CIM4DIMN,
    SNO
    and
    ADVIIERIISING
    Facts and Fallacies
    0
    TA'
    011AC A)
    Manufacturers Association
    BATCo document for Legal Services: Health Canada 21 October 1999

    




    INTRODUCTION
    A
    Anfi-Srnokinc c~Dmpaiqners T'requently
    1VOKe the emolive argument',hat Tobacco
    odvertisinc encourages children to start
    smoking, in r'C.-T,, however, there is no
    convincing evic ! ence that such advertising
    causes anyone - adult or child, male or
    I r emale - to start, smoking, or to
    smoke more.
    in the UK, companies advertise toloccco
    products to increc-se market share among
    eX!STing, cd r ult smokers. Such acivertising
    =ncourages those smokers either 4,-- swiich
    Ing
    or to remain ioval to, the branc~ be*
    o0vernsed.
    However, such advertising
    cannot - and does not -
    increase the size of the
    total market.
    ~ the often repeated
    Here are some -Or
    claims (poseld as a ' ues'llons) made by anti-
    smokers in the debate on children,
    smoking and acivertising along with the
    oclual  in each --cse.
    ~J--
    CD
    ID
    BATCo document for Legal Services: Health Canada 21 October 1999

    




    What is the effect, if any, of
    tobacco advertising on ze-,eer- awareness or ocliert,s~na c~-z:
    children's decision to smoke?" -o!nier-From; . his carretaticr.,,rc: zzverrisina
    :;-ecixoses ona re!r,;c~ces . smc~ _Z; CM101a
    There is no convincing evidence, ::n cren remairs nyporrhericzi a. aes. - it
    from anywhere in the world, that cannot be derived from the data.
    tobacco advertising encourages
    any individual to start smoking or v,-.Mc:)ono1ci STOtesmar -he studies. '. 'o,,ea -c
    smoke more. a c-cusal link (berween cdver!~sinq arc
    -niictrer, starting to smoke), re!ying irvea-6 on
    The assertion ttct acvertisinc causes cmiciren emotive itanquage, to convey The im.Pression c,
    to smoke is not borne out by the 0-9 ce oi c=,jse and effFects." -
    Polouiction Censuses and Surveys (OPCS), which
    summorised the seven most important riavors mcDonald's finclings ore supportec ov P-oressor
    associctiedwitH chiidren s-ortinc -a smoke. R Beraler at the German NariortciWnisirv oi
    Advertising was not one of them.* -eclth In rev;ewinc international c=-a:r 19Q2
    --e :orctude-6 that the, eis no ccnvirc
    Resecrcn - coni'irmstho: uiicren c:,e -o and a e-noiricai evidence ior a cousci eFeec*
    Incifrimes as likely robe smokers,i=.i, parents c:ccrerte aciverlising on smoking :r;,
    sm0Ke than those with non-smottirc ccrents. c-crc
    ,j young peopie.~
    Brotrers and sisters ~cve or, ejen mcre crornaric
    i'luer
    n. nce. 2t~-c7c~ii6rersmcke-e::~;icr~v;rc-
    Would a ban on cigarette
    lec5, one brother c- 51S,er SMCKeS. 6~c advertising stop young people
    smoke i. none ~:i!nei- SMOKeC U
    smoking?"
    ù The Government s _-~ie~,Meoiccl -`:;cer,
    Dr Kennet. --c:rnan. was askea No. The evidence strongly
    tobccco ccivert:sinq encouracec cni.crer. To demonstrates that it would not.
    sr-.CKe. He crswere-_~- "No ! ThInK '5 03'-Tly C
    cui%~.ci -hing cric ;t's cisc cocu~ 'ne -a~lily onci a '989 tneChildrer s Researc-, Ur-- ::-ccuc-2c:
    the scnoci cn-6 `r;erds z:r!6 tneir :::'eagues ona'
    , 6-counrry st,,;dy oi -he oerceiec -z e o-.
    Peoc;e -hev c;k to. AE or rnat Kinz z` Dee.,
    zcvernsinq ord othercctors ori!u~e-e
    pressure sometimes rc-e-oses srrat;-~i s.-oking initiation. The a;,tkors corc _cec twict-
    -re;r cz)mparison provicea sircnct ev =e-~:e n c-
    0 Recent anc s;cn:,:cor! esecrc.~, s,,-c!es which "a': . . eglicibie role - ---
    verttstng olovs a rie , -
    hove attempted :a estaci,sh a =rnevion ol ;ra by !r
    mlicrion ot srn x, le younc.  -C
    between cavernsirg CnZ SMOKIrG Zy :niaren s,-L~dv estoolished ~hctr --ersoncl! zurcs  as -ell
    have failed to do so i ~is ;s ~ne czlnc!usicn
    .cmdy and peer influences, were ::e7e-mir no
    -S
    of ~_piin MCDCnOIC. a -remoer o- re Market :,Z:Z-CrS irrespecnve ot whether -ne ore
    Resecircin SocleN,, wnc -csPljb;isrez: Ci~ildren exposed to zigcrerre advertising :~r 41i 1
    Sr-cKing cna Acivert:s.rc: A review sr 'ne caL;ntries reported -- sirri:cir ovew-e
    researc- evice-ce w-:c-! s --r. :,- ec- ve :,nciact o~ perscna soc-at ard -Fiverzes
    ossessmer,: c- --e suo.es =r !.ne subject. or. :'uveniie SmckinC niricicn.
    Lrf
    C=
    rQ
    (N
    ic=i
    f\j
    2
    BATCo document for Legal Services : Health Canada 21 October 1999

    




    What is the effect, if any, of Researcr some!,rres sncws a  z:-
    tobacco advertising on
    U between owareness oicavernsiric cr-= ~~omnq.
    children's decision to smoke?" BuT:omier ircm -niszorreiatiormc- cc:,er-isirg
    oreciscases" arc-reiniorces' s-cx_nz: ~,rnonq
    There is no convincing evidence, chiicren remcons nyoo+enccI or O-es- - it
    from anywhere in the world, that cannot be derived from the dcto.
    tobacco advertising encourages
    any individual to start smoking or mrMcDo-ioic'sTces',~c--hesucies -ciiiedito
    smoke more. esmbiish a cousc! '.ink (between ccver!:sing and
    children Storting TO SMO*Ke~, reiyinc nseoc . on
    M The csseri-.cri Inci ocivertisinc: causes cniiaren emorive ionaucge to convey the mcressiion of
    to smOKe s not borne out Ov :ire Office or cause and effects."
    Piopuicnor Censuses and Sur4eys (OPCS), whic-
    surnrrc-.sea the seven mcs-, i-noortant -,'zcors McDonald's rindings are supported oy Proiessor
    asscc:crec with c~iiaren sTcr-inc .0 smoke. R Beraler at -he German Nationci Mmis;ry of
    Advertising was not one of them. Hecith. In reviewing internotionoi aa,c in 1992
    he conc'udec that rnere is no corv:nc;-a
    ù Resec~cr- :oniirrns -hcr cn:,cren ore rwc crTC* s empiricci evidence ior a cousc; enec* or
    haJ -irnes =s like;y !obe S-OKers if oct" pcrren~s cicarette adver*is;rg on. smoking irincnon
    Srn_-Ke 'nCr mose ,rh nor-srnoKing ocrenTs. among young pecoie.~
    5rc;-e-s cnz: sisters nave ::r ever more arCMC7:C
    inLe-ce. 26~.,:~-. znddrer =cke ~ec-jicny 7' c7
    Would a ban on cigarette
    iecs: --,7e z;rcvner cr sister srnoez, cna ~_-niv P-: advertising stop young people
    smc<e -cne s, -neir sii--::ngs srnOKeC smoking?"
    ù Tine _----verrimerifs Cnie; %Aedicci
    Dr le-~rerr Caimcn. was z:sxec: wnviher No. The evidence strongly
    demonstrates that it would not.
    ..o~,=_o coverisirc encourcaec cnnaen -.c
    cui%~rc: ar,6:-'s c1sc =*ut nierc-niiv crc
    = , 0 in 1989 the Children's Resetorcm ~~r:7 -:rcCUcea
    the -crsc? --no -. lends cnc -neir ccolleag~jes arc a 16-country study or the Derceivec rote -or
    pecc!e -ney toikc All or 7nor kind ---,'Peer
    covertising and other -actors on juveni,e
    pres---re sc:rrenrres increases Smoking smoking initiation Theauthorscorc:ucecthot
    theor comparison oroided vi ong eicence tho:
    0 M Rece-- =n= sigriiic--n- rese-crcri vucies -nicri "ccverTi5ing picys a negi:cibie ro!e on -he
    -ernWe-C 10 eSTCO!1S- T,
    rI-ve Z; . z: zonrec:~on initiation of smokinq by the yourc." CRU
    Detwee,~ c6ver-ising and by -niicirer - at personal c-j i
    study esabiished h - I rios:ry. as we:;
    have fafled to do so. 7~-;s :s !rTe as.amily and peer influences, were -~ -rrnininc
    O~ Z~';' '~AC:)OrC~dr a rreroer ct' -,he McrXe, fcc!ors irrespective of whether me young are
    Rese-arc- has ocubi.sneci C~iidre_.-
    exposed 'a cigarete advertising :r nz;-. A;1 16
    Sr-.CK:r.C --nc Acvertisina A review o; -he n
    reocirted a similar overwi eirning
    resec-cn evi- ence wnic- s On cc~iec-.;ve irrocct of personci. sociat an--' cc-jiturc; inrivences
    assessr-e-:r ci rnariy of tne s-.uciies on 'he subiec- on iuvenile smokinc :n;-;ciion.
    Uri
    C'Y\
    2
    BATCo document for Legal Services Health Canada 21 October 1999

    




    The study concluded- " The factors , Does the presence of tobacco
    accounting tor smoking initiation advertising in the UK
    were observed to be largely unrelated overpower health education
    to the presence or absence of and devalue the Voluntary
    advertising, and to its level of control."' Agreement system?"
    E-!%,-:ce,~:e czc- ::emcrsucies tnc, No. The Voluntary Agreement
    system is one of the most
    Z:Ove'!~Sor'C -C' r= '~C eleC7 On',-.e
    ,~c-ce,cc z, oy zn,,c-en: comprehensive of its kind in Europe,
    and helps to meet the
    Government's health education
    Denmcr, -nere =-verilsina,spermirted) over objectives without the need for
    c 2,0-veo. oe,:od ti~,e number o-. young peoPie a ban.
    SMOK!f):: ncs 7Oiier -~rr 38-~:-= To 20.9'o (c
    -,uniie --e n-Lir,6--s oi cclults
    uncroncieci at
    0 Tobacco advertising ir the UK is srictly
    '991
    cnc .3,
    conTrolle--4, ponicuiorly with reccrc *~o chilcrer,
    n'V'-es- ~,-ere cc -e--isinq was through the Voiun-,=..-yAgreemen! or) tc I bcc--o
    , 1 ".7 yec- aid odvertisinc  between the Tcacccc~
    nurrc-?, 0. . I
    srroke.--;'e `,orr 57:- ~r~ 197-- TO 3 2'. i n I C.~901- incustry cr,.-- the I JK Governmern, !his
    Acireemeri-,nas te-n ir. torce since 19-17
    :n Finicric. SMOKin-- OrnOnq 1 2-11 8 Year olds had and has Deer recvicdy revised rinrouqk
    negotiations with Government - -,as' recentiv
    oeen oec,;n -~: snc:.-z;:v oetore c;r,. covernsinc ;n Januc-,., * 992. cris is incieoenc:entiy
    on wc:s rnccse-- ",7E. ~-;niversi-,,y Or
    monitorec.
    e: S Irl K. eze=-c77er3 7:,inc mc.- since tne Dan.
    crr:-c :ee,=:ers ncc increasec arc
    o, !r- nercer-.coe a . c::iiy teenage 0 Jnder tne provisions c- ~ne Voiur-cry
    s- nO'Ke,s wcs -no~ wne-, the . oar, come Agreemer.!, no toocc---- ociverrising or o,rc-notion
    nt~ e;:- is direcie~ at onycie under The ace Or 18
    Competitions cr.6 crornational c~ers are ocien
    Only to SMOKerS CC:L'-. I ' '-i cnci ove-.
    ~ stucv in -ne lOurrc. :~- -n-- Norwecicr Medica:
    Associcric- ir '9c`~a -eoor7ec -hci~ an The Agreemen: orovices s3ec4rc ::onrrz;-s wkic~ cover:
    advertising ban hod no discernable
    effect on the incidence of smoking in
    - i ne content, tone Ona srvie o. oavemsing
    Norway.
    (throuch strict comoiicnce with tne UK
    Tire ouno-s :onc:jc:ec: +,c: 'ever,. inovgF. the Adveni5inc Standards Authority's Code or
    Practice ro;r T obocco Advertising), and the
    ow to soi: -=o-ccc ccverns;ng has 0
    pre-clecrance a- o':.: prooosedciccrette and
    -necrinc: z;- c~nteri! -e zzriri~:7 see Mat it has handroMitic tobacco ccvertiseme-s by the
    -ne scle or use of
    Authority
    Lri
    G"I~
    3
    BATCo document for Legal Services : Health Canada 21 October 1999

    




    e rec:c ;n wnicn covemsinq Is nerrritrec: - ccste, ~:gorer!e :;r= riar-crc :na 'ccc::::~;
    =cver!isements. r -e UK, 7re neoai~. -crnirc;
    sz~ec:nc -ererence to crinarer, ~::nc yo-ung
    ,.women :;c-_curts
    ior 1 7 f ~ or tne z_-ccc cre-- ot ecc-
    oress crd oposter ::averriserren, This ecu--!es -c
    4ee ~,eaitih on adver- -.r-C worn jowcrc~
    7e ricjs~n~ s exoce,~aiiure or
    =verns-nq Sir' C I0 million eccr year
    i he p-eriormonce o7 flne UK :o~occo iri~:usrry
    T ois
    Ine SiTing or advertising in reiction -c scric
    cma chiicrer. s play --recs. ina . er the Voiunrc:ri Agreement is monircire-6 by
    c: control committee (COMA i AS) representing
    7 Government DeDatments or-' 'he incusry,
    , ne neclih warnings to be applied' 7o advertsiric:
    under on inci . eoencent Chcirmor appointed by
    Ministers of State.
    manucvurers' prorri activities.
    All pLbiic corri on the JIK tobccz:o
    0 "We Maintain one of the most
    ricustry s coverising anc: oromoTionc: cvivaies
    advanced, long standing, c:re naivic I ually excirri --v tne Committee.
    comprehensive and effective systems of
    voluntary controls over tobacco i ne --nairmcrt issles an annual repor-on -tie
    Zornmittee's proceedings -c me Secrerary ox
    advertising in Europe." Virginia
    Bottomley, Secretary of State for Stcfe -or He&th wnich is :~uoiisiried 6y me
    Health. (22-10.92) Government.
    in ~is ~1 PIP3 repcr: the C.'ric:-mon, Sir onn
    4. recen- survey oy eading economemc:~:n Blelic-c, KCB, . scic: "What has been said
    micricei Stewart. "The EFec: oi A-werTis'na Bons
    T - CD before about the commitment of all
    ~-r cCc-c-Co ~onsum.pyion ;n OE-'-1 Ccumries." members to the letter and the spirit of
    ccon6ucies -.hot in those OECD countries with
    Ccivertising bans, the !evei air SMOking increcsec: the Agreement still holds true."
    oy on overcge 3.8 % ai~ter ~he bc:ns were
    mciosed . orrolaints on -ne sDecinc conien* c; c,.;cc-_:
    advertisements are consicierec: by tre
    Stewart postulates trial, wrtereas tobacco Advertising Stcnccrds Authcrity - vv~,;.--.
    c 'ver-isernenTs themselves have no ei~ec- on the monirors advertising of everv descr;_-_-r. in
    -eve; or Smoking, it is entirety pass; , oie firict the the UK.
    reminder e,.'Tec: of the health warnincs in
    adver. rerrerti on the level E Figures from the Office oi Pcoulaticr Z2risuses
    - fising may cc; cis a de
    smoking. ~The absence of health e-~ucarcn crc Surveys (OPCS) show hot, wn e he -eve'!
    at smoking by I 1- 15 year oidi secorazry sc~,.oc,
    messages (in the torm a., covernmentneolth
    warnings) on advertisernenTs could well be children has rerncined more or less s-.c:-ic over
    r I ` the last, two years. over the long ,Ier-r -rere I nas
    .esponsibie -or'he subsequent uoturr ir
    r Ic
    smoking, incidence. been . a drop in me prevoience a' 1 5 yec.- a'
    reqL;iar and occasional smokers.
    a Under 'he terms orthe Voluntary Agreement.
    the Government health ed-L;co;ion messcce is
    reinforced through c: Government health Ln
    warning, which must appear on oil press and C:~
    4 L14
    1 A
    U1
    BATCo document for Legal Services : Health Canada 21 October 1999,

    




    Are the numbers of children How much do children spend
    smoking in the UK increasing. on cigarettes?"
    0 " 0"
    No. Over the long term, the
    prevalence of children claiming to It is virtually impossible to produce
    smoke has fallen, according to an accurate estimate and the TMA
    official Government figures. is unaware of any reliable,
    independent research data which
    would assist in doing so.
    0 :)u-ina the icst eicn- yec:~s t . ne number of
    cniidreri ciairring To smoke ieil by 5 percentage
    zc;~ nts in -Erioanc ;Dercemage points in WcIes M The decline *:n trie n,:: nu-~ I cier a I second . ary
    znc -~ oercenToce ociin.
    .,s ir Scvland. schooi chilcrer c;c:-:nc -~c smoke between
    1982 and 1992 -ec,%s --z:: smoking by this
    M I- s war-,-. noiinq -7c- ")e OPCS/Go~ernment group equcres in wrns to around 1 % a-
    '.--jcry P,ciectio7-s c:isc show a cecline oi 17'. "ne Tom: UK -r,.cr-(e7 - . 11is is ecluivoient, to a
    --)e numoer oi JK sezonocry school chiidren no-,:onol retci: vo:~= c-:-~:nc Z05 miihon eac~,
    ae--eer so me actual numbers a- year, such c vci-.;z- -c- -cicvive or how much
    sz-:)o cndorer W'~o :=:7n !0 SMOKe nos cnildren c--%:--1iy c- ztcoemes.
    36~c oerween 1984-1992
    M 7 he latest 1902 e--ecrcn data ' continues
    Percentage smoking cigarettes To CcnT1r(-. ::7--: -- ::,S- =7z:;n c:goreties -o-~
    paren!s. s:D~'~ngs c:-:: e-::s, on- tnoTmis
    ~ cno,ae con?mues :c De c t =- 7.ZC:-~: SOU.-Ce Or 5UC;:)1y,
    5 --ji~ o preciseiv
    vs -it-louch one W- :
    cuanTiiv - wnicr~ w-. s impossible 7c
    provice ez~---r c =e estimate a,-
    z
    rea: expenc;rure o. or c;~crertes.
    in ins =-e -s Dose6 uDor cvc ir:cbe~ W - 2
    3 tr S-oKsnc c~on= st~onoorv 5cnooi chddren in 1992
    We n=ve zace-- rne *to: eou;or We6eciov
    cs = c-;iz si-o-c 1.-~refnor 0,ec;oorelte c -~k) on6
    -:-=S1oiC- -.-DKers.:- =o~ -~L,.vs -nc gir:s cnd compoe6 I ~;94
    5 (3~1
    (z
    BATCo document for Legal Services : Health Canada 21 October 1999

    




    "Some research suggests that
    children sti 11 believe cigarettes -==a -r:s en C , I e--
    a c e. OL,: a in no Z. ~!1:5
    are advertised on television (via
    sports sponsorship by tobacco ecz -nem tovse crrlccs~. s
    companies). Is this proof that -anr :o ~or c+e.- -ecsz~-s
    the Voluntary Agreement does
    not afford adequate protection?" Does the tobacco industry do
    little to prevent children from
    U "
    No. The Voluntary Agreement buying cigarettes?-
    strictly regulates the promotional
    activities of tobacco companies. It is The UK tobacco industry has played
    one of the most comprehensive a major role in ensuring retailers
    systems of its kind in Europe. are aware of the laws on sales of
    cigarettes to under- I 6's.
    R Jraer tMe Volunrcrv Acr
    , eerrenron5cor-
    S=nsorshi.n. toboC-_C S.DonSo. ShiP Qf 5PO.:B is 0 'e :ncustry has spen- -ncre :nan :3 Mill'on -c
    circnibired wriere -*ne majority or ocrric:c:::r:s e-coL;rcce and sunoor- -ne ow prchibitir~a sc!cs
    nerniners or the cu&ence =e under 6 _Scec_o -_;careltes 'a uncer c s. Researcir. inc,ccres
    %)ies are cisc, icid down ;n order -,a corl;,~: -~.e .1c. over 80% oi cniicrr ;n -he 8-15 cge
    c7ount or ~_,orc ou, iiciry which is allowec at =no over 909'o of cmicren ir. +.e 12-15 cce
    sp,onsorea events. The UK tobacco ore now aware -ne ow on scles -c
    industry adheres to these rules and its cren. Awareness among retailers is
    performance in this. respect is virtually universal. -- ::-,:;cren under 16
    independently monitored. tooacco,orocuc-s tris ~s c mcrrer -..c:-
    enforcement by :re =c=r;=-e aurnorwe--
    0 Tne oint monitcrirc nor wilhin the :~o~er to erroce
    mccie re. , erence in its secono -eoc.; a CW and neither snc~:-i - ae
    nceoencent resec,,c.-,, s-ucy which ;.t ~laa
    commissioned %-, exc-rine nciustrY Prcc--- 7 P93 OPCS reccr- srows --!C7 since
    .-micol soonsore,_4 evems. The Committee cercentage points
    ~er - - 3, vecr c
    concluded that the companies involved z-,--ren hove triec ro o,:-v cic-cre-es forr snccz
    at these events had adhered strictly to Vcreaver the numaer or I I ~1, 5 year o;cs bei r
    the rules laid down in the Voluntary 'e'-sed d9cret-es. ir snz;:,,s -~cs r~_--ecsec . ov C
    Agreement. : ze-zentage points since 11 C86
    3 Co;in McDoncic' ic;ees T ~cs been succestecf -r! "Q93, the industry gave everv assistcrce
    that sponso. s~.ic suc- -.s :hct of Em-,--ssv or Johr --e'Depcoment oi Hewn in -o-ice.
    Player Specioi cssocic-es. . he brand ncrre with etcilers which deciate rhatr%e low fcolcs -e
    on ctt-ocive sPcr- ~r wii6 c~ticiren are -.,z:,-- sf tobacco procuc-s tc ~xce, 1, 6's. '.;,ese
    interested. and -netr orocelsi---v -,a recocnise the were distribwed to remilers, w'-ciesolers c;rc:
    brand name trarn oic%;,es -- -he even- :zs.- and corry cuners
    zlercre -re -nole-e-z-
    oemonstrates tnc; =-e cited in Clouse _' or -re C- 'cen c-c .
    --,no Persons (Pro!ec:,cn Tioccc=
    We can ecs;iy acce.c.-rcl 6ildrer- -.vc!zr ond
    enjoy motor rcc:rg ono -ctice the brcra
    assoc.crion. crc even ee crateful' -c --~e entiry
    ON
    r-:)
    . BATCo document for Legal Services : Health Canada 21 October 1999

    




    C 0 N C L U S 1 0 N
    The reasons wny cnildren, or inceeC odu'Js, start to
    smoke are cornp;ex. The ove-whe!,,-ninc evidence,
    however, ooi.-.-,s m the direction 7,., ra=rs such as
    personci curicsiry and forniiy --r Peer group
    influences, There is no convincing evidence to
    show that robacco, advertising i~ a factor in
    smoking initimon and this is fir.-.)'iy supported by a
    wealth or inde pendent and outhoritcfive data.
    Emotional claims to the contrary are
    simply wrong - no matter how sincerely
    their advocates may believe them to be
    true.
    The UK ciocccc manufacturers are united in their
    appositicn *c underage smokina. SMCking i's on
    adult Pjrs-~i-, and should remain c matter For
    ir.~ormed and aciuit cncice.
    A P P E D x
    C~ ::~e, 5~cr- 5moking `~FCS CQ! ~ ' V
    a - iz ~ z‡~.
    s ? - Dr Kenre-~
    .ec:~nd::~, --i.i iren in 109-, :C~7-
    caimcr, - Zrce:c ~Œc.con s Drivetirne News:c~k, 28-~ €2
    -Ici ci .
    -z: , lriternotjorc! icu. ---ve-tis:rc ,
    Voiurre '14 z, 3, i 993) ' Seroier: --, 9crerien Korisurn rn
    Jugencc~,e- 1 Chiidrer s Resec-z- Unit sru.-v on juveni;e,
    Smckinc Acvertisinq, 1 C~Q - ~~oi;uc C~rnnib(;s 1 ‡l;c
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