sf.indal-d kalc by ucutrL- activation analysis. J.
Radir-nal. Ch.'m. 3:175-35, 1969.
noutron-Irtivit-1
Cj virdi, F. and Sabbior,; E. S,1,ctfv. remwial Z
fr,,:
r,aE ". ials by retention ,:-, ljydratcl antimony
penroxide. j._Radjoai"1._C11Vm. 1:169-78,
1968.
Bovcn, H. J. M. Covapara'~Ive clemcntal. innly~ls
of a st~.-tdard plant. mpterial.
9 ?:124-31, 1967.
Far, A. and Fourcy, A. Rapid simultaneous
determination of traces of bromine and
arsenic in plant materials, using neutron
activation a;id distillation.
6-360-4.19G9'.
and Fh-n, W. P, 0-t-rminAtinn of tra,.e elements
in the reforcuce
cigarette tobacco by neu-ron activation analysis.
Radlochcm. Radisanal. Letters 2:161-e,
1969.
CORRELATION BET7E-,:N THE MOUNTS OF VA-RIOUS
TOBAC'~O LEAF CONSTITUEMS
XiD THE LEVELS OF NICOTINE, PHE':0LS, AND
B!:NZO[a]FY?FNF IN THE SMOKE CONNNSATE
J. F. Benner, lh.1).; fl. K. Burton, rh.i),; an,~
D. BuLdi,*_ rii.r).*
Department of Agronomy
ABSTRACT
.delve health-oriented tobaczo samples were
obtained from the USDA-ARS Crops Research Divi-
;ion. An excellent opportunity was thus provided
to compare the levels of certain possible
,,ezursors in leaf with the imounts of several
smoke components. The smoke-condensates
';rom there cigarettes were aialyzed for nicotine,
phenol, o-cresol, m-,p-cresol, and benzo[al-
(BaP), Pressure drops and total particulate matter
(TP11) were also measured. Corre-
:ition coefficiehts were cal-ulated betveon-the
level.9 of the smoke components ead-tha
.,=ounts of total reducing supre, nicotine, total
sterols, chloroeenlc acid, rutin, sco-
poletin, total polypheaols. aitrates prratein
nitrogen, and total nitrogen in tobacco. 'The
%u.-:ber of puffs per cigarett!. the static burn
rate, the percLnt weight loss during static
~urnj and thermal analytical date, from both
thermogravimetric (TGA) and differeutial. ther-
nal (DTA) analyses also have been correlated to
both the tobacco leaf and the smoke conden-
sat# components.
INTRODUMON
In recent years much work has been undertaken.to
identify those tobacco constituents
vlaich give rise to undesirable components
in-smoke. Of particular interest has been the - -4
Ideriti-Eicatigh of the precurtors in leaf. which,
when pyroly-aeti. y~isld -polynuc Lear arow4tic
%,drocarbons' and phpnols. In vost studi4n-~,Uther
ftactionp-isolated -f-ff th* leaf ~1,2)
r pure components (3) have ~>e' n pyrolyzed--and
the products examined. Alt~hougltthfs ap-
re
I*oac-h hos _Sulted in much useful data, 14ttle
information has.been obtained concernin$
-tuents as norma M
,a effect bf,the co-pytolysis of other leaf oonsti
11y occ rS in a burning
-taftt-ta.- & -dez"r=4itze ~~k the. pradenzi-of
a',
tZ: 174Zt,-r~4 ~W eo-r,~. V_7!4~ -C%f---JP4nCv 446
Seccmd COMPOnerlt d6es influence the yields of
-the products formpd (4). Although it is3ex-
Pacted that. the. pyrolysis of other cq4onents lu
the Vurning, tobacco will aifect the for-
~~Itioa Qt..pro.Au~.ts -ftQm any ono preqursor
littIq work has been- undertaken -to - estAtilish
if
significant correlations do exist between suspect
leaf precursors ar~r c1le
_~_elated smoke com,,ponents.
Twelve'.health-oricnted toba.cdo'r,
-Amples were made available t9 us by thd USDA-ARS
'Crops Research Division. A- recelved, these
tobaccos were made into 70 'MM eigarette-s.
Bata from the analysis oi se'Veral leaf
-conponents for the- ~On4tltue"t t6bac-coa ol
these
-c Katetfes also were madt a, ailable to us, .
11aming -the5a.- ciu-'attin 44 t.46'apalys~i~ of
ty -for us oo comaat4 tha.
-Vets Of certain possible -rfecursorsc, with. the
levels.ot several health-related sinoke
*FQXMer'1y Assistant Profess"r (Ad4unct) of
Agronomy, 'Univar3ity'of.)Zentucky
'45
302058259
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


In ;~~:-tfcular wE- were 11iteres-d In wheth(IT
tht- lovels of total stc!rols in
the leaf are rclat~,d to the amount of IsaP in
tbt~ s-,)ke. Also., If thc I-els of total poly-
phenol o~ carbohydz;,Lr,. a-, rv~IeCLed by
reducing 6upirs, In tiio leaf-have any orrelatioj~
with the levcls of pt,onals in the smkc.
RESEARCH HETHQDOLOGY
All cigarettes were adjust ed to 127 moisture (5)
and were smoked using a standard smok-
in& Cyr-IL IWIL11 a CSM-12 smoking machiiia. The
con,!,~%nsate frc- groups of twenty cigaret ta-s-
was colIE-ted and : iilyzed tor nicotine, phenols,
and bae by previousiy-described r-Lhod!,
(6). The TPM was eeLermined by the procedure of
Ogg as modified by Bates, et al (7).
Static b,.;:~i rate; uere ineasured wiLh a
balzac.,:~ (8). T%is method of mca
suring szatic burn rates gives the-value of mg/min
directly and does not exclude the a3h
formed.
~Mt .1
TMCCO 1`117__~i USED In TUA STUDY PLESEARCH
RESIMTS AND DISCUSSION
9-pl. C.d. The various tobacco types used In this
study and the
A Nick. b;gb t-g- code number which will be used
to design4ce these samples
(110 lb/A. '. f-ELlization) in this report are
sbown in Table I. A summary of the ana-
U
" lytical data for these tobaccos is shown in
Table Il. Th"
(50
lb/A. data was supplied by the ARS Crops Research
Division, znd
P
D
2 only that data used for this statistical
evaluation is pre-
.
3. 1-1 -rk-l.id h- sented. By examination of this
table it can be seen tt.at
0 C*k*
r
13'
4-.,: ... r -rl,y. the levels of the various leaf
components show consideiable
,
1- k.L d
.
, variation, making this an ideal series of
tobaccos for a
9 3- C- 95, ""Pl- study Of thC- type being
presented here, Table II1 sho'ks
I.i.r- -L.ly the anatytfcal data for the sroke
condensate Which Werr- trsed
I IlLcks. stmdczd flu.-cured for this study.
Analytical values are presented on a per
G 402
~ld- b
~ I
J cigarette (1c) , per gram of tobacco buraed (1g)
and-DrL a
-
-
.
y,
fl.,--d per TPM-nicotine or "tar" (/t) basis.
Percent nicotine re-
-
0 S covery is that percent of the nicotine
transferred f-rcm the
. C.
33. bi.:k h..k
Ri- ryq. tobacco burned into the mainstream smoke
- This is a measure
of the effitle"y of the nicotine recovery. The
pLufL p.ar
tintles, h Sh n1cmins cigaritte values presented
here are those obtained fro. the
smoking into the glass traps used for the
condensate anilysis.
J lucks. sir--d
21.
Al"TTWAL DATA "R THe imtcon usED ty Tm any
L 5-1.Y 21, fl.--d ALL VNIrS ARE M1q
Vduc'.5 i-el
C*d. xi-, 1- sw~ r*XJphe-l (b) Scple~J. AcI4 K-1.
S-W. .1.1. T-1 P-.1.
'
OL, 23.'i 21 191
10 1*11
12 .34 0.7 20
I'll
15.1 13 10 25 0 10 1.38 i's M) 7.3
12.1) 16 212 U 15 0.6 20 5 1.94 1 2.3 17.
a 13A 15 zol 14 Z5 Q.a 20 5 1.97 2.3 19.6 2.3 1
2 t I" Le _28 5 4.0 -2.7 2"- 91.1
IF 24.0 27 U4 5 25 1.0, 20 3 1.39 2.1 20.4
16-1 20 1.2 1~ 3 2.15 2.3 21.2 5.1
31,6 34 L60 10 11" 111 20 S Mo 2.6 32.1 7.2
t 76.- ?10 0.5 2 ~O 1.21 2.0 44.5
J 26.0 31 a f" 0.5
-2 C4 a
46.
2,26 1 9
L 25.2 31 20 1 -7 0.5 3.3 ~7 it 14.
T- .1-
(I,) )Jet... ft.a r.. .1 hds -fq, t.tt'l P,
lyph.~Wj V4. f-t.l.d
302058260
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


T-LE III
A**L-YTICAL DUA MR TRE S,
Ph ... I
f
. 100
A 2.07 3.78 0.22 61 .1 16.0
I 1.4a 1 2.45 0.14 45.0 15.3
C 1.34 2.33 0.12 47.6 19.4
0 0.:: 1.31 :. Do 491.6 10.9
1 2. A- on '2 7 13.5
F 3.10 5.30 0.29 31.5 13.9
G 2.49 4. 24 0.21 71.4 14.8
a 3.45 6.23 0.32 $4.3 19.7
x 7.9 11.90 0.67 1".7 17.3
1 3.05 5.91 Q.32 76.1 22.1
K 2.77 5.25 0.30 58.7 21.5
I-- 1.- 0. 31 11. 1 U. 3
--Plfp-ff
130 238 13.5 4.59
150 255 14.6 4.90
M
122 215 11.7 3.92
174 307 17.1 5.38
167 286 15.5 4.79
165 281 16.0 3.07
210 379- 19.6 5.86
Ij? jz 10.0 3.36
191 370 20.1 5.13
93 Ito 10.7 4.V6
13 L 246 14. Z 4.73
.11,
S.Ml-
C~d~ pg/4c' s- va/stb ---Vg/puff V8/-x Trm-lf
$41C45- Vglgtb vgfp.ff Fg/.z TPM-N
A 23 42 2.40 0.61 4T 66 4.90 1.66
a 25 'a 2.72 0.92 #5 8.2S 2.79
C 27 47 2.50 L-01 60 104 3.16 2.23
D 26 As Z.50 0.99 54 95 5.19 1.?3
a 31 55 3.04 a." U 12A -4.67 3.19
5 L 2.78 O.S5 64 W 6.11 1.89
C 27 &6 2.62 0.63 61 1" 5.92 1."
a 29 32 2.71 0.77 71 131 6.82 1.94
49 2.20 0.74 SS 148- 4.69 2. 74
2 r St 2.34 6.72 73 1~2 1-97
19 34, 2,0, a-Al - 24
L 22 42 2,S9 a." 92 US 9.91 2.S7
7
QW- ft1jt,b ./Pff Mle~. "is" M/Puff
!j.,9
61.9
3.4 51.4 3.3
A 1~ Ii2 9.79 i.32
32.0 34.5 3.0 30.6.. 52.0 j-~ I -
. ,
-
. M I'D .I -
- - -
3.79,
0 .32.0 56,3 3.1 31.1 .34.8 LO
'a A~ 153 14.7 2.79,
614 M 32.4 MI 3.2
X~ 102
18.0 43.0 3.4 34.91 $9.7 X.2
I Its 4!3 wS
3 CI $9.4 J.4 32A 57.2 3~ 1
.10k U2 -3.14
Sy.s 47,?
L" L9U d.Vi
45.9 7? j 33.9 WI 3.0
~
'
1 134 "234 10.6 3.54
77.7 .37.1 11.6
C
~6.2
49,6
1.9
23.4
4 ~. T~
2,5
- - r. . 3 1;9 -70 2.91
3 Q.4, X-6 3.3 27.4 19.7 3.2
A L29 ?"L 2.47
.47
302058261
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


;.,-. ::~ (5"') 1- :
D- A :;II-:
37.2 44.2
37.2 $9.6
36. t 69.5
1 q., n I
38.7 99.0
G 39.4 08.3
36.:
"
1
23. :7
3
36.0 ".2
31.0
1$9.1
L 3910 $4.4
The following summaries show only those values
which are significant at the 5% level
or better. The parcathetical number following the
value of the correlation coefficient is
the number of analytical values used in its
calculati.-)n when other than twelve.
LEAF COMPONIENTS
1. Total Raducin&_ uSars
at 1% at 5%
Direct Direct
Total polyphenol 0.923 UP, ng/P 0-608
Chlorogenic acid 0.898 3-Cresol, pg/t 0.646
Rutir 0.815
Inverse Tuverse
Total N -0-950 "Nitrate -0.705
Protein N -0.748 I.Ticotine, mg/c 1-0.604
~b2JD. -0,710 Nicotine, mg/TPM -0.582
There are no trends shown betueen total 'mducin&
sugars and phenol or m-,p-cresol--on
any basis. The inverie corrulatiost shown tetve"
total reducing sugar and nicotine, re-
fwrered, i ih the- c6aidensat6' i&-battex. thAn..
th4r
the tobacco,
-0. 546; ot
the pexcent recovery of nicotina, :4.542.-
J
L 48
i
302058262
13 ATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia
19 April 1999


Red-Ing Sugars 0.923 Scopo I vt In 0.592
Chlorogenle acid 0.979 O-Cr~SOI, )15/L 0.661
Rutin 0.869 BlaR, ngLp 0.597
Inverse Iav,rsc
Total N -0.86B protein N -0.683
Nicotine, m6/c -0.583
Nicotine, me/p -U./UZ
Nicotine, Mg/g -0.623
Nicotine, mgiipm -0.639
Two set. of EOL41 POIYp;)~;001 V31UOS Vere the
best correlation
rom either set is reported.
;
Correlatioa 'beLweaLl Llie total ;cljphcnv1 anti
the individual polyphanols, chl"rosenic
d and rutin is to.be expezted. No correlation is
shown beLWeeU the total polyphenol
0-1tent of the leaf and the ?henol level in the
condensate from the twelve tobaccos ex-
.,=tned in this study. Other than- the direct
correlation shown between total polyphenol and
z-cresol on a pg/mg tar basis, no significant
trends are shot-m with the cresols. One in-
zeresting observation is that though only one
significant correlation coefficient I better
.h3n the 5% level is shown, all the correlation
coefficients for phenol and o-cresol with
both sets of polyphenol valuas are positive, i.e.,
show a direct correlation, whereas all
of the-correlation coefficie-ats for m-,p-cresol
are negative. indicating an inverse corre-
laEion. The relationships batween the phenols in
smoke and the polyphenks is discussed
iatef under the heading of "phenol."
3. E!S_qp~letij_
at 1% at 5%
Direct
14 ONE Chlorogenic acid 0.690
Phenol, pg/c 0.588
Total polyphonol M82
Inverse
V
As is the case vith. the total-polyphenols. all
the correlation coefficients for sco-
;Oletin show a positive -trend with phenol and
o-cresol, but a negaLiye trend with
.5 W'yZ,_UL la is Vit -cally e*ei,6-4 " --this
atud)P.-mlUch. ShoWs'
Mlationship with the Level of phenol in the smoke.
This is an-Wication that scop,olerin
:4 y be a specific phenol prc cur"r.
49
302058263
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


qh~ororeni, Acid
R_J~ _0 1~t_ Dir.,-t
Reducing sugar 0.898 o-Cresol, Vg/p 0.588
Total pvlyph(-,1 0.979 o-Cresol, jug/t O.G23
Scopolerfn 0.691
Rutin 0.750
Inver-se
lotal N -0.835 Nitrate -0.645
Protein -0.673
Nicotine, mg/p -0.622
Nicotine, tng/g -0.5F4
5. Rutin
at IX at 5Z
Direct Direct
Reducing sugar 0.815 Chlbrogenic acid 0.750
Total polyphenol 01869
Z
Inverse Inverse
Total N -0.790 Protein N -0.673
NicoLine, mg/p -0.627
Nicotine, Mg1r, -0.605
Ag would be ex,)ected, both chlorogenic acid and
rutin show approximately the saire
trends as total polyphenul. All the chlorogenic
acid and rutin values show a posItive cor-
relation with phenol and o-cresol. and a negatIve
trend with w-,V-cresol.
6.~ Sterols
at 1% at 52
Direct.
One o-Cresol, pg/t 0.645 (11)
Inverse .4
Nicotine recovery-9~628 t11)
No meaningful correlAtion is- shown Uetwee* the
sterol content 'of the tolpacco and 9ny
0
awoke oomponent Included In this study'. The
correlatf n ~~tKqeiA
,
-tmAt - the hczdl~
-discubsed -i
ag4f ne:
7. Nicotine*
6 irect
'
Niaotine, mg/c. 0.9.84
Puff/c. 0.692
. 0.945
Nicotine, mg/p
.
-cotine. fps/g
Nicotine, mg/TPH 0.968
'kThe besv corre1_AtiOni'6o4fUc,4e --elther ~of
nicnr.Vn~-*.1tt,-__.
"The excel-lent positive correlatfba bctw-_cn the
nicotine iontent of tbe'leaf ~zn_l the
level of nicotine in the-condensate Is to be
expect.ed, There 1,9. %Lo corz*lation 'thaLm
50
302058264
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


_0..O/t,. ^iLiiouZn n1coLlne JL t1W ILaf
LOWIliAr-1 Lu LoLal oJLrQF'Qn has a correlacion
cocffi-
t of 0.514, therv iG Veli IOW LOrl-eliiLlott
betwoon the anotinr of n1cotine In. the leaf
d rI,e peicent niCOLine recovery In the
malnstrcani smul-L- COLItIOU!"aLC, 0.113.
S. Nitrate Nitr Zoa
ai
D r ct Direct
Total N 0.792 m-,p-cresol, pg/t 0.643
Protein N 0.964
Inverse Inversp-
O-Cresol: pgic -0.791 Reducing s v ga r -0.705
o-Cresol pglg --0.713 Total polyphenol -0.626
BaP. ng/c -0.721 o-Cresol, pg/p -0.581
lisp, ng/g -0.711 BaP, ng/p -0.649
Tiw invefdtp rotroIntion bCtwoca idLj:.ALe in Oje
leaf aud Lhe Har leval in the condensate
is J.u agreement with the effect of added nitrate
(10). Using only tvo samples of burley
cco with wideiy divergent levels of nitrate, we
previously reported that there was only
lealight difference in the level of R&P in the
En.,kc condcasate (6). However, these present
results do show that there is a definite
correlation in these 12 tobacco samples. The real
CaUse for the lowering of the BaP has not been
established In this study. Some other factor
u-hich varies with the nitrate, could be the real
cause of the observed decrease in the level
of BaP with an increase in nitrate content of the
leaf. o-Cre3ol shows the sane inverse
;rend as does BaP. Phenol shows an inverse trend,
but none of the correlation coefficients
are significant at the 5% level, the best being
0.513 for phenal in terms of mg/cig. All
ot the correlation coefficients for nit-rate
nitrogen and w-,p-creaol are poaitivv-, indicat-
I& an increase in m-,p-cresol with an Increase in
nitrate. This is probably due to a
irect relationship with a precursor of m-,p-cresol
which varies directly with nitrate, al-
though no compound has been included in this
study.
9. Total Nitrog-?n
at 1% at 5x
Direct Direct
Nitrate 0.792 Nicotine, Mep M56 4
Protein N 0.798 Nicotine, mg/g .0.607
Inv- verse
sugs-f -O.M bar, h&lp -6.602-
Total polyphanol -0.868
Chlorogenic ac.1,0 -0.835
--0.790
Nany!cf the trends shouln by total Iftitrogen have
been presaited before under-the head-
ings for the other leaf donsLituents.) Nicotine in
the condensate shows a direct relattgn-
xhiP VIth tatai nitrogen-at O-e .57, jc:Vej,_ -Noz
-sigai t at thta5 % lgv*l iftet nl6otIft.
tT/C1"0.S73-. and nicvtirti,_ 6.5.14. Although
not, sig'nificant at the 5% level, the
direct relationsrhip ~betxie.en the nicotine and
the total nitrogen in ~he tobacco *Ads In ex--~
lalhin& the correlation 'founJ between tototl
nitrogeri in the laaf and. the uicotAne in the
cQadaasate.
Ml
31
302058265
BATCo document for Province of British columbia 19
April 1999


at I-Z at 51.
Direct Direct
Nitrate 0.964 m-.p-Cresol, Vg1t 0.608
ln-r_;e Inverse
Reducing sugar - 0.74'!~ Total polyphenQl -0.633
14 r; ns/c -0,759 Chiorogenic acid -U.613
Ba2, ng/g -0.733 Rut 1.-, -0.585 (12)
o-Cresol, pg/p -0.567
-W, ng/p -0.602
The trends shown-by protein nitrogen are similar
to those sbown by nitrate nitrogen
and probably retleCL 0- %~l"__ _3rrC'-1RT-4-
between the nitrate and protein nitrogen content
of the tobaccos used in this study.
SMOKE COMPONMS
Nicotine
Mg/cig. vs. Mg/p 0.979
mgtg 0.987
mg/TPM 0.971
The ddt't#18tion between the various bases used-
fat reporting the nicotine in the con-
densate Ls very good. As pointed out above, tli~
correlation between the. nicotine content
of the leaf and that in the.s=oke condensate is
very Scod. The percent nicotine recovery,
i.e. . the percent of the nicoLine in the leaf
which is delivered into the mainstream smoke
condeusate,. does not show gac-1 correlation with
the level of nicotine in the leaf or the
smoke condensate.
Perceat nicotine recovery vs. Nicotine, Leaf 0&113
Nicotine, vj/c 0.277
Nicotine, zig/p 9.404
Mitotine, mglg 0.323
Nicotine, mg/TPH 0 194
Ftrcexi-t r-ictatsi-e-reco;exy -d"es, -however,
show some corl.-elation with several other leaf
components.
Percent -nieotine recovery vs. Reduc.ing sugar
-0.542
Total p4olyphenol -0.634
--7--C-%1~.wd$*n-*1c acid .-0,5~3
Rutin -0.511
Nitrate N4-trogen -0.544
This indicates that the burning, ch-giactetiatits
of the tqj)aceo, to influenced by its com-
ppsition. does Influence the nicotine delivegy.
This fnverse relati6nship'witV--reduefng
sugars contrasts with the, findings of Sugavars.
et al (11). Thesp, workers found'that ciga-
rette tobacco which containei 5% or mord auSar
Additive save rise to increased levels~. of
nicotine anJ "tar." The tango o-f reducing sugars
included In this study vary betueea 0.4
and 23.3%. An -inversa correlation is also shown
betwec-n 'the level of nicotine in tho con-
on-alt~ four asos and total reducing sular in -he
~tobaccp.
As showh in Table 111. thore Is a cons e -p~fo#nt.
rcr_ovzry_,of_ aicl~_
tinei ranging from 10.9% for the Coker low
alkaloid variety to 21.5t for -the &~C-icurG4
burley.
52-
41
302058266
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
April 1999


Puffs/cignr-tte v.4. Nic,)tine (1-'F, 0.692
NiLoLine, mg1c 0.651
Ni~70011e, tng/~ 0.487
Ni-t1n--. TRE/E 0. 607
Nicctine, mE:/7131 0.615
lhu5, the gre~te r the number of puffs per
cilgarette, t~..:z more nicotine is delivt!red
into the
e --een puffs!:igarette and the nicotine/puff also
_Iinstream smok. - The lower correlation be:.
jho~.s this. The percent niotine recovery,
hmyever, poor correlation with the nurkiber
A- ""r V"Av. nl,,-
tine delivery more efficient, but tends to
'rdicate the: it may be the nicotine which is
Ll- "U~_-vl 0, j,.- -4ul.-C Lu umuke the
aigarecEe. Protein
r.itrogen, 0.560, and nitrate nitrogen, -0.53?,
are the only leAf constituents, other than
.,Jc,)tine, which show any dogrec of corrclat!on
with thc number of puffs /cigarettc.
2. Phenol
Total Chlorogenic Reducing
A ~:_ 11 S u
Phenbl, p&/c 0.327 0.359 0.190 0.588 0.305
41 ~1 ~g/p 0.272 0.279 0.204 0.462 0.226
Pg/8 0.213 G.245 G.095 0.499 0.167
jugh 0.474 0.479 0.374 0.533 0.398
The correlation between the phenol in the smoke
and the polyphenol coutent of the to-
~acco is generally poor. Scme correlation exists
between scopoletin and phenol. These
.3 lues are such that some piecursor-smoke
ccnponent relationslip may be indicated. It is
loubtful whether chlorogenic acid or. rutin could
be- cousiderec' as specift he pr cur ors
t p ftol 4 s
-n the batis of this study. Nce-ever, -ati
interesting trend is thot-lin by the correlation
c6-
fficients for total polyphenol and the various
bases for repc rting phenol in the smoke con-
sate. When -phenol is retorted in those units
which reflect total delivery (pg/c and. g)
the phenol is
correlation is generally poor as compared to the
correlatlon shown when
teported in ter" of m~o/tar. This is-an indication
that the jq~yphenols will contribute to
the relative amount of pbencl in the total smoke
condensate, tut will not necessarily have
a great effect on the total quantity of phenol
delivered by tt e cigarette,
3. o-Cresol Total
Total. Chl
Grogeldc Reduting
Polypheaol Acid Rutin Scopoletin SuRars
a-Cresol, pdc 0.471 0.525 0.255 0.558 0.533
M. n~q7o
0 ~5198 0.424 0.521 0.572
pg/g 0 345 0.403 0.138 0.485 6.376
..Pg/ t 0.593 0.621 0.418 0.172 0.646
o-Cresol levels in the 3moke condensate show
slightly better correlation tothe 01
-
2
.
conte'nt'i ~f -t_6e than do, the correspo"img
phenol va4ues. -o-C"sol shows
'4
-
IrlY zo4d correlation with the total 'ieducing,
sugars,, unlike phenol where no trend was
d.
The corre
lation between the o-cresol values and them levels
of chlor9genic acid, sco-
and the total reducing,sugars suggest the
possibility of these leaf'constituents
2&-Vecific precursors of o-cresol,
4
-
.
L
53
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4. m-,p-Cr,~--ols Total
Tot.3 chlor.Ft.,ic Red-ing
bc; ~A
~i_ 1~ut j~._ _5_~,~Jetfn Sugars
m-,p-Crvrol, ),glc -0.411 -0-443 -0.260 -0.314
-0-323
pg/p -0 .427 -0.4t? -0-204 -0.427 -0.382
pg/S -0.542 -0-571 -0.371 -0.402 -0.480
Wt -0.46- -0.5118 -0.222 -0.627 -0.405
Me most =-V~L;g fc~-- about the correlation
roefficients for the mixture of m-,p-
cresols with the r~dt,cinz supars and the
polyptenals is that they are all 11.gati- dud
whow,a reasonable trend. However, 11-~ the case of
phenol &-,d o-cr.sol, very few negative
valu s are fotind, and all of these z-.e close tc
zero, sht--ing no trends. These negative
trends are undoubtedly d,,e to the i-.-'Iuence of
a leaf CoasLiLueuL noL ilcluled in this Ltudy,
the polyph-c-,ls or th~!- reducing sugars would
inhibit the formation
It is inconceivable that
of either m- or p-cresol. This seL:-.i to
indiCZ-Ze thlt there may be a "specific" precursor
far-thue cresols that varies invuxtrcly wiLL L*..-
rcduc1n; rmi the Nlyph~nols.
5. )3enzo.[ajpyr,_-ne
total
Total Chlorogenic Reducing
Polyphenol Azid Rutin Scopoletln Sugars Nitrate
%a?,ng1c 0.272 0.225 0.338 0.083 0.406 -0.721
ng/p 0.488 0.458 0.472 0.078 0.608 - 0.649
UVR 0.199 0.147 0.291 0.021 0.326 - 0.711
fleft 0.362 0.264 0.534 -0-193 0.506 - 0.418
The best correl~-.tion shown in this analysis for
BaP Is the inverse relationship with
nitrate nitrogen. Tais trend was discussed umAer
the headiag of "Nitrate Nitrogen." R-
ducling sugars and polyphenols do, however, sho;.~
some positive trends with the levels of Bap
In the smoke- cmdensate. Th. inver.-ie correlation
between nitrate nitrogen and the red"ing
sugars must also be conridered. BmE-levels in the
smoke could be influenced directly by the
carbohydrate, inver-ly by the nitrate. by a
ccmbinati3n of these effects, or by some other
factor not considere.' in this study.
Scopoletin in Cie leaf shows generally poor
correlation with the level of BaP In the
smoke condensate. 1he trend with reducing suZars
and the- lack of a trend vith scopolerin
could indicate that Up is being formed from the
"nonvolatile" organic constituents of the
The correlation between the sterol coute:tt of the
t6bacco and the BaP in the smoke con-
densat- is pcr.
Sterls
_~ 0 ,198
U81P 0,~ 24 3
0.047 (11)
This lack of relation does not. of eourse.
qreclu4.e. tbe~possibijity ttiat the sterols In
the leaf may contrib,ite to the BaZ1 in 'the
smol-. However, whe_n,th. ransi of surol values,
0. 80 to 2.15 mg/%, sad the range of BaP values.
129 to 234 ng/g, are considered, there 1.
s
no basis for lai.ing the sterols &,, a
'."opecif6c" precursor for BaP.
6. Puf_i_pgr Ci~arette
Nicotine Nitrate Pro"in wjr ....
mg/R.tobacco NitroSen nk/c r~k& (p tiL7g_fh t
Puffyc
0.602 Q. 532 -0.560 0.762 __0_3~7. 0.736 0.4-35
302058268
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
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&.~t Mentionf-d nbove. a good correlation exiSLS
beLWL-11 puffi/cirarQtte and the nicotino
content of the tobacco. Ther-t- is alsLn jin
Inverse trend sho-i betwevii the rALraLL- and pro-
C.,q,i contvnts of the leaf and puffti/cignrette.
BaP in tho smoke coaJensate also shows somc
trend wi.:h the puffs per cigarette. The. trtfnd
beLWC!Qn I,L~ffs pur cigarette and tho Ba? con-
tent Of the swoke condensate could be a reflection
of the Inverse correlation WhiL11 exists
betueett the BaP and the nitrate.
THEMAL ANALYTICAL DATA
1. Difterential Thermai_An~l is
--- -- _y~!L_ __ _ -
zone A loae B Total
Direct Direct Direct
Scopoletin 0.641 Pheiiul/c 0.638 None
Bap/p 0.750 Phenol/t 0.825
o-Cresol/p 0.576
9 BR 0,76)
SBR, % wt 0.590
loss
Inverse Inverse
Total IN -0.620 None
%-Nicotine -0.583
Recovery
The inverse relationship shown between the total
nitrogen content of the leaf and the
low temperature exotherm is' fnieresting. This
ifidicat*s that a high nitrogt-~n content in
e leaf results in a less excthermic total
composite of'reamfons at lvvi terq5erattitet.
is relationship can be explzined in part by the
volatilizatio.1 of nicotine and other
amines at temperatures wit'hin-Zone A. The inverse
relationship between nicotine recovery
and the area in Zone A can be explained by
assuming that there is less rLitotine degradation
ubere the first stage of tobaccd pyrolysis tends
to be less exOLhermic.-
The direct correlation bLtween the level of phenol
In th6 sftke with the area of the
Ligh temperature DTA peak sug[ests the necessity
of drastic thermal conditions for the for-
=tIon of parent phenol ddrinj the pyrolysis of
tobacco.
2. Thermogravinetric Analysis
Zone A Zone B Total
Direc~t Direct Direct
Nicotine_laaf 0.610 .,Tot. Red Su&arv 0.778 Tot.
Red Suga rs 0.624
M06
TQr., Potyp~qaols
0.664 -Cresolle
o 0.942
o-Cresol/c 0.192- Chlorogenir Aci~-- .
0. t~bg o-Cr"alip
o-Cresol/Stb 0.752 Phenol/c O.5i2 a-Cresol/z
0."941
Whig. .4D-79a 9-cresoll.o 0.7~2 UP/C 0.782
BAIVZtb~ . 9,-W BAPIP
b
p/ 0
737 a
.
g
OZ8Q
Inverse
Wittate -0.652 Nitrate' -0.673 Nitrate, -0.808
~-D. 768 Tot-al N -0.6n
-Protiin -0.706-- Protein -0.755
The gooa.direct relatiou'l hip shown between the
nicotine in the tobacco and the weiSht
below 35MC is, to bo anticipaCed siuce otcotine is
one of the viajor leaf constitueUts
in 'this temperature region.
55
L
302058269
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
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"6"" ' -"- f WA Q
.1'..incd f_.. .1 i-.hermngravimetr1c (TCA) and
differegitial thermal analyses (DTA) r- to c
The t~~mperature ranp,-- from Appro.1mately 1501
to 3501C ts designated as Zonv A. 1r, thi.
temperature zoac the first mnjor exoLh,rm o~c.rs
in the DTA and is cC.Mpalli.d by t-.~ first
mnjor weig)it IoRs %hc,,.fn by the TGA. Zonc B
covers the temp-~-rature range of approxi~,'tely
3500 Lo 5500C, where the SoCond tnnj,"r ~-X.Lherm
(1)TA) and the second major wcieht 1,,, (TGA)
occur. Thus, as sho-a in the upper portion of
Figure 1, which is a typical DTA curve of
tobac44-o, the areas under the two peaks,
represanting the two major exotherms, are roasured
and designated as areas A and B. The two major
weight losses defined by the TGA cuive,
shown in the lowor portion of Figure 1, fall in
the same temperature limits. The actual
rcizhr I-e-i- of r.v, tobacco within-these two
tt~mperature zonc,~ are designated as A L~d B.
Tabic 1V give, Lhe thcrzal A-a ur;e'l for thin
study. The ratio of the
area under the DTA curve and the corresponding
weight loss, obtained from the TGA, represents
the degree of exothermicity per unit weight of
tobacco. This is not defined as ZSH because
DesignatTon of Zones of the cliverse nature of
both the chemical and physical
nature of both the chemical and physical processes
in-
volved. Table V shows the values for the static
burn
rates-and the percent weight losses during static
burn.
Correlation coefficients were calculated between
all values of the leaf constituents, smoke
analytical
data for all twelve types of tobaccos. Where data
was
FIGURE I available for all twelve tobaccos, a
correlation co-
efficient of 0.576 is significant at the 5% level
and
one of-0.708 is significant at the 1% level (9).
Wher.
only eleven values were used in the calculations,
the
A 1 5% and 1% levels of significance are 0.632 and
0.7-65
tespectively.
TGA Since the N. rustics high nicotine species is
quite different from the other tobaccos examined
in
this study, th,~ values for this sample Vere
dropped and
A the-correlatioa coefficients wete calculated for
the
remaining eleven sets of values. No major changes
in
the adgnificance of any of the correlations
reported
bexe were evidenced when this set of values was
dropped
B from the calculations.
B
I I t I I
200 40n 600 800
Te mp2 ratu re, C TWIML ARALY'nCAL DATA USED IX
TKI3 STUDY
s-pl. ed. A A A a
_7.3 .12.4 1.1.2 .12.9 IA. I
44 A W9 06.8 34 Ic X 16.1 n.2 - 33.3 XS. 5
43') 32.6 $9.) S.2 a.& 14.4 12.0 26.4
_A7.3 3Q.8 Wo VS Ce
85.2 6.0 14.5 29.5
43.4 14.4 $8.3 6.6 i.8 16.1 -15.2 24.1 18.3
44.7 ~3.2 is. I ~9.9 14.9~ 11.9 -n.s. 14.9
35' 94.2. 9.0 14.7 '12.'? 15.46
42.4--
41.1-
-85.1
7.6 15.1 173 77A'.
j 32-5 83.2 !~q a.2 14.3 U. 25.0
PA 30L. 8 16.2 9.8 214 .9
L 43.1 32.5 90.6 12.1 2k.5
56
302058270
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
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302058271
BATCO docUment for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999
TkIc inverse relationfhip s1hown betw(-.,-r. the
weight losuet. ia Zono-A aiad Zone B aud the


11. Sugawara. S.; I.; and Kobashl. U. tAudl,,s on
casl.nj;
Ch.nt,- L, .1,-ical iLl. addiLlvc~;. Sci-.
j n. MIIIIU~jly. COUP. :- 105:?0-7, 1963.
DISCUSSION HICHLICHTS
SMITH,:. Dr. EhLaann, with rtgard to the trace
clemants which you detect In such small
can yoj tell me about the Liol.gical activity of
some of these. I read some rriports whic"-.
say that if you inject larve amounts of theia
undLr the skin you can get various kinds of
JtWWLI.b. Tl,t~U L11-1 fcc.~_'Liz ztudlc~ W1h
nicc, t7hicb ~-n't -0~-, -!~h, If
effect,
MANN: This is certainly ture. The ultimate point
of Interest is the effect of these
trace elements on the JJV4r?
- , System. We are only to the point in our work
where we ar2
tin& smoke condensate on rnuse skin. iven this is
an imperfe(;L simulation oi the LVUL
ing process. Our work can only hope to show which
of the potentially toxic trace elct~-2nts
may tend to concentrate in various organs of the
mice.. -As Dr. Nadkarni pointed out in his
jueseuLaLiUL1, if UL16; IAVX~:, iJIa Up t'.--
araount: of clc::intn nunh an ar."nfr v!~Ir-h Are
trR-
ferred to conden~ate by the smoking of several
packs of filter cigarettes per day, ovcr a
period of years levels which are generally
accepted as toxic are reached. However, since
the exposure Is extended -:,rer long periods of
tim aild turnover rates for thase elemen:s in
the human system are not well established, the
true effect of this exposure is hard to pre-
dict. A similar situation exists for radiation
exposure. A given dose of radiation rirvae
4)ut over an extended time appears to have a
smaller effect on living systems than the ;are
dose applied in a short exposure. our goal is to
establish the transterence levels of these
trace elements to smoke condensate and to
determine if these elements tend to specificilly
concentrate In given orgams. Obviously_much
additional work remains to be done.
SMITH: Is it true that the kind of biological data
one obtains from trace element sttilies
&e-pends on how one conducts the tests?
EHMANN: The method used does give information on
the amounts and percentages of thesL! ele-
ments transferred to the szoke condensate and on
the efirectiveness of filtets I* removing
these elements fror. the s---.)ke strean. The
final lona range physiological effect of t)!!
exposure on the huuan system will only come from
additional studies, particularly in L~le
biomedical field of research.
NADKARNI: It has been recognized in the last few
years that many elements can be esscattal
and be toxic at the same tivae. It-depends on the
amDuAt of the element present. A cE3e
In point is selenium. Up to 10-12 years ago. it
wjas universally, accepted that selenium xas
exrreme 1-v - toxic W plan L , auiwal I -and
hur-ar.
-1 ifz. then it kha~_-
that it is also ~m e-asential eleiient. The levels
of.toxicity and essenti 'ality are quft,a
-zu-
narrow. The required levels of selenium in animal
diets are up to 0.10 ppm. The max.
-,-'safe -concentraLian'4S 4 pp" i7h dry diet.
Howeveri long-beforc t1fis the toxicity level has
bdgun. - ~a, ~ yoa. suat --ha,4e A se"itive
Lechnique. whiOL-cau
qy!~n~i.ties.. of b
particular element with- a -fair de_Sree of
accuragy'.
SMITH- When you umd filters. were these
cellulose., acetate filters'? Did you also use
char-
coal filterdf
NADKAIM: -All of the filterp u,~cd vere of the
cellulooe-acetate variety.
"PATTERSONi How do youj'aelenium.levels_compar~
with that reported by West a few years ago?
r~ntravcray a; the time of West',p:xe on
NAMARA I: jhere wzs: quqe a bit of porting his da
selanium. cauceatratioas. i-- cigaraLtc
to6jj~cq._Aj 12, May 29,
X967). He 4~btained.AO*L 10 ppa in cigarttte paper
an d 2-4 ppm In American ciga rt ttt s
valub,s have a rat4e of 5 ppm for cigarette paper
and 1-5,ppm in cigari!tte tobacco, Con-
sideriiig the fact that Wes~,., d b '3 Years and
'that the. compositioxt' tF
#,work precede ours, y
302058272
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


z-4icali and Japanese cieareLte5 frr their brcmine
co-ntent-.' avd Lee and Murphy (Cancer, 23,
t3 l3t 1969) analysed A.-n~--rican cl&--irettvs
for their areen1c coxavitt. Cottsld7i7rinF, the.
dif-
ferent source, frow wh]~J, rhe.~e c1&;iretLvS werc
c4lected, the agreement b,tween our r.!Sult~
t1 lone of these two groups Is fairly good. ThJR
1-t one or the difficult-es one QncGunc,~-Vs
working wirl, commercial cigirette tobicco. Thcir
composition is consts"Lly varying and
i
nen with the same brand of cigarette different
workers will get different results or even
the same wor),er'.will. get difterent sets of
rc!:ults at different tines with the came bran3.
:hat is the difficulty we expect the Kentucky
Rcfercnce Cigarette to overcor--~, and differenL
V!,rkers all over the world should be able to get
reproducible data by using Kentucky Rf-fer-
cigarettes.
-cifically o be homogenous
The Kirntucky Reference Cigarette Was not prepared
spE t
vith respect to trace element content. Many other
factors were more important in the prep-
iration Of this cigarette. Hence, the variations
we have seen in the trace element content
j=ong sampler, of this cigarette are certainly not
unexpected. Other studiec: on the tr^e~-
elo=ant content of biological materials have
showiT similar variations, except in those cases
%;.here extremely rigid controls have been applied
to both the growing corkditions and the pro-
cesging conditions. An example of biological
raterial speckf~cally prepared for trace ele-
tent CULISWULY is Bowen's bioiogical standard
kale.
0 IFFITH: Let me add sorething about the Reference
Cigarette. It was manufactured from
Zo ~_-erc tally - grow a t0baLC.05 and the
constituent tobaccos were grown on a number of
farrs in
v.srious locales. This will cause variations in
the levels of certain trace elements. Also,
cigarette manufacture is not a precision
operation. There is variability in the manufac-
t,tring process. One point that needs to be made
is that the taost recent set of analytical
%.=ples which you obtained were deliberately
selected across -he total production run. We
know that in r-anufacturing you can bave cycling;
thus, the cigarettes analyzed the last time
iic:e deliberately taken across the total run so
that they would..be more repregeritAtIve of
.he total and better for anglytioal putpoftes. I
think yodr O:her-data, however. is ex-
tre=aly important in that it does give some
Indication of the variability which can be ex-
;ected from single cigarette samples.
There is another interesting point that should be
taken Lnto consideration in the al-
kal6id series. In the first two samn-les we bad
tobact"os grovi adjacent to each other in the
%-.e year. Any variabili-ty associated with point
of origin wis minimized. Comparisons
the IRI and the alkaloid series should permit game
evaluation on the extent to Oich
,laze of origin of the tobacco might Influence
variability. Et does~emphasize that c1ga-
1-ttes are variable, and few people realiae the
extent of cigarette variability, even when
-, r ry to make them. uniform. , In order- to
detect a I mg difference -in the level of tar be-
'-ea- two different types of cigarettes, you,have
to smoke, sole. 200 cigarettes.
t
The variability found among the standari
ciga-fettes is cer ainly -greater than we
r bowemns kale. However_ as 1. stated earlier,
this miterial was grown under highly
ntrolled -auditions. The.kale'was derived from one
species of plant, grown on a single
!!,~Id and procezaed 'by a single vethod. In
the.-r-ase of the rsferenca~-cl,garette,a mizrture
7
tobaccos from different :locations was used.
Whenever you, %ix diverse components you_ are
3.~Jcct td pthbl-Wi -dif !11=41 1 i"A.'als, t.1-
~-v tobacto is not finely powdered. as the kale
was in Bowen' 3 standard.
L~~LH.- Dr. Be, ner, whitt Is the correlat16h ate
a]pYrCUc?-
-'betwi~e-n-.pr in nftr.ozen and b=ol
negative correl-ation. Wo4id-you s;i~ tha't this
precludes _proreAns as being
:ursors -for befiz-o[alpyrene?
'There is strong eVidence that nitrate decreages
the level of benzo[ajoyrene. There-
';erY good positive corelation between.
filtrate-,and ftot- In nitrogen. I don't. think.
we
a position t~o com;nent on the relative role of
protein ss a precursor for the poly-
;-ear aromatic Ilydrocarbons based an the data..
presented heia. - Tho ntgativio'correlation
%
59
4.
302058273
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19
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SMITH: Tho data for the. exp-Im-f-I Cie~IrOLL-
show bon-y[a)pyrnne le-els in microgram~;jg
of tobacco burned between 0.01 and 0.05
microgrsm-i. However, when wo pyroiy--,~ Pimino
a~s,
we got a thousand times that much benzo(alpyrene
per gram. This seens to indicate tNat pr_
te.in is a good source of benzo[a]pyrcn(~. But
your nogntive correlation indicate~i that PLr_
-tein may not be a eood source of benzo(alpyrene.
Perhaps the corre3aLion of 0.615 is not
mignifir-ant.
IE~,R: A correlation of 0.65 is reasonably good in
this type of analysis. I think the dir-
fjL:u!~, hcre, In ptt,-mptiast to currelate
absolute. yiel-1. obtained from pyrolysis to those
ob-
tained from a burnirs, cigarette. Controlled
PYL.I.Y.Ui- rsvn viald valujAle inforrnion
pertineo" to tobaek!o and health, but in most
cases this is -qualitative infonnatlon~ quarr
tativc precursor-s moke compotient relationship
studles, I feel, bust be done with tobacco and
preferably with cigarettes smoked under a SLandard
regimc to be truly meaninefl. In our
temgerature-yield pxofile sttidles with both
tobacco and with tobacco constituents we have
obtained yields of benzo[a)pyrene which arc
comparable to Lhose you obtain-from amino acids.
Here the pyrolysis eystems are similar, but still
quite different from that which is found
ill tiw Lui:n1-,1Z c-ir,-irette. Another important
factor to be considered is that in pyrolysis
studies all of the LondensaLe is collected and 0W
vatucz ',,r rfLarettes, evc-i when reporL.d
on a &TaM Of tobacco burned basis, only account
for that material in the mainstream smoke.
As to th~ Specific role of protein in the
formation of benzoialpyrene, I don't think that
we have sufficient data to draw any valid
conclusions,
GRIFFITH: An I right that- there were burley and
flue-cured samples included in 61s stuey?
BURTON: Yes, there were several samples of each
typl.
GRIFFITH: What we have hetd in terms of
correlation coefficients is that these two may not
be reacting the samn. I tbink that this is true
relctive to some, of -the other correlations.
You might end up with an entirely different figure
if you considered 'your burleg, and flues
cured data separately.
BENNER: Ve d1dn' t cake, out the burley and
flue-cureC, but we did take out the rustics be-
cause it was so aty?ical. We recalculated the
correlation coefficients with the remaining
eleven sets and fouid very little change, -but we
didT.-'t go to the extent of pulling out the
burley and looking it it alone. Orar basic idea
here was not to compare tobacco types* but
rather to compare t'ie levels of smoke components
obtained from a diverse series of unblended
tobaccos.
CRIL71TH: You saAd nitrate level in flue-cured is
antrempely, low. Certainly this is true
in eoupalriticm to 1~urleyz When you
start-blending all these things together I think
you're
going tb end up with ali entirely different
picture 'than you woul-d hsva if you were to con-
Sider. each of these types Separately~ I think,
for exazple, it would be true for the trans--~
fer of dic6tine.
BURDICK: This is"true., but 16 LI'La zcrt6i
w0rd-laQk.Lnfor__g. ;pazr~ denominator.
GRIFFITH-,- I think you might be obaruring som6
thing; relating to type by combining thA
different ~tobacea types ig a ejntU set. You need
m)re-samples. Itis certainly.a worth-
while Approach.
GRUITWALD: What would.. mimic samples do? Have you
~rled this some syguem.of statistical
analysis qm data from cigarettes made with
tobacQbs to which you-have added a tobadto
IWANERz. go lmygg t d-blic this vith mimic.
sa%gles. Trw point of th.is atudy was to use'agr6-
-___.. f__ - -I,.- cart 11-t -bp hjjh 6
nq%ical'ly feasible samp ~tb.~ _p~~yph n ol level
in eue.of these
tobaccos was behavIng differently bec;use it was
added,to the. Sur .Lac. .iZ LIA-tzlvnr_-~
GR MIALD: Have you tried mimic sampl,es so that'we
could use thom for a bioassAy ptocedure?
.0 ould we rea-Ily duplicate the normal tobacco
sample?
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t I It, 11 ZA r U174A Ilevel, of th.111
-.1yz.d, there w~!re no slZ.tficant dlff~r~,n,cs.
I n i,,~
'Of course, doean't Owan. ttl,ar. thc!
crj~;~-irion of thf- smoke wn!~ unalt~-red, bur
Oic. lev,]- of
p, a-1 tilcotin, were- not changed.
,,ols, cres~A~.
j[C~: Therrc were only 17 sample!~ pruvidod by the
Crops Resvirch Division, and for these
S C _-rr
17 sn.plco a-! ytical data !ere avallable for the
leaf.
BE.,;:ZR: Frm-i fteso 12 tr_-`a~:cos we nc-w have
this type of corrclation; w~ will also evenr,ally
~a-vc t~ioassay L-iformation 2r these sa:ae
tobaccos.
BilRDICK: I thin.1- this -+-,tt !:::~. L. be done.
A catalogue of data has to be built up
~,-j ~c&-,LLcs or this type and related to
b1ologfc-al data.
What 11. the signifiance of the "discount" as
applied to the description of the
count variety.of Coker tobe-co?
riifilTH: Disccl:'.L variety Coker 139 grew out of
an att;emp~t by,the flue-cured plant breEer.,~
In the early 19,10's to d~!velop a lower nicotine
varicty.accepro-ble-to Lbe- Lrade. The re-
search efforts ard devalour~nr June in a period in
which the weather conditions
gorc llzi:gely dry, and at on,? time the Coker
varieties 139-140 were considered as a potential
Ivation of the industry. The probler. came when
this variety-was grown comnercially. It
a
turned out to be extrewly *.zow in nirttinc, but.
It also had poor smoking qualities. Because
of the problems, thaL arose ;r- the corivn~rcial
level, the USDA finally "outlawed" these varie-
ties.
GRUNMALD: Dr. Burdick, is the cataloging of data
from actual tobacco types a 1nore feasible
'approach than the study of tobaccos to which
certain constituents have been added?
BURDICK: There is a large %rariety, of' tohac~os
and.we cail ftihlyze ttIe leaf and the smoke
obtained from this leaf, than 2tt-ewpt to relate
this to various biological responses.
CRUNWALD: Bow oftea when yc,u change onc part of
the loaf will you also change another one?
When you get these data, will you be sure It is-
due to the change that y" think caiused i-t?
Op
gal, BURDICK:- If It wEre possible to associate
some leaf component-wIth a specific undesirable
ii-~-I-Ozic.l response, then the plant geaeLiCiStS
would have-a well-defined goal.
"IFFITH: One of the major consIdera t Ions here is
the number of eompouaas from which a
single smkc component can-rise. Nicot1ne is fairly
specific. It can be controlled genet-
Lcally, but when you consider a smoke conponent
such as phenol, there are many precursors
An tobacco which w-411 yield pheiol.
Benzaja)pyrene, for example. Can ~2cq~-_
fromalmmst any-
in'&. That is th reason I may it pazEly on what.
you might be able to do to the
ftsic nature fif the plant from which th-e
compounds come. You could eliminaie everythir
but cellulose and y~o-u wouldn't eliminate phenol.
7his is one of the, roje'r problems.. In
this particular ca&e, hovevcr, you would bt able
to do it by fi1tration._ThRXd.Ar4--Vk!1
VaYs trt whilh you can podify pr*ducta,, TUAt, yw
#Iuwt dtfikid 'wl,.t nas to b4c done from-the.,
AL~I~tN: Could..a sftg~a bloassay system be
related to hUMa.n reapoase?
CRIFFITH: Iii-sil proVibility one system will not
bit sufficient.
~QRDICK' That is a toed point; perhaps we ere
placing too much'emphasig oct on6 system. T
'~Z_kih.t eventually three or four
b~ofogical..syste= will be needed. Would you ca-re
to
CO=ent on thisT c
".1-M a L:Iying to determine the
IM: The pepplc ~~o concentrate -on poi Z i
ITn." rlre zoulse skin painting bio-response4,
Careainly they
61
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3- inn,iitiori rcLc~arclk. This. afLer all, is
thL- ultimatc bioassay because it 11
the animal SYSLc-.-., Wl,ich to the human sit,
ntlon. Dr. D--nwill cx-'no~ his
sampl.c:; with all A-1te inhalation test which Is
not exactly :,~.mparablc tc, tj~,-
system, but certainly does Eive dita which will be
indi.rative of the '.-Lumaa The
measurt-A response In tho L.---c skLn bloas~ay
cEtn be Pntirely differc:,.Z:. That the
dangers of dcpeading con.pll~lely on mouse skin
painting. Another &i:.;:tr is ill-j'sTrated by
the woik with addcd nitrate. Wynder and Hoffmann
showed a drastic rc4uctioll in the mouse
skin activity with condensate from niLrate-treated
clgar~tt.s. I dc-f7 anybody t~:' smAke oat
of those 8;; nitratE cigarette&.
T.0m1PLt.Y.- .,a u I Wj;1..r ievels ot nitrogen
oxides incr,,-.,e cilic:.zacis?
CRT~FTTM- Definitely.
302058276
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19
April 1999


TRY, EFFECT OF AGRONOMIC FACTORS AND GROWER
REGULAIORS ON CLIA'AIN HFA1,TH-1-.L-"Lt:LJ
CMIPu~:.;oz;
14 BURLEY TOBACCO. by j. L. Si-, Ph.D., n.3 W. 0.
A0-1nocm.. M.S., PLpnrL~.-Tt of Apro-,my.
(toutract No. l2-l4-3.0V'--,940(34)1
Burley 21 tolacco wn.- Z:r),.:n In ficid tests at
foiAr lnretinn-~ -4 on fo- dif'rerent. soil
types.Lo and grot:th regulator, on
Study Lhe influence of soil properties, N
frrtiliz:ition, .
the developrznt and che-ical corapl~~Atfon of
Burley tobacco. Dry matter syDth,~sis was
slower in hiih N than low N treated plDtS On all
soils until the topping stage of plant de-
velopment; th7ereafter this trend -eas reversed
and synthesis was greatest in plants treated
WiLh high rates of N. ConCeiiLration of Mo in the
soil solution vas invers~:Iy relate_~ to
!,~VLI 01' N fertilizer Z;;Mcd to roil. ~f V~ 4n
r,,1H--n lp~,vp. w.q
directly related to dry m.tter and protein
contents, but inversely related to nitrate cc~n-
ccntr=Icn. Nitrate arid N cencentrsti~n 04)
r-p-1-1y. 0.3 and 0.8 percent-
age points lower in cured leaf of tobacco grown on
Tilsit soil than in leaf produced on the
Maury soil.. Using groLh regulators for sucker
coiitrol genorally resulted in lower concen-
trations of nitratc, N in cured to'bacco than hand
suckeviug.
EFFECT OF NITROGEN NUTRITION AND TOBACCO TYPE ON
LEVELS OF TOTAL PARTICULATE MATTER AND
BVNZO[.%JM=: IN CM7=771: SIMI-_ by .1. L. Simr,
Ph.1)., Arid-V. 0. Atki"-n, M.S., P--t-
ment of Agronomy [Contract No. 12-14-100-9560(34)]
Burley 21 tobacco was grou-n at Lexington,
Kentucky, in a replicated field test using vary-
ing levels of N fertilization and conventional
production practices. Sivailarly. fluc;-Qured
obacco was produced in North Carolina in two
replicated field tests using varying levels
W
of N fertilization. Whien mature, half of the
burley tobacco was quick dried and the remain-
ing burley and all the flue-cured was barn cured
in a manne: conventional for each type.
Growth of the burley was rormal during much of the
growing season, but growth was slow
during one period because of poor distribution of
rainfall. Leaf yields of burley tobacco,
re8p-tctively, for the 50-, 100-, 200-, and.
400-1b /acre-N fe:tilizer levels wera
1761,-1931.-...
1953, and 2207 lbs/acre. Per acre yleld of
flue-cured tobacco were respectively, 2217i
2643, 2903, and 2930 lbs in Expeiiment 1 and 1771,
23.32, 2691, and 2597 lbs in Experiment 2
for N fertilizer rates of 0. 30, 45, and 60 lbs N
per acre. Laboratory analyses-of leaves
and smoke will contribute further to the
attainment of the major objectives of the project.
7 -7
b
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April 1999