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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 16 April 1999

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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 16 April 1999

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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 16 April 1999

EXAMINATION OF TWO VERSIONS OF
VISCOUNT CIGARETTES (EX
LABORATORY REPORT NO. L. 553 RESTRICTED
24.10.1977
AUTHORS: J. W. P. Phelpstead
H. G. Horsevell
ISSUED BY: D. J. Wood PROG. REF. 33.06.24
DISTRIBUTION:
Dr. S. J. Green Copy No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Dr. 1. W. Hughes if 7
Dr. R. A. Sanford 8, 9
R. M. Gibb, Esq. 10
R. S. Wade, Esq. 11, 12, 13
R. C. Nicholls, Esq. 14, 15
Harr E. Rittershaus 16
Dr. F. Seehofer 17
Mr. A. J. Kruszynski 18
Dr. C.J.P. de Siqueira 19
Dr. D. G. Felton 20
Library 21, 22
COPY NO. C--
LA
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 16 April 1999

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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 16 April 1999

Group Research & Development Centre,
British-American Tobacco Co. Ltd.,
SOUTHAMPTON.
JWPP/HGH/RA/1 24th October, 1977
EXAMINATION OF TWO VERSIONS OF VISCOUNT CIGARETTES
(EX CANADA)
(Laboratory Report No. L. 553 Restricted)
SUMMARY
Two versions of Viscount cigarettes from Canada have been examined.
The low deliveries of smoke constituents from these cigarettes can
be attributed to:
1. the choice of tobacco,
2. the high porosity of the cigarette paper,
3. the high filtration efficiency of the filter,
4. the high ventilation of the filter tips.
The two latter features make the greatest contribution to the reduction.
The ventilation of the Ultra Light version is particularly high,
76% of the puff vol- from the unlit cigarette consists of air drawn
in through the ventilation holes during puffing.
oil/water partition results suggest that a moderately low carbon
Ioff flavour" should be perceived.
From the pore data available the carbon used in the filters has
been tentatively identified as Pica 60143.
The tobacco blend used in the Ultra Light version contains an
unusually high proportion of CRS.
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-2-
INTRODUCTION
Viscount No. I Ultra Light cigarettes have been launched nationally
in Canada recently. in examination of these cigarettes together with
Viscount cigarettes was carried out to compare deliveries of a range of
smoke constituents and to explain how the claimed deliveries have been
achieved. The exami .nation included the physical construction of the
cigarettes and filters.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Physical Examination of the Cigarettes
A comparison of the physical properties of the two cigarettes is
shown in Table 1. The most interesting features are as follows:
(a) The dimensions of the cigarettes, tippings and filters are
not unusual, for king size cigarettes. However, for both
cigarettes, the overwrap is longer (10 mm) than is normally
expected. Most commercial cigarette brands have a 4-5 mm
overwrap. This extra length of overwrap may have been used to
give the impression that a longer filter has been incorporated
in the cigarette butt.
(b) The cigarette paper (Verge) used for Viscount has a fairly low
porosity. Thus the manufacturer has not taken advantage of
paper porosity to reduce woke deliveries. However, a high
porosity naturally porous paper has been used on Viscount No. 1
Ultra Light to reduce smoke deliveries.
(c) Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light has a white tipping made from a
naturally porous base paper having a porosity of 800 WT units*
which has been mechanic-ally perforated to a porosity of
Wiggins Teape units cm3 per 10 cm2 per 100 mm W. G. per minute.
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4,500 WT units cid-1 of perforated band. T@ese perforations
consist of 9 rows of holes in a band 6 mm wide starting 11 mm
from the tobacco end of the tipping. There are 11 holes per
cm length of row. It should be noted that the holes have not
been made cleanly and some are partially blocked. The adhesive
(PVA type) has been applied in register to give an unusually
wide dry line (approximately 10 mm wide) in the area of the
perforations. The seam is sealed throughout the length of the
filter. Measurements made in the laboratory show that 76% of
the puff volume is air drawn through the filter ventilation
holes.
Viscount has a white naturally porous tipping which has been
perforated to a lesser degree than for Viscount No. 1 Ultra
Light (2,950 WT units cm71 compared with 4,500 WT units). These
perforations consist of 5 rows of holes in a band 3 mm wide
starting 13.5 mm from the tobacco end of the tipping. The
spacings of the holes are similar to those for Viscount No. I
Ultra Light. These holes have not been made cleanly, as for
Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light, nor is the dry line clear, in fact
it may well have been omitted. measurements show that 39% of
the puff volume is due to air drawn into the filter via the
ventilation holes in the tipping. This is approximately half
that achieved in Viscount No. I Ultra Light and corresponds to
the difference in the area of ventilation, i.e. 9 rows versus
5 rows of ventilation holes.
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Tobacco Blend
The results of the tobacco bland analyses are given in Table 2. The
high content of both total and reducing sugars in each blend indicates
the use of flue-cured tobaccos in both versions of the cigarette.
A notable difference between the cigarettes is the higher level of
nicotine in the Viscount tobacco (1.78%) compared with that in the tobacco
of Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light (0.84%). Microscopic examination of the
tobaccos indicates that the blend consists of la-ina 60.5%, CRS 33% and
RTS 6.5% in the Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light while that of Viscount is
composed of lamina 75Z, CPS 19.52, RTS 5.5%. The RTS (reconstituted
tobacco sheet) is of the PCL type produced by a band process. No evidence
of puffed tobaccos was found.
Filter Construction
Both Viscount and Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light have ventilated dual
filters consisting of black cellulose acetate tobacco sections containing
activated carbon granules and white cellulose acetate mouth sections
(Table 3 and Figures I and 2). Filters from both cigarettes are of
similar overall weight (Table 3). The pressure drop of each filter is
similar when the ventilation holes are covered. However, when the
ventilation holes are open Viscount No. I Ultra Light has a lower pressure
drop than Viscount. This is due to the increased number of ventilation
holes in Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light. The sections have been combined
using highly porous filter wrappers.
The dual filter wrapper in the Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light filter is
a naturally porous paper, which is unusually thick and has a porosity of
70,000 WT units. The porosities of the plugwrap papers used to wrap the
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carbon containing section and cellulose acetate mouth section are
60,000 WT units and 1,500 Wr units respectively-
In Viscount, the dual filter wrapper in a high porosity paper
(94,000 WT units). This is higher than that used in Viscount No. I Ultra
Light and it is slightly thinner. Similarly, the porosity of the plugwrap
used to wrap the carbon containing section is very high (92,000 Wr units)
to ensure efficient use of the ventilating holes in the tipping. The
plugwrap covering the cellulose acetate mouth section has a fairly low
porosity (500 Wr units).
For both filters, the tobacco sections are of similar length, weight
and pressure drop. The tobacco section from Viscount cigarettes contains
a small amount of plasticiser (Triacetin) which has probably transferred
from the mouth section. The tobacco section from Viscount No. 1 Ultra
Light contains no plasticiser, which has often been noted in Philip Morris
cigarettes. The tobacco sections from both brands contain a similar
weight (approximately 60 mg) of granular activated carbon interspersed
within the tow.
The surface structures of the carbons are similar and the scanning
electron micrographs, Plates I and 2, are typical of coconut shell carbons.
The total pore volt-as of the carbons from both brands, determined
by mercury intrusion porosimetry (1), are quite similar, 236 1MM3 for
Viscount and 268 =3 for Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light.
The pore volume distributions for the carbons from the two Viscount
brands are shown in Table 4 with the distributions of Pica 60143,
Darko 12 x 60 and the carbons from the filters of Baronet, Astor Super
Suave (Venezuela) and HAUS BERGMANN (Germany) for comparison. The
C=0
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simplified pore size distribution classif ication system (1) shows that
all these carbons are similar.
Comparison of graphs of the pore size distributions (Figures 3, 4
and 5) suggests the greatest similarity with the Pica 60143.
The white cellulose acetate mouth CMI) sections from both Viscount'
cigarette f ilters are similar. Both mouth sections are plasticised with
triacetin. However, Viscount No. I Ultra Light has 50% more plasticiser
than Viscount. This may be due to an increase in plasticiser to give a
firmer mouth section to the filter. Alternatively, since the sample of
Viscount cigarettes examined was older than the sample of Viscount No. 1
Ultra Light, transfer of plasticiser to the tobacco section of the
filter and the tobacco rod may have taken place in the case of Viscount.
It has been shown that the cellulose acetate tobacco (IT') section in
Viscount cigarettes contains a small amount of plasticiser, therefore
plasticiser transfer seems the more feasible reason for the difference
in plasticiser content in the mouth section of the two cigarettes.
It is of interest to note that the pressure drop of the tobacco
(IT') section in both cigarette filters is approaching the maximum
useful value for a cellulose acetate filter. Also a low pressure drop
cellulose acetate mouth section has been used. This results in a higher
reduction of all smoke constituents than if the two filter sections were
of similar pressure drop as the amount of ventilation through the filter
is greater when a lower pressure drop W section is used.
The physical characteristics of the filters indicate that, apart
from the increased ventilation in Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light compared
with Viscount, the filters are similar in construction.
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DELIVERIES AND FILTRATION EFFICIENCIES
The deliveries of various smoke constituents from both Viscount
and Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light are shown in Table 5. The cigarettes
were smoked to the CORESTA standard butt length (filter + 8 mm of
tobacco rod). Both brands are low delivery cigarettes, the Ultra Light
version has particularly low deliveries of TPM, nicotine and carbon
monoxide.
The low deliveries have been achieved by a combination of low
delivery tobacco rods with high efficiency filters and ventilation.
To determine the contribution of each of these factors, the deliveries
were determined for cigarettes with and without the filters and with
and without filter ventilation.
Tobacco Rod Deliveries
The deliveries of the tobacco rods without filters (Table 6) are
in the middle to low range for flue-cured cigarettes. The deliveries
of TPM, nicotine, Total Volatile Aldehydes and carbon monoxide from
Viscount No. I Ultra Light are lower than those from Viscount. The
lower deliveries may be attributed in part to the more porous cigarette
paper used on the Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light (560 versus 119 Wiggins Te-ape
units*). The differences in TPM to nicotine ratios 19:1 versus 30:1 for
the Viscount and Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light, respectively, may be attributed
in part to the differences in the nicotine content of the tobaccos -
(Table 2). It is not clear why the nitric oxide delivery is higher for
the Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light than for the Viscount.
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Filtration Efficiencies
In order to determine the filtration efficiencies of the filters,
ventilation through the filters was eliminated by sealing the ventilation
holes in the tipping. Filtration efficiencies were then calculated
using the deliveries of the sealed cigarettes (Table 7) and of the
tobacco rods without filters (Table 6).
It can be seen (Table 8) that the filtration efficiencies for the
filters of both brands are substantially the same, as would be expected
from the close similarity of their physical properties. The filtration
efficiencies for TPM are in the range predicted from the length$, pressure
drop and types of the filters. The relatively lower filtration
efficiencies for nicotine are usual for this type of filter. The
filtration efficiencies for Total Volatile Aldehydes suggest that
moderately active carbon has been used in the filters.
Reductions Due to Ventilation
The reductions of the smoke deliveries due to ventilation (Table 9)
were calculated from the deliveries of the cigarettes with and without
filter ventilation (Tables 5 and 7). The deliveries of the smoke
constituents have all been significantly reduced by the filter ventilation.
Those of the Viscount No. I Ultra Light are reduced by approximately
twice as much as those of Viscount. The greater reduction in deliveries
is attributable to the greater ventilation of the Ultra Light version.
As stated earlier, the air entering the filter via the ventilation
holes in the tipping during puffing was measured in the laboratory using
unlit cigarettes, 76Z of the puff volume was drawn through the vents in
Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light compared to 39% of the puff volume in Viscount.
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These figures are in complete agreement with the relative reductions
shown by the deliveries.
The deliveries of TPH, nicotine, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide and
Total Volatile Aldehydes are reduced by the reduced puff volume as a
result of the filter ventilation. In addition carbon monoxide and nitric
oxide deliveries are also reduced by the enhanced diffusion of these
gazes through the cigarette paper during the increased residence time in
the cigarette, caused by the filter ventilation. As noted previously
(2) the relative amounts of CO and NO removed depends upon the degree of
ventilation. The reductions of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide obtained
for these cigarettes are in agreement with the previous findings.
Overall Reduction of Deliveries by the Filter
The overall reductions in deliveries due to the filters (filtration
plus ventilation) are shown in Table 10.
The reductions of all of the smoke constituents are high for both
brands. The greater reductions shown in the deliveries from the
Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light are entirely attributable to the greater
ventilation of its filter tip.
Oil/Water Partition
The oil/water partition profiles for both versions of Viscount
cigarettes were determined both with and without the filters. The
ratios of the amounts of phenols to pyridines as measured in this technique
which are used as indicators of the degree of carbon 'off flavour' (3)
were low for the unfiltered cigarettes (0.69 and 0.77 for Viscount and
Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light respectively). The corresponding ratios for
the cigarettes with filters without ventilation were 1.91 and 1.71
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respectively; these ratios suggests that a slightly reduced value for
the carbon 'off flavour' might be expected for these cigarettes when
compared to cigarettes with filters containing IIF3 carbon*. The amounts
of phenols and pyridineB obtained with the ventilation present were so
mall that it was felt inadvisable to attempt to draw conclusions as to
:he degree of carbon-'off flavour' that would be perceived with the
ventilated cigarette..
CONCLUSIONS
The low deliveries of smoke constituents from both versions of Viscount
have been achieved by using high efficiency filters combined with high
ventilation and low delivery tobacco rods. The filtration efficiencies
of the filters from both versions are substantially the same. Therefore
the greater reduction-in the deliveries of the Viscount No. 1 Ultra
Light cigarettes is due to the much higher ventilation-of the filter tips.
The ratios of phenols to pyridines obtained by oil/water partition
analysis suggest that a moderate carbon 'off flavour' might be expected.
From the Porosimeter results the carbon used in the filters has
been identified as similar to Pica 60143.
REFERENCES
1. BAT Report No. RD. 1482 Restricted, 23.5.77.
2. BAT Report No. RD. 1471 Restricted, 28.3.77.
3. BAT Report No. RD. 1330 Restricted, 24.2.76.
MF3 is a coconut shell based carbon supplied by Chemviron Ltd.
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 16 April 1999

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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 16 April 1999

TABLE 1
PHYSICAL MEASUREMENTS OF VISCOUNT AND
VISCOUNT NO. 1 ULTRA LIGHT CIGARETTES
Viscount Viscount No. I
Ultra Light
Total Length (MM) 94 84
Total Weight (g) 1.15 . 1.09
Total Pressure Drop (mm W.G.) ill 80
Tobacco Rod Weight (g) 0.89 0.86
Tobacco Rod Length (MM) 64 64
Filling Density (mg/cm3) 286 269
Paper Porosity (CM3/10 cm2/100 mm W. G. /min) 119 562
Length of Tipping (mm) 30 30
Porosity of Tipping* (CM3/10 CM2/100 mm W. G. /min) 2,950 4,500
Length of Overwrap (mm) 10 10
Circumference (MM) 24.71 24.89
These figures must be viewed cautiously as they were obtained on samples
that had been detached from the cigarettes.
TABLE 2
TOBACCO BLEND ANALYSIS (DRY WEIGHT BASIS)
Total Reducing Total Moisture
Nicotine Sugars Sugars Content
Alkaloids (2) (2)
(Z)
Viscount
1.78 12.9 16.7 11.8
Viscount No. 1 Ultra
0.84 11.7 14.4 13.3
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TABLE 3
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FILTERS
Viscount Viscount No. I
Ultra Light
Whole Filter
Type Ventilated dual Ventilated desal
with carbon with carbon
Length (MM) 20 20
Weight including tipping etc. (n) 242 248
Pressure Drop - Ventilation dpen (mm W. G.) So 65
Ventilation closed (mm W. G.) 93 98
Ventilation - Inflow as percentage (2) 39 76
of puff volume
Porosity of filter wrapper* (CM3110 CM2/10 cm W. C. /min) 94,000 70.000
'H' Section
Material White cellulose White cellulose
acetate acetate
Length W 10 10
Weight (cellulose acetate only) (mg) 61 62
Pressure Drop (mm W.G.) 31 37
Filament cross-section Y Y
Filament Denier (d.p.f. ) 3.5 3.5
Plasticiser Triacetin Triacetin
Plasticiser Content (2) 3.8 5.7
Porosity of Plugwrap* (CM I/ Io C22/10 cm W. G. /min) 500 1,500
'T' Section (with ventilation zone)
Black cellulose Black cellulose
Material cetate with acetate with
acetat granules carbon granules
Length (mm) 10 10
Weight (cellulose acetate only) (mg) 56 58
Weight of carbon granules (mg) 55 61
Pressure Drop (mm W.G.) 62 61
Filament Cross-section Y Y
Filament Denier (d. p. 3.5 3.0
Flasticiser Triacetin None
Plasticiser Content (2) o.2 -
Porosity of Plugwrap* (CM3/10 CM2/10 cm W. C. /min) 92,000 60,000
See footnote on Table I and comments on pages 4-5.
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TABLE 4
PORE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF CARBONS
Pore Vol,-p- Distribution
Total Simplified
Source of Carbon Pore A B C ore Size
Volume 12,065 nm 884 nm 884 nm
(MM,) to 884 nm to 884 nm to 35 M Distribution
(2) (7.) (Z)
Carbons from Cigarette Filters
Viscount 236 27 22 .51 C>A - B
Viscount No. 1 268 30 27 43 C>A - B
Ultra Light
Astor Super Suave 249 29 26 45 C>A - B
Baronet 272 23 22 55 C>A - B
HAUS BERGMANN SELECTA 285 25 28 47 C>A - B
Carbons ex Suppliers
Pica 60143 276 25 25 50 C>A - B
Darko 12 x 60 770 27 21 52 C>A - B
C71%
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TABLE 5
SMOKE DELIVERIES FROM VENTILATED FILTER CIGARETTES
Total Total Total Carbon Nitric
Particulate Nicotine Volatile Monoxide Oxide
Matter. Alkaloids Aldehydes (mg) (11g)
(mg) (mg) (mg)
Viscount.
8.3 0.68 o.4 9.5 18
Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light
1.0 0.1 0.1 o.3 3.0
TABLE 6
SMOKE DELIVERIES FOR VISCOUNT AND
VISCOUNT NO. 1 ULTRA LIGHT CIGARETTES WITHOUT FILTERS
Total Total Total
Particulate Nicotine Volatile Carbon Nitric
Matter Alkaloids Aldehydes Monoxide Oxide
(mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) (us)
Viscount
31.1 1.65 1.32 17.6 60
Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light
20.1 0.67 1.1 12.2 69
Smoking Regime
Puff volume: 35 =3
Puff duration: 2 seconds
Puff frequency: I min-I
Butt length: 8 mm tobacco rod plus filter length.
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 16 April 1999

TABLE 7
SMOKE DELIVERIES FROM UNVENTILATED FILTER CIGARETTES
Total Total Total
Particulate Nicotine Volatile Carbon Nitric
Matter Alkaloids Aldehydes Monoxide Oxide
(mg) (mg) (mg) (mg) os)
Viscount
15.2 1.02 1.0 17.4 54
Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light
8.9 0.41 0.8 12.4 62
TABLE 8
REDUCTION OF SMOKE DELIVERIES DUE TO FILTRATION
(i.e. Ventilation Absent)
Filtration Efficiencies (Z)
Total Total Total
Carbon Nitric
Particulate Nicotine volatil Monoxide Oxide
Matter Alkaloids Aldehyd:s
Viscount
51 38 23 <10 10
Viscount No. I Ultra Light
56 39 27 <10 10
LT
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TABLE 9
REDUCTION OF SMOKE DELIVERIES DUE TO VENTILATION
(i.e. Filtration Absent)
Reduction Due to Ventilation (Z)
Total Total Total Carbon Nitric
Particulate Nicotine Volatile
Matter Alkaloids Aldehydes monoxide Oxide
Viscount
45 33 60 45 67
Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light
89 78 88 98 95
TABLE 10
REDUCTION OF SMOKE DELIVERIES DUE TO FILTER TIP
(i.e. Ventilation Present)
Overall Reductions in Deliveries (Z)
Total Total Total Carbon Nitric
Particulate Nicotine Volatile
Matter Alkaloids Aldehydes Monoxide Oxide
Viscount
73 59 72 46 70
Viscount No. 1 Ultra Light
95 87 92 98 95
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 16 April 1999

I'Au. I L.5!)3 HF-b I KIL, I CU
FILTER WNSTRUCTION VISCOUNT
6
(T) (M)
PERFORATION 5 ROWS 11 14OLES PER cm
0 -5 m m ==21* M M-4
DRY LINE ? 6
4 2
(T) 3 1 (M)
to mm 10 mm il
20 mm
L4 ao mm
1.'M' section:- White Cellulose Acetate 31 mm W.G.
2.'M' section plug wrap:- Porosity 500 W.T. units.
3.'T' section;- Black Cellulose Acetate and Carbon 62 mm W.G.
4.'T' section plug wrap:- Porosity 92,000 W.T. units.
5.Filter plug wrap:- Porosity @4,000 W.T. units.
6.Tipping:- White Tipping 800 W.T. units perforated to 2950 W.T. units earl.
Filtration and Dilution
W.T. units Wiggins Teape units =3 per 10 cm2 per 100 mm W.G. per min.
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 16 April 1999

FIG. 2 L.553 ACSTRICTED.,
FILTER CONSTRUCTION VISCOUNT NO- I ULTRALIGHT
6
5
4
(T) (M)
PERFORATIONS 9 ROWS 11 HOLES PER Cm
6
DRY LINE id min 5
4 z
(T) 04)
10 mm to mm
20 mm
30 mm
IM' section:- White Cellulose Acetate 37 =M W.G.
2. 'M' section plug wrap:- Porosity-1500 W.T. Units.
3. 'Tt section:- Black Cellulose Acetate and Carbon 61 mm W.G.
4. 'T' section plug wrap:- Porosity 60,000 W.T. units.
5. Filter plug wrap:- Porosity 70,000 W.T. units.
6. Tipping:- White Tipping 800 W.T. units perforated to 4500 W.T. units cm7l.
Filtration and Dilution
W.T. unit Wiggins Teape units cm 3 per 10 cm2 per 100 mm W.G. per min. Ur,
cc
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 16 April 1999

L.553 REWRICTED
0
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FORE DAMETER(M) 12,OC05 765 354 177 a5-4 0-7 3-5
d 50 Too Soo Aooo .5,000 10,000 W10,10
APPLIED PRE33URE (psta.)

> FIG. 4 L.553 RESTRICrED
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PLATE 1
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FIG. I L.553 RESTRICTED
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 16 April 1999

PIATE 1
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PIATE 2
CARBON FROM VISCOUNT NO. I ULTRA LIGHT 500
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