive tratisfer itud-
ies, by which the ph-me... k repro-
duced in a norinal individual are not
usually possible or desirable in man.
"ir"ll
ive .
t-pon-
,,valuated
response
I rom eye
ans.er.
4%, of tobacco smoke- Individuals who habit-
Transfer studies in primates may some-
nasal uafly mouthbreathe %rill lo~w the value bf
times be appmt*We.
the na;%M filtcr, and will receive a greatt-~
0 ;~ dence of dose in ihe loner rc-Tiratory tract-
Both In tlw case of tobacio smoke, objective
1
of 1 fitclo,,. would tend to iricrease the doie of
clwlk4kgt: expcniments have not.1-n car-
4 putkulam,acrusal jeceivvd bv aa alk4tir V4-0
out. -If S=Ix wcrt-U,-L~
It Udi%,jdual in that. commonly,'he ,ill have gmzt
probl-., would arise.in view of the
~
ap;=
bckh sonic. aw-re of nasal obtitruction
'
i
very c~omple% "ture of the smoke. Ratber
'CIT A 3 vi xesWx6c7L-
a
a d spruc: inmaic in tirw
.4 4h3weltallefte4he tbirgrt Aite of ruactiviV;~
k_1
~artors" to Though, these factors should be
considered
reseamh h %-e
ie. the respirwictry tract_ ~m %
when dc-signing future ittvvsii tied
relv
skin challetige
11 9 as a
irritant
to
'gauol" into ten
on
tesung,
the effects of "~iv-smlijng, it is un- aftoufh in
many gituations skin re-
likely that account. for jr.
they the very _qxmsivennits docit not courlaw. ver
%-e!L
inbeh greater incidence of "tlinical re- %,rith
wspiratory tract Sensitivity.
sponders" -in- ail_-.11nVic ulatiin.- .AlItZ'
.,..-d- h.- .4064-
variably been de-nic4iuised crude rxtr. X
xts
of cured tols~cctb leaf. 11h- incidence of
3.6.4 'SENSITIZATION positive wea) and flare skin
rcRx--" hm
In-order to deintmstram, that clinically varied
fixim 7.5 to 21.3 in lion-
302058674
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71
Ak Ir
V
T
-
-
-r
v
r
52
1
4
and hon, 11.4 -Hn 10.;.,
;u 11--all"gic ...... l,";. TIW con, tinu, I"
sn.ok-,., w-)d C."I co-Ae,;,hI,
hined rcsult~ ,! llarla%y t it. (19-12), doubi ,,,
tl,,-
Sultzi,erg- Ha;-k.-- Id R..na- .-d fla,,! kin
..... , thc cliui-I ncti"',
noff (1931) 11-kavy (1931.. S,&1,rT,-
P,,.,,t- of Ow -hject I. loha-, nwke
M diii.
(1934), Tr.-If vt al. (19361, P,,hkin xi.,ure.
and and l1a,k-y kI939) What then do th-l-ili-
%-:1! ilid tob-c".
ive an inciLka- of Ili reacit- iii
9 flare respon%es nivau? Skin pas_%ive trans-
non-smokers and 12 5~ in snjokers. fe, test%
(Pral-itz-K-Ine') have been
The incidence of positive skiii tests in carTied
Call by a nuiijl)ci of workers.
allergric individuili has N-en reported to Harkavy
and his --oi-k- I.- e rep-wd
be considejahl) hight-r. Tito%. liarkav). positive
P-K tcsts on "any Ccasi.- and lion I
(I _%8) relxn-b 32 r,~, poN4i%-e and Fontana have
shown (Ilarkavy and Witebsky bilhiy.
,
et al. (1959) 53.4 17, p-ifi- in idivid- 1935),
that in eru- fr--. - .,I i.di~iduiri with .1.1
uals who had rvidt-nre of 1j)perscrisitivity
sensitive to multiple allergens. tk- tee- !
tmt, ~
to other allergrns. Peshkin and Landay tivhy to
tobacco ex(rar-t can be sp-G"ly
(19391 J..nd 72 ~',, of .11,.& ~hildrcn rcxAcd hy
al),O~pti.u. 11-1,il,t other in,,$- of pla~~'
-acted to tobacco "tract but on the nth- tigators
(Peshkin and Laridiy 1939, Zusi~ if wrili
or hand. Speer (I 96Z) using the les, smrsi- ...
1970), have c-Ifirwed the P-si- sibl, flill
t.- "11CIatCh" niethod of tv~Aing, found
IrAnsftrahilitv of skin rvactivity to toLa cco
indi, -.I,!
o
n
ly 14.7 % positi%c-i in a group of aller-
extract. otlwrs have either failed or ob-
thcn,(~!!
gic adults. tained inconistant irsults. ThLm may
boc!
no question of correlation between technical
rrisons for failure, and thc ~ijc- if -X-.
positive skin te-sts to tobacco cxmic