R&D Talk to CAC - May 1987
A. L. Heard
This paper considers the Group's current allocation of
resources across broad areas of tobacco R&D.
Following the major changes in R&D organisacton Initiated two
years ago. we have six R&D contras all of which now classify
project activity in a standardEsed way. Thin enables us to
estimate quito reliably the relative effort allocated to various
sub-groups of R&D. W* also have details of external contract
research umdertaken for the six ce
R&D activity across the six centres costs C30 m and the
external supported research costs an additional E1.5 m. Their
total is allocated as follows:
OVERHEAD SLIDE I : DISTRIBUTION OF GROUP R611 EFFORT
Classiftcation Short-medium Long torn
term focussed .uncharted'
R&D Research
I II
R&D aimed at Quality 65% 16Z
Improvement, Cost
Reduction end
Innovative Products
III IV
R&D in respon8a to S&R 12Z 7z
related (Regulatory)
Issues
General consensus suggests that cigarette development will be
ovolutionar- rather than revolutionary and that we can reasonably
plan 5 year; ahead. Consequently, short-medium term research
spans this ;eriod, but of course, is effectively updated annually
(a 'rolling' 5 year programme) In the light of Group management
perception of what either the customer or the Regulatory
Authorities will require.
This presentation will focus on the type of work falling into
categories t-tV and the rationale for the work.
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Category I
The Group has a major effort In this sector. It La highly
arket-orlented and projects are selected either to Increase
market share or to Improve margins. Across the Group we have a
particularly concerted effort on smoke quality improvement with
technical improvements rapidly being transferred to brands, for
instance in USA. Production of satisfactory low density
cigarettes in terms of both physical and subjective properties Is
key co many markets.
Development of our own novel expansion process for tobacco and a
completely new reconstitution process for use of tobacco waste
will generate very significant tost savings for the Group.
In terms of product Innovation we have been successful with
Barclay and, so far, Capri (the ultra-slim) and we are constantly
searching for new products.
CategorT 11
The need for new 'building bricks' for extending our capability to
!:et quality demands etc. La clearly recognised. In this
e*d-corn- area we have work directed towards understanding and
aodifying the snake aerosol properties, a fundamental route to
ts to character. The effective release and transfer of nicotine
tast tobacco to the smoker is a subject of our longer term
research. This important compound contributes not only to the
pharmacological sensations but also to taste and flavour. The
search for new and more effective flavour materials remains key to
our long term needs.
Items I and It have been dealt with briefly. The next two items
need more careful consideration since they are a potential source
of confusion.
Category III
The evolutionary development of the cigarette in response to S&13
issues will be guided by such Regulatory Authorities as the ISC or
the US Surgeon General's Report. We believe our role Is to be
able to have meaningful interaction with such bodies, and, In
practical tocus, to be ready to provide appropriate products.
Thus we must stay closely in touch with such bodies and to son*
extent anticipate their requirements.
Our work In this category is almost entirely conducted internally
since &part from a competence In biological testing. it largely
calls for research an the cigarette itself - selection and
processing of blend, construction of cigarette including paper,
and additives, combustion, filtration and ventilation, and we
believe that SAT Group has the appropriate expertise 'In-house'.
If we are deficient in this area we have a serious problem.
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Some examples of the in-house projects are:
Reduction of scecif ic 'notes'
Of the A,000 or more chemicals Identified in tobacco smoke, there
are hundreds that, It taken in isolation and in sufficiently high
dose, can produce toxic reaction In humans. Which, if any, have
serious consequences in smoke with Its complex physical structure
and its various generally low concentrations, is a trul? open
question. The two key Regulatory Authorities - the Roval College
of Physicians and the US Surgeon General each have commented on
relative importance of groups of chemicals, but in most cases,
they call for further research.
Our approach has been two-f old - Firstly, we have over 20 years
explored means of controlling the formation or selective removal
of those chemicals generally classed as important by Authorities,
viz mitrossaines, aromatic hydrocarbons, phenols , aldeh7des etc.
OVERHEAD SLIDE : OTHER NOXAE
The complex list of possible toxic components in smoke appears to
present as much confusion to the Authorities as to the Industry
when trying to prioritise. We are aware that at a recent US
Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists a scheme was
outlined for classifying nozaa an the basis of their Threshold
Limit Values (defined as the concentration for a normal 8 -
working day/40 hour working week to which nearly all workers any
be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect).
This may form a sensible basis for prioritizing compounds.
A quite different approach to reducing those components that
concern the Authorities is to go for blanket reduction through
major smoke modifications rather than aim at at selective
reduction. The first approach of lowering all deliveries (tar,
nic, etc.) by filtration/ventilatLon appears to have run Into
controversy due to arguments about compensation.
Current pointers suggest that the Regulatory Authorities will
encourage a move to cigarettes with lower tar but normal nicotine
deliveries.
OVERHEAD SLIDE 3: POSS11SLE TRENDS IN CIGARETTE
DELIVERY MODIFICATION
We have research projects exploring the feasibility of making low
tar/hLgh nicotine products. one way depends on breading tobacco
with unusually high nicotine levels. One opportunity for
establtshiat quite radically different leaf is through plant
biotechnology for which we are well placed In SAT Industries.
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Finally, on the subject of smoke toxicity based on likely
ReSulotory standards, it should be mentioned that In our search
for factors affecting the biological activity of smoke one of the
most important findings is that activity is markedly dependent on
cigarette diameter. Capri, the ultra-slim cigarette, recently
launched In US by, z4g, with a circumference of 17 an in contrast
with the normal 24-25 me, has a much reduced activity based on the
Amos test for autagenicity. Whilst we must remember that the
meaning of this test in relation to human toxicology is highly
questionable, based as it is on the fate of bacteria in a
laboratory test condition, the result is important in the event
that biological indices become mandatory. (Interestingly a
similar result was found many years ago in mouse-skin painting
tests, a predictor of cumorigenicity).
OVERHEAD SLIDE 4: AMES RESULTS V. CIRC13MYERENCE
Passive-Smoking
Another issue calling for short term action in response to clear
targets is passive smoking. Dr. Thornton has covered the main BAT
thrust of challenging poor epidemiology. We also have Important
lines of in-house research on this topic.
The first is largely of an inforsation-Sathering nature and
facusses on reliable measurement of ambient smoke concentration
both for particulate matter and for specific chemical components.
At Southampton we have two environmental rooms that are fully
controlled in terms of air temperature and humidity and which can
have complete atmosphere changes at pre-set frequency
(representing different levels of room ventilation. There are
also sampling ports for monitoring chemicals or for subjective
rating of small, eye irritation and so on.
Quite separately, we have looked at *make concentrations in some
typical environments, using some ingenious surreptitious
atmospheric monitoring devices. Results are:
OVERHEAD SLIDES:$
CONVENTRATIONS IN FAMILIAR ENVIRONMENTS
The only satisfactory known means of reducing overall sidestress
yield is to reduce the total weight of tobacco burned. Once again
Capri offers an interesting opportunity since a simple calculation
suggests a 35-40Z reduction in sidestress relative to conventional
84 mu cigarettes. For general purposes, where slim cigarettes
cannot yet be seen as the answer, Increased expanded tobacco
inclusion offers the next best direction providing puff number can
be maintained.
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5
Category IV
Thus far we have considered product evolution In response to S&H
issues. Such activities have reasonably clear targets , are
practical and have some reasonable probability of success - Judged
in terms of keeping abreast of Regulatory requirements.
The key question is whether there exists any more fundamental
approaches to our major S&H issues? What technical avenues exist
for products will not be embroiled in the S&R controversies, of
which causality between cigarette smoking and specific diseases is
key?
Scientific Information currently available suggests few research
directions to follow In terms of cigarette modification. Until we
know that we have a problem and what Lc is, how can we react in a
rational manner? If, for instance, changes to minor components of
smoke were firmly believed by scientific and medical opinion to be
the route to an acceptable cigarette, they would apply strong
pressure on the Industry and we would willingly respond. This Is
not the case.
In our view. the most appropriate fundamental research on S&H
issues approach is to monitor all publications on Smoking & Health
and where information is incomplete, to support further research
at external cencres of excellence. Much of it is focussed on
unravelling mechanisms of disease and the role of various
chemicals in these processes.
External Research
Molecular biology provides the modern medical research worker with
far more precise tools than the crude techniqu*s, mainly limited
to animal studies, of the past. The present-day medical
researcher is beginning to study changes taking place at the
fundamental cell levol and to track the changes including the
incidence of abnormalities that are taking place within the cell.
Not only can we expect medical research to throw light on the
interaction of human cell material with specific chemicals but
also to show at the molecular level the reason for so-called
genetic predisposition of Individuals to various diseases.
OVERHEAD SLIDE 6 : HUMAN CENETICS, R. L. WHITE
It is essential that we are throuShly appraised of such research.
Let's look at same examples of where we sponsor research or have
consulting arrangements with key workers in these areas.
OVERHEAD SLIDE 7+6: MECHANISMS OF DISEASE
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6
Such work may have a variety of outcomes. It may
t. exonerate smoking from key disease processes
Z. point to various components of snake which are
undesirable
3. indicate individuals genetically disposed to disease
4. provide a cure or prevention of such diseases.
Additionally such work should lead to bloassays that have true
relevance to human disease mechanisms-
The final lag of the Group-supported long term research towards
increasing the acceptability of smoking concerns the so-called
'benefits of smoking'. In this area there is little point in
doing 'in-house' research since credibility will be low. In any
event the techniques appropriate to studies of this kind will be
located in universities or Institutes since they will be either
medical or psychological. The 'benefit' most widely publicised is
in relation to Parkinson's disease where smoking is associated
with a reduction in incidence. We are nov pursuing interesting
developments in relation to ulcerative cholitis and Alzheimer's
disease, both of which also indicate signs of -benefits'.
Summary
In summary, we have 802 of our L31.5 a expenditure on R&D
aimed at market-oriented goals. This is generating some visible
achievements for the Group and I believe, at this level of effort,
we are competitive.
On the S&R Issues. I distinguish between activities which are
essential in response to those currently held scientific views
that determine Regulatory requirements and influence consumer
habi to .Specific chemical components and single biological test
standards fall into this category. This accounts for 12% of our
expenditure.
Purposeful long term and truly fundamental research on S&R, in
my view, can only be done in collaboration with medical
scientists/molecular biologists. The majority of our 7%
expenditure La this area is directed at the mechanisms of
diseases. In my view this Ls appropriate currently but say need
to be escalated If any interesting leads are identified.
I hope this talk has given the Impression of a business-like
approach to 140. closely managed and cost-effective. Of course,
our scientists have 'brainstorming' discussions and will
occasionally advance revolutionary Ideas for radical product
modification. One such example Ls based on a aicotina-carrying.
synthetic aerosol. So far there Ls little belief that this avenue
really represents a realistic direction to pursue.
A . Ha a
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Tobacco I
Following the presentations on Legal Issues, on Smoking Issues, and an
Research and Development, delegates will be invited to discuss the
following q4astions:-
1. Are there any new initiatives which the B.A.T Industries Croup should
be taking on:-
(a) Product Liability Issues.
(b) Smoking Issues.
2. The majority of SAT's tobacco R&D resources are being placed behind
short term, market driven and cost reduction, objectives, e.g. Actron,
Ultra Slim, Apex. smoke quality improvement, low cost "pension
processes, etc., and in ensuring an appropriate response to sucking
Issues. Only a very minor part of total R&D resources are spent on
the basic, long term research necessary for more radical product
development. Is the total level of resources J30 million per annum)
adequate, and are the proportions currenclv event an these objectives
correct?
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