I NDEX IMeasurement of filtration coefficient of tobacco rod IINovel filter developments IIIFactors related to biological activity IVAerosol studies VExternal work done under contract for Hamburg VINitrosamine work at Hamburg VilCadmium in smoke VIIIAmbient smoke studies of the Verband der Cigarettenindustrie IxSidestream interests of Hamburg XMeasurement of cigarette burn rates using the Haw-burg burn line apparatus xiRequirements of BAT Hamburg from GROC Smoke Research group CD @10 00 r@j BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 1. Measurement of filtration Coefficient of tobacco rod (K. Paulsen and W. Weitkaup) The filtration coefficients of the tobacco rod have been measured by using four lengths of tobacco rod (6-16 mm) as a filter section, connected to a tobacco rod which was smoked. The results were compared to those reported in RD. 1875, Table 5, obtained using the Ellis equation: Filtration coefficient (cm-,) , 17.5 cm3 S-1 Source Nicotine TPM Water Hamburg 0.188 0.158 0.30 RD. 1875 0.058 0.152 0.42 The estimated errors in the measurements are '630% so that the filtration coefficients for TPM and water are effectively the same by the two methods. However, the differences for nicotine seem too large to be explained by blend differences. In addition, the variation of filtration coefficient with flow was measured: Flow (cm3 s-1) 17.5 35 p (nicotine) 0.107 0.083 p (PMWNF) 0.0958 0.0756 V '020) 0.1396 0.3486 Over this flow range, the results in RD. 1875 show virtually the opposite effects of flow (Pages 13-14 and Figure 12). Thus there is an apparent difference in the two methods of measuring filtration coefficients. It is recommended that the two methods are compared at GRaDC using exactly the same tobacco rods. C) C) --D CU r-j N) BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 2 II. Novel filter development (W. Wiethaup and W. Schneider) They believe the reason for the high taste impression of Barclay is a cumulation of - high tobacco rod delivery; - high smoke elasticity; - smoke swirl. They believe the filter grooves cannot be crushed by 'strong' lips - ten times the normal radial pressure is required to crush the grooves. They also believe that 'thick" lips covering the ventilation zone is unlikely. Hamburg's aim is to develop filters which produce smoke swirl but which cannot be challenged in terms of partial blocking of the air dilution grooves. II (a) HH filter (Some details of this filter are given in the Visit Report, of A.L. Heard and H.G. Horsewell to Hamburg on 10th/Ilth November, 1983 There are three versions of the HH filter: HH1 Air Some of the smoke passes down the grooves and mixes with the diluting air in the groove. This version - produces smoke beams in the "artificial mouth' chamber, not swirl; - has low smoke elasticity (smoke pattern uninfluenced by raising puff volume from 35 to 70 cm3/2 sec; - gives low taste impression. HH2 Air This version has slightly different dimensions to the HH1 version. All Smoke ------- the smoke passes through the filter and all the air passes through the grooves. This version - produces smoke swirl; - has high smoke elasticity; - gives a good taste impression. ID CD 'IO -j BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 3 HH3 Air The air and smoke pass together down the filter section. For a 35 cm3/ 2 sec puff the filter behaves as the type HH2 and for a 70 =3/2 sec puff it switches to the behaviour illustra- ted. This version - produces smoke swirl; - has very high smoke elasticity; - gives a very strong taste impression (too strong). Example of the smoke el asti city - cigarettes made with each filter type and giving a 1 mg delivery at 35 cm3/2 sec puff. Filter Delivery (mg) at 70 CM3/2 sec HK 3 - 4 HH2 5 - 6 W3 7 - 8 II (b) Filters with grooves at angles This development followed a concept covered in a Philip Morris patent. The smoke pattern out of the filter is I ami na r. Various permutations of this filter have been assessed for subjective impact and 'mouthful feel'. angle of groove - 10', 20', 30', 45% number of grooves - 1. 2, 3, 4; diameter of groove - 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mm; position of hole from filter end r 1, 1.5, 2. 3, 4 mm. Find Impact decreases as number of grooves increases; Impact decreases as axial hole distance increases; Impact increases as angle a increases. At present, the filter construction is being optimised for maximum impact. 11(c) General CD Dr. Wiethaup believes smoke taste impression is due to the local concentra- CD tion of smoke and not turbulence (swirl). He believes that interpretation co of the artificial mouth smoking chamber may be in error since the back of rj the mouth is closed during a puff (this agrees with 14. Dixon's views). '-Q 4 .Cb. BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 4 III. Factors related to biological activity (Ur. W. iethaup, V. Heeman, Bernd Ma er, Cord Westphal and D. Pangritz) In 1981 a meeting at the University of Darnstadt in Germany showed a good correlation between chemiluminescence of the combustion products from a diesel engine and the biological activity (Ames test) of the exhaust fumes. (Chemiluminescence is probably related to the number of free radicals in the combustion products.) III (a) Work at Hamburg Work was subsequently initiated at Hamburt to relate combustion charac- teristics of cigarettes (burn rate in puff, between puff and puff number) to the Ames activity. In practice, the effect of cigarette and smoking parameters on the Ames test has been examined and the effect of cigarette and smoking parameters on the burn rates has been examined. The two sets of results have not been seriously compared. (1) Effect of parameters of Ames activity TS-pecific Activity, i.e. per g of tar) (E D. Massey has a detailed list of Hamburg's results.) Blend - Burley, Oriental, sheet material - sheet material has lower Ames specific activity (also shown by older mouse skin painting results). - Inclusion of DIET lowers Ames specific activity (Gallaher have similar results, GRADC results show the opposite). Tobacco cuts per inch - No effect on Ames specific activity. Paper - Normal paper additives (potassium acetate, sodium acetate, sodium ci have little effect on Ames specific acti- vity). - Sugar added to the paper raised the Ames specific activity. - The paper fibre has a significant effect on the Ames specific activity. Cigarette diameter - The lowest diameter has the lowest Ames specific activity. Puff volume - 20, 35 and 70 cm3 puff volumes were examined. - The 35 cm3 puff gave the highest Ames specific acti- vity. (2) Effect of parameters on burn rates CD These are given in a preliminary report by Bernd M'Uiller, available C) from RRB. The burn rates were all obtained using the Hamburg burn- %.0 line-movement apparatus (further details of method in Section X). CO BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 5 (3) Speculation Puff volume effect could be related to the different oxygen levels in the cigarette combustion zone and possibly the relative proportion of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons generated (V. Heeman has shown that with ventilated filter cigarettes relatively more satura- ted hydrocarbons are produced). (4) GROC proposed study General agreement was given to the GROC approach of two parallel studies: - Examining smoke produced by pyrolysis at different temperatures$ different oxygen levels and different gas velocities; - Effect of cigarette and smoking parameters of one blend. The following combustion parameters were considered important: Temperature distribution, especially temperature gradients in the pyrolysis zone of the coal; Burn rate in puff and between puffs; Ellis parameters; Aga I.R. temperatures to give the extent of the combustion zone; Particle sizes; Chemiluminescence; Smoke pH. III (b) Work done under contract at Fraunhofer - Institut fUr Toxicologie und Aerosolforschung Cigarettes were smoked and the condensate collected in different particle size ranges. These different fractions were then: (1) analysed for their polycycl aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content; (2) tested for their Ames activity. In detail: Three different filter cigarettes were each smoked on a standard smoking machine at three different puff volumes - 20, 35 and 70 CM3. For each puff volume, 300-400 cigarettes were smoked, to get sufficient tar for PAH and Ames analysis. The smoke was diluted and the tar collected on a cascade impactor at nine particle size fractions: Impactor Stage Particle Size Range (A) 1 8.0 - 16.0 2 4.0 - 8.0 3 2.0 - 4.0 Tar from these 4 1.0 - 2.0 stages analys-jO- 5 0.5 - 1.0 for PAH and 6 MC - 0.5 &.j _,, activity. 7 0.125- 0.25 co 8 0.063- 0.125 r1j 9 <0.063 (7% BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 6 The mean particle diameter from log normal distribution increased with puff volume: Puff Volume (cm3) Mean Diameter (Wm) Further details in the attac ed Tables 13-16, 20 0.80 taken from the German 35 0.94 report. 70 1.25 The condensate in each size fraction was fractionated (details in Figure 4 of the German report), the PAHs were separated by gas chromatography and identified by mass spectrometry. The following PAHs were monitored: Name Abbreviation Benz(a)anthracene BaA Chrysen CHR Monomethyl substituted PAH (molecular wt. 228) Me-228 Benzofluoranthene BFL Benzo(e)pyrene BeP Benzo(a)pyrene BaP Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene IP PAH results The distribution of the PAHs amongst the particle size fractions is complex and varies with puff volume (see Tables 17, 18 and Figure 21 of the German report). Impactor Stage 3 (2.0 - 4.0 pm)PAH distribution similar for the three puff volumes. Impactor Stages 4 (1-0 - 2.0 m PAH dist-ibution affected by puff and 50.5 @ 1.0 @@m volume. Ames results 20 cm3 puff The impactor collection stage had little effect on 35 cm3 puff Ames activity. 70 cm3 puff The impactor collection stage had an effect: Stage 6 (0.25 D. had the lowest Ames activity; CD Stage 3 (2-0 4.0 um) had the highest Ames activity. ---O CU The Ames results also confirmed the previous findings that smoke from the 35 Cm3 puff gave the highest Ames activi BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 7 Correlations of Ames and PAH results are complex. In general, PAH concen- tration decreases with increasing puff volume which Could possibly be related to the low Ames activity from the 70 cm3 puff. N. B. (i) A sponsored Ph.D. student has added PAHs to tobacco condensate and obtained only very small increases in the Ames activity. (ii) The German Verband der Cigarettenindustrie claim that the mutagenicity of car exhaust fumes may correlate with the levels of arene oxides in the fumes. 00@ BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 RELEVANT FIGURES AND TABLES FROM THE FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE REPORT A CD- C@F- 110-' cu- r\j -@o :4 BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 Abb. 2: Schematische Darstellung des experimentellen Aufbaus: Rauchmaschine (RM) , Cambridge-Filter (CF) , Magnetven- tile (MV 1, MV 2) , Pneumatikteil (PT), Abzug (A) I Trockenpatrone (TP), synthetische Luft (SL), Ventila- tor M , VerdUnnungsgefX8 (VG) , Berner-Impaktor (BI) Druckausgleich (DA); a) Apparatur zur SammIung des Gesamtkondensats b) Apparatur zur. Sammlung des Teilkondensats a RM Probenchme des Gesomtkondensats A -Olt- MV2 b RM Probenahme des VO Telikondensats MV2 .A C) DA SL .10 A -43 co co C) BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 9 4: Frakt .;c'nicrurqsschr.,r-,i zur Isolicre.-c einer PAII-Fraktion aus Zigarettenrauchkondcnsat Zigarettenrauch- kondonsat Soxhlet Cyclohexan Gcsnmtextrakt .Mcthanol/ Mass= (4:1) Cyc!qhc-xan-Phanc lethanol/wasser-Phase F Kicsalgel Cycloheman PAII-haltiqe Fraktion Forfraktion ScT,'h,IO0x LI!-2o Propanol-2 PAF-17raktion Vorfraktion CZt co co BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 19 April 1999 lo Tab. 1: Gesamtkondensatmassen einer Zigarette (Sorte D294) bei 3 verschiedenen Abrauchvolumenstr6men Probe- Abrauchvolumen- Kondensatmasse Kondensatmasse nahme strom [ml/Zug] (mg) fmg] Mittelwert Nr. 1 20 10,0 10,1 2 20 10,2 3 35 14,6 14,9 4 35 15,2 5 70 27,3 27,6 6 70 28,0 Tab. 2: Gesamtkondensatmassen einer Zigarette (Sorte D160) bei 3 verschiedenen Abrauchvolumenstrdmen Probe- Abrauchvolumen- Kondensatmasse nahme strom fml/Zug] (mg] Nr. 7 20 12,3 8 35 18,2 9 70 32,0 co BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 Tab. 3: PAH-Vassen ingi im Gesamtkordensat einer zigarette (Sorte D294) bei 3 verschiedenen Abrauchvolumenstr5mn Abrauch- 20 35 70 volumen- strom [ml/Zug] hme, 1 2 1,2 3 4 3,4 5 6 5,6 BaA 12,7 13,4 13,1 12,6 12,7 12,7 22,1 23,6 22,8 CHR 23,0 24,7 23,8 20,5 21,9 21,2 34,8 38,4 36,6 Me-228 13,4 16,2 14,8 15,2 13,6 14,4 21,6 25,9 23,8 BFL 11,4 11,2 11,3 12,9 14A 13,6 20,9 21,1 21,0 BeP 6,1 7,6 6,9 7,7 7,7 7,7 10,8 12,2 11,5 BaP 9,4 9,1 9,2 14,4 12,6 13,5 16,8 17,B 17,3 IP 5,7 4,9 5,3 12,7 9,8 11,3 15,8 17,3 16,6 1 i C.% (g) Tab. 4: PAH-Massen (ng] im Gosamtkorylensat einer Zigarette (Sorte D160) bei 3 verschiedenen Abrauchvolur-enstr&ren Abrauch- 20 35 70 volumen- strom (ml/Zug] 7 8 9 Bak 22,5 19,8 23,2 CHR 27,7 30,2 39,2 Me-228 12's 17,8 22,7 BFL 1015 1518 20,6 BeP 615 11,7 16,5 Bap 11,3 13,6 17,8 IP 11,4 7,7 13,5 1 C@ ...0 co co tA BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 12 Tab. 5: PAR-Konzentrationen (ppm) im Gesamtkondensat der Zigarettensorte D294 bei 3 verschiedenen Abrauchvolumenstrbywn Abrauch- 20 35 70 volumen- strom fml/Zug) nahme, r. 1 2 1,2 3 4 3,4 5 6 5,6 PAH BaA I 1,31 1,29 0,86 0,84 0,85 0,81 0,84 0,83 CUR 2,30 2,41 2,35 1,40 1,44 1,42 1,27 1,37 1,32 Me-228 1,33 1,58 1,45 1,04 0,89 0,97 0,79 0,93 0,86 BFL 1,13 1,10 1,12 0,88 0,94 0,91 0,76 0,75 -0,76 BeP 0,61 0,75 0,68 0,53 0,50 0,52 0,40 0,44 0,42 BaP 0,94 0,89 0,91 Of98 0,83 0,91 0,61 0,63 0,62 IP 0,57 0,48 0,52 0,87 0,64 0,76 0,58 0,62 0,60 Tab. 6: PAH-Konzentrationen (ppm] im Gesamtkondensat der Zigarettensorte D160 bei 3 verschiedenen Abrauchvolurrenstr6nyan Abrauch- 20 35 70 volurren- Strom [ml/Zug] ot-- 7 9 PAH BaA 1,82 1,09 0,73 CHR 2,26 1,66 1,22 Me-228 1,04 0198 0,71 BFL 0,86 0,87 0,64 BeP 0,53 0,64 0,52 BaP 0,92 0,75 0,56 IP 0193 0,42 0,42 co co -A@b BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 13 Tab. 13: Teilkondensatwssen einer Zigarette (Sorte D2943 auf den 9 Stufen des Berner-Impaktors bei 3 verschiedenen Abrauchwh=enstr6men Kondensatmasse [no] Verteilung Abrauchvolumen- 20 35 70 20 35 70 strom [ml/Zug] r Probenahnie, Nr. 26 27 28 26 27 28 Berner- Partikel- Inpaktor- gr6(3e stufe W 1 8,0 - 16,0 0,009 0,013 0,061 0,2 0,2 0,4 2 4,0 - 8,0 0,048 0,070 0,260 1,0 0,9 1,7 3 2,0 - 4,0 0,216 0,498 1,186 4,4 6,3 11,6 4 1,0 - 2,0 1,376 3,195 9,111 28,0 40,5 59,2 5 0,5 - 1,0 2,264 3,212 3,780 46,1 40,7 24,6 6 0,25 - 0,5 0,907 0,865 0,204 18,5 11,0 1,3 7 0,125- 0,25 0,052 0,003 0,004 l'i <011 <011 8 0,063 - 0,125 0,002 0,001 0,003 <011 <011 <011 9 < 0,063 0,036 0,040 0,183 0,7 0,5 1,2 < 16,0 4,910 7,897 15,392 100 100 100 co CO Un BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 14 Tab. 14: Teilkondensatmassen einer Zigarette (Sorte D160) auf den 9 Stufen des Berner-Impaktors bei 3 verschiedenen Abrauchvolumenstr6men Kondensatmasse [mg] Verteilung 1%) Abrauchvolumen- 20 35 70 20 35 70 strom [ml/zugl Proher-ahme, Nr. 29 30 31 29 30 31 Berner- Partikel- lirpaktor- qr6ale stufe I 8,0 - 16,0 0,012' 0,045 0,059 0,2 0,4 0,4 2 4,0 - 8,0 0,072 0,222 0,366 1,3 2,1 2,2 3 2,0 - 4,0 0,274 0,511 1,727 5,1 4,8 lo's 4 1,0 - 2,0 1,552 3,874 8,935 28,9 36,7 54,4 5 0,5 - 1,0 2,291 4,207 4,356 42,6 39,9 26,5 6 0,25 - 0,5 1,028 1,506 0,790 19 I 14,3 4,8 7 0,125- 0,25 0,100 0,037 0,002 119 0,4 <011 8 0,063- 0,125 0,001 0,002 0,001 <0,1 <0,1 <011 9 < 0,063 0,045 0,149 0,168 0,8 1,4 ill < 1610 5,375 10,553 16,424 100 100 I .00 C--,y C=I N3 -.0 co BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 Tab. 15: Teilkondensatmassen einer Ziqarette (Sorte D160) auf den 9 Stufen des Berner-Impaktors bei 3 verschiedenen Abrauchvolumenstr6men; die Extrakte der Impaktor- stufen 3 bis 6 wurden fUr biologische Versuche verwendet Kondensatwasse firg] Verteilung (%] Abrauchvolumen- 20 35 70 20 35 70 strom [ml/Zugl Probenahme, Nr. 32 33 -34 32 33 34 Berner- Partikel- Impaktor- gr&3e stuf IIJMI 1 8,0 - 16,0 0,017 0,057 0,074 0,3 0,6 O'S 2 4,0 -8,0 0,092 0,155 0,266 1,6 1,7 1,8 3 2,0 -4,0 0,372 0,762 1,616 6,4 8,3 10,7 4 1,0 -2,0 1,829 3,805 8,549 31,5 41,5 56,3 5 O's -1,0 2,452 3,451 4,157 42,3 37,6 27,4 6 0,25 -0,5 0,891 0,834 0,311 15,4 911 2,1 7 0,125- 0,25 0,095 0,014 0,003 1,6 0,2 <0,1 8 0,063- 0,125 0,002 0,001 0,002 <011 <011 <011 9 < 0,063 0,053 0,100 0,194 0,9 I'l 1,3 < 16,0 5,803 9,179 15,172 100 100 100 CD co co BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 Tab. 16: Aerodynamische Masserme-dian-Durchffesser und Standard- abweichungen der grdaenfraktionierten Partikel des TOilkondensats der Zigarettensorten D294 und D160 bei 3 verschiedenen Abrauchvolumenstr8men Zigaretten- Abrauch- Probe- Massemedian- Standardabweichung sorte volumen- nahme, Durchm-esser[pml Icy] strom Nr. [Ml/'Zug] 20 26 0,80 1,47 D294 35 27 0,94 1,37 70 28 1,25 1,14 20 29 O'gi 1,55 D160 35 30 0,88 1,41 70 31 1,15 1,31 20 32 0,87 1,51 D160 35 33 1,00 1,41 70 34 1,21 1,17 C) CD 00 00 BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 19 April 1999 1 7 Tab. 17: PAH-Massen Ing] im Teilkondensat einer Zigarette (Sorte D294) auf unterschiedlichen Berner-Impaktorstufen bei 3 verschiedenen Abrauchvolumnstr&wn Abrauch- Probe- BaA CHR Me-228 BFL BeP Bal volmen- nahme Strom Nr- [ml/Zug] 3 0,46 0,71 0,44 0,41 0,18 0,36 0,29 4 1,35 1,99 1,65 1,58 0,49 1,31 1,08 20 26 5 3,13 5,10 3,15 2,77 1,88 3,34 1,77 6 1,39 2,07 1,87 1,45 0,41 1,45 1,13 E 3-6 6,33 9,87 7,11 6,21 2,96 6,46 4,29 3 0,85 1,25 -0,84 0,57 0,32 0,52 0,54 4 3,02 4,54 3,41 2,76 1,38 2,92 1,90 35 27 5 3,85 6 , 66 3,84 3,22 1,27 3,83 2,17 6 1,28 2,04 1,80 0,73 0,37 0,82 0,74 Z3-6 9,00 14,49 9,89 7,28 3,34 8,09 5,35 I co, 1 0,16 <011 <011 <011 <011 <011 2 0,33 0,57 0,33 0,20 0,18 0,24 0,19 3 1,73 2,48 1,66 1,64 0,87 1,36 1,40 4 9,07 14,37 11,16 8,48 3,35 5,28 4,20 70 28 5 3,95 6,20 4,39 3,14 1,35 2,40 1,89 6 0,16 0,29 0,21 0,20 0,11 0,17 0,14 7 <011 'Call <0,1 <011 <011 <011 <011 8 <011 <011 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 9 0,23 0,32 0,27 0,32 0,20 0,27 0,19 1 3-6 14,91 23,34 17,42 13,46 5,28 9,21 7,63 C:) CD -.10 co BATCo document for Province Of British Columbia 19 April 1999 Tab. 18: PAH-Massen fngj im Teilkondensat einer Zigarette (Sorte.D16D) auf den 9 Berner-impaktorstufen bei 3 verschiedenen Abrauchvolumenstr&mn Abrauch- Probe- BaA CHR Me-228 BFL Bep BaP I? volumen- nahme strom Nr. (ml/Zug] 1 <011 <011 <011 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 0,14 2 0,20 0,20 <0,1 <011 <011 <011 0113 3 0,47 0,55 0,34 0,36 0,23 0,28 0,31 4 1,83 2,62 1,48 0,84 0,95 1,24 0,83 20 29 5 4,22 4,92 2,54 1,94 0,95 2,11 2,51 6 1,22 1,82 1,07 0,99 0,53 0,77 0,55 7 <0,1 <011 <011 <0,1 <0,1 0.16 0,13 8 <0,1 <011 <0,1 <011 <011 <011 <011 9 0111 0118 <011 <0,1 <0,1 0,14 1,11 8,15 10,39 5,73 4,43 2,86 4,80 4,71 1 <0,1 0,14 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 0,14 <0,1 2 0,12 0,18 0,25 0,16 0,15 0,19 0,10 .3 0,87 1,37 0,74 0,72 0,49 0,80 0,39 4 2,77 2,31 2,31 2,29 1,73 2,01 1,99 35 30 5 5,31 7,32 3,66 3,63 2,07 3,17 2,80 6 1,73 2,80 1,74 1,42 0,95 1,42 0,66 7 0,15 0,13 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 8 <0,1 <0,1 <011 <0,1 <011 <011 <0,1 9 0,34 0,56 0,24 0,26 0,15 0,25 1,31 11,39 14,88 9,04 8,63 5,64 7,98 6,35 1 0,17 0,22 <0,1 <011 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 2 0,25 0,40 0,30 <0,1 0,19 0,23 0,17 3 1,91 2,86 1,68 1,62 0,89 1,42 1,02 4 7,44 10,28 7,4B 6,IB 4,09 6,16 4,41 70 31 5 1,45 3,19 3,74 2,61 1,44 2,52 1,65 6 0,80 1,18 0,76 0,64 0,41 0,64 0,26 7 <011 .<011 <011 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 <0,1 8 <011 <011 <011 <0 .