A CLOSSART OF TERMS
R-vlzvpLhT TO PRODUCT DESIGN AND DEVELOPah"T
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B.A.T INDUSTRIES P.L.C. - MINNESOTA DEPOSITORY COPY PRODUCED PURSUANT TO VILD. OF
CONSENT JUDGMENT DATED 618198 IN STATE OF ANwEsOTA, ET AL. V. PHXIP MORRIS, ET AL. CASE No. Cl-94-8565
SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS
The modern cigarette represents a very complex system and there
are a ausiber of tersis and ease standard measurements vhlcb are used to
describe It. As &a aide-samoire sod to avoid say confusion and
misunderstanding, a glossary of IOD terms normally associated with
cigarettes is given in the next few pages.
1. AEROSOL
Cigarette smoke is am aerosol, consisting of & dispersion of
minute droplets of liquid TF-1 (q.v.) dispersed In a vapour phase
2. AMR TAST1
The taste sensation which remains in the mouth for a period of time
after smoking.
3.
All-CURED
A TOBACCO TYPE
4.
AIJ"IDS
A cho"cal 'family" of alkaline orgaalc substances, the membors of
which occur naturally in many plants. VicotIna belongs to this
-favdly-.
S.
AMBIM CMITIONS
The conditions in the room and environment in which the analytical
smoking is carried out.
6.
AMBIENT SMOKE
The smoke is a room or IwAlLsed environment. Ambient smoke is &
mixture of sidestre&a smoke and exhaled mainstream task*.
7.
AXELIORANTS
Additives/cbemicals - usually acids or alkalle - added to particularly
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harsh grades or blends of tobacco@ to reduce the irritation.
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8. AMPLITUDE
The overall intensity of the mooke flawour (often called 'total
amouat of taste").
9. AROKA
The fragrance or odour of a material as registered by the no,@*.
10. A"
Residue of Incombustible solids left after combustion.
11. 11ZND (Tobacco)
A mixture of individual tobacco GRADSS (q.T.) of various TOBACCO
TIFFS (q.v.).
12. BLIND TEST
Evaluation of coded samples whose identity is known only to the
investigator.
13. BORN ADDITIVES
Chemicals added to cigarette paper to control the bum rate of the
paper. The additives also reduce paper discolouration on storage
and help prevent ash flaking.
14. BUTT LZN=
The length of unbumt cigarette remaining at the moment the smokinS
process ceases,,
15. CAMBRIDGE FILTER SOLDER
An airtight. chemically Inert, chamber of low dead volume for
holding a filter disc of glass fibre material.
16. CAMRRIDCE FILTER ?AD
A circular pad of glass fibre used to collect the TPH delivered
by a cigarette.
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17. CAUON SONOXIDE - CO
A toxic gas formed during Incomplete combustion, and by thermal
degradation, of organic substances. It is present in smoke and
measured both as a volume concentration (Z) and total delivery
(mg/cle).
is. CASINGS
Materials added to tobacco in the course of manufacturing for the
purpose of influencing the smoking quality of the finished product.
Typical eueples Include sugar, liquorice and cocoa.
19. CELLULOSE ACETATE
It fibrous form, this Is the most commonly used filter material.
A collection of cellulose acetate fibre& (tow) are formed Izzo
filter rods vhich are eventually cut Into cigarette filters (plugs).
20. CIGARETTE BOLDn
The device for holding the butt end of a cigarette during the
smoking process.
21. cLuxim-n"
Any puff taken by a smoking machine after a cigarette has been
extinguished.
22. COAL
The gloving high temperature (800 - 9W'C) xone at the and of a
burning cigarette.
23. COAL XrMHTIOV
Normally, the coal is retained Intact during smoking. Occasionally
coal fall-out occurs i.e. the coal falls from the and of the
cl8arette; this reduce* the coal retention Index when determined
under standard conditions.
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24. COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION (Relative standard deviation)
* mathematical expression of relative degree of variation within
* set of results or date. It is expressed as a percentage acid
Siven by: 100 x Standard Deviation
Average.
25. CONDITIONING
The process whereby tobacco/ciSarettes are allowed to equilibrate
In a specl!led atmosphere.
26. CRW
A vave-like pattern Imposed on, e.g. filter tow or filter wadding.
It increases filling power and Improve filtration efficiency by
increasing the PRESSURE DRO? (q.v.) obtained from a given mass of
material.
27. CIS
Cut Rolled Stem.
29. CURM
A method of drying freshly harvested tobacco leaves In such a way
that the desired qualities are produced In the dried leaf. There
are four main methods of curing, each of which produces a different
TORACCO TM (q.v.)
29. CTTKEL
Synthetic smoking materials manufactured by the Calauese Corporation
of America.
30. DELTA
This Is an assessment technique which is used to evaluate low
delivery products. A number of cigarettes are evaluated ever a
range of product attributes/descriptors using a rating scale. The
'raw' ratings per cigarette are analysed by a statistical method.
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31.
DENI!R
Filament denier is the weight (in grammes) of a single fibre 9,000
eetres Ic length &ad htnce an Indirect measure of !Ibre thickness.
Total denier is the weight (in grammes) of a collection of fibres
(tow) 9.000 metres in leagcb. Reace total demler/filament dealer
lives the number of fibres In the tow.
32.
DENSITT
In the weight of tobacco at a given moisture content per unit
volume erpressed &a mg/c=3 and to sometimes referred to as Nett
Nett Density. When the weight includes the weight of the cigarette
paper and adhesive then the density is referred to as let: Density.
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DIET
A high order expansion process in which lamina is Impregnated with
liquid OD2- chilled and expanded by the rapid release of CD-) on
basting. DIET stands for Dr7 Ice Expanded Tobacco.
34.
DISTRIIII]TION
A term used in statistics to show the pattern of the frequency of
any given occurrence, event or 11"surement.
35.
DRAW RESISTANCE (Pressure Drop)
The value of the pressure drop (expressed In me Water Gauge or
on Water Gauge) between the tw ends of an unlit cigarette or a
filter rod when air is drawn through at a constant flow rate of
36.
DPM
Stands for DRY PARTICULATE KLTTXR which Is equivalent to TPH (q.v.)
minus water in Scandinavia. In Canada DFM to TFM sinus water and
minus nicotine.
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37. DUO-TRIO TEST
This test is a forced choice method and is used to determine
whether two products differ in sty way. lbree samples are
premeDted, two are the same and the third sty b-e different. out
of the Identical samples Is Identified as the "control" and the
subject is required to pick the unidentified sample which is the
same as the *coatrol'.
36. tUCTROSTATIC PUMATION (EF)
A means of obtaining ventilation in cigarette and tipping papers
by forming large numbers of small holes, act easily visible to
the naked eye, by electrostatic means.
39. END STABILITT
A measure of bov well the tobacco in the end of an unlit cigarette
is retained when subjected to a standard shaker test.
40. ESTRON
Trade name (LASTW) for cellulose acetate filter tow.
41. EXPANDED TOUCCO
A term for cut lamina that has been treated by an expansion process
usually DIET (qv) or G-13 (qv).
42. FILLINC DENSITY
See Density.
43. FILLINC Pown
The capacity of a given weight of tobacco to produce a level of
fintoess when used In a cigarette. The filling power of tobacco
is greatly influenced by processing techaques and blend nature.
44. FILTYATION EFFICIENa
Defined as the percentage of awoke, or a material In smoke (e.g.
nicotine) which is retained on a filter plug under steadardLoad
sucking conditions.
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45. FIILE-CUR-VD
A TOBACCO TYPE
46.
VIAVOUR
Sensation caused by any substance, taken in the mouth, which
stimulates the taste and/or smell sense*.
47.
nAVOURS (Top dressing flavours)
Aromatic materials added to tobacco usually at the final stage of
primary manufacture, or more recently during secondary manufacture.
Small quattities of fl&voure are applied In a solvent, usually
alcohol, propylent glycol or water. Typical flavours are Spice
oils, Fruit Oils, etc.
48.
FIZE-CURED
A TOBACCO TYPE (q.v.)
49.
TIIZZ SHOKINC
The condition that exists wbez the butt and of a cigarette is
completely exposed to the atmosphere between successive puffs.
50.
C@13
A high order expansion process In which lamina is Impregnated by
so organic agent, Treov-11 (a Tluorocarboo) and then expanded by
rapid heating.
31.
GWE (Tobacco)
A subdivision of a TOBACCO TYPE (q.v.) based mainly on the position
of the leaf an the stalk of the tobacco plant but also based an
other factors Including ripeness, coloor. texture, quality, etc.
52.
RISTOCRAM
A statistical term given to the plot of frequency versus
characteristic.
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53. HOT COLLAPSE
The tendency of the cigarette or filter to soften considerably when
being smoked.
54. 6VMECrANTS
Additives to the blend - most usually XLycerol and/or propylene
glycol - which assist moisture retention. especially important
in hot climates for packs without overwraps. Not usually used on
flue-cured cigarette* it which high natural sugars perfom & similar
function.
55. IMPACT (00 Inhaling)
& sharp, sudden, bur short-lived sensation which Is experienced
immediately smoke makes contact with the back of the throat.
56. IRRITATION
When used as a taste and flavour term this describes a smoke
tion which usually builds up In the mouth, throat and most and
:::$"away slowly.
57. LEAGUE TABLES
A table produced by a Government Body or Independent Authority
ranking. listing; or grouping the brands on a given market according
to the deliveries of smoke components (FMW, nicotine. carbon
monoxide, and occasionally other smoke constituents).
58. MAUSTREM SMOKE
The smoke leaving the butt end of a cigarette during the smoking
process.
59. MOUTIRFULL OF SMOKE
The Impression of volume or amount of smoke entering the mouth and
occupying the mouth during normal puff taking. A phys1cA1 Impression
and laoc to he confused with any temperatures Irritation or taste
sensations.
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60. NICDTINE
The major ALXALOID (q.v.) in tobacco. Nicotine in cigarecte smoke
Is often expressed as uIlligrazziee of nicotine per cigarette.
Nicotine 11c tobacco is often expressed as & Z- on a dry weight basis.
61. NICOTINE - EXMCTAALZ
The amount of nicotine which dissolves in chloroform when TPM Is
extracted with a mixture of chloroform and water.
62. NITRIC OX:DE-OR OXIDES Of NITROGEN (ROX)
These are toxic gases known to be present in smoke. They are
measured both as a volume concentration (parts per million) and
total delivery (ug/cig).
63. D@MCA METROD
The group standard sensory evaluation method designed to accommodate
a sensory evaluation of all cilarettest irrespective of blend type,
delivery or construction,, It represents a package of attributes
and procedures which can be used during Wred-comparison or somadic
tests to describe both the sensory characteristics of -Igsrettes
and assign intensity ratings to each attribute.
64. OVERTIPPING LEY=
The length of cork or white (or ocher) tipping paper (q.v.) used to
attach the filter to the tobacco rod. The anchorage is the length
of the tipping which overvraps the tobacco rod. Thus anchorage
plus filter length equals overtLppLug length.
65. PASSIVE SWKIAC
Usually regarded an the inhalation, in the course of the breaching
cycle of ambient smoke (q.v.).
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64. EXIMAZZLITY
Is the tendency of the paper to allow air to pass through It.
It is measured as the flow of air (in ca3/21n) which passes through
a given are& of paper when a known pressure drop is applied across
the paper. In the case of cigarette paper. plugvrap and naturally
porous tipping paper, an area of lc*2 Is used at a pressure drop
of l0cm VC yielding perveability in COREST& Units. In the test
of perforated tippings, the flow is measured through a Ice length
of the paper In the perforated region at 10cm WC pressure drop.
65. ?is
Peter J. Schweitter reconstituted tobacco manufactured In the USA
by the Schweitzer division of Kimberley-Clark Products. It Is
made on a paper making machine to various specifications for
cigarette filler and for cigar binder/wrapper.
66. PLUCWRAP
A layer of paper directly enclosing the circumferential face of
the cigarette filter material.
67. ?KW"
Steeds for Particulate Hatter, Vater and Nicotine Free. or TPX
(q.v.) minus water and minus nicotine.
68. P"v SURZ DROP
See Drav Resistance.
69. PRODUCT BRIEF
This is the working document which states In objective terms the
target characteristics (ag smoke deliveries, length. bland style,
caste) of the product which to to be developed. The brief is drawn
up from discussions with key departments within the company
(marketing, product development, leaf. production and purchasing)
and in used to guide product development activities.
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70. FRT
Paper Reconstituted Tobacco. A material derived from tobacco
waste which has beet reduced to a slurry and reconac'tuttd by a
paper making machine.
71. PUFF-BT-.PUFF ANALYSIS
A process whereby the smoke from each successive puff of a cigarette
is collected separately for analysis.
NOT'-: This process rAm also Include the collection of smoke
from a group of cigarettes. In this case the smoke from
each successive puff on one cigarette is bulked with the
smoke from the corresponding puff of ne ozier cigarettes.
72. ?U" DUPATION
The linterval of time during which auction is applied at the butt
end of say one cigarette.
73. Ptr" FREODENCI
The number of puffs In a given time.
74. Fur? Maim
The interval of tlua during which no suctlom is applied at the butt
end of any one cigarette.
75. PUFF NMI=
The number of puffs necessary to smake a cigarette to a specified
butt length.
76. PUFF PROFILZ
A graphical representation of flow rate during the puff duration
as a function of time when saasured behloW the butt end of a
cigarette. It describes the shape of the puff taken eicber by a
smoking machine or the human smoker.
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77. PUFF VOLUME
The volume leaving the butt cad of a cigarette during the puff
duration.
78.
JLEDUCING SUGARS
A group of sugars containedI in tobacco (especially In oriental and
flue-cured). The nano steam from the laboratory method used for
their analysis (reducElon). Glucose and fructose art the only
reducing sugars in cured tobacco. Normally expressed as a ' on dry
weiSht basis.
79.
W@ATIVE EWID177
.he amount of moisture vapour in air relative to the amount required
to produce saturation expressed as a percentage. The RH can greatly
in!luence the moisture content of tobacco and cigarettes.
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RESTRICTV-D SMOZING
The condition that exists when the butt end of a cigarette remains
closed to the atmosphere berween successive puff*.
al.
ROTARY SMOMC XACEINE
A multi-port smoking machine which has the parts arranged
concentrically around a rotatable circular head. Each part is
brought into line vith the single puffing mechanism by the movement
of the rotating head.
82.
RTS
Reconstituted Tobacco Sheet:-- A general term covering all
reconstituted sheet products such as SRT, ?IS and PIT (q.v.)
83.
SRIUMDED STEM
Produced by passing conditioned whole stems through a rotary disc
mill. It can be used in place of CKS (q.v.) or VrS (q.v.) in blends
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84. SIDES7R_rAM SMOKE
The smoke which leaves a cigarette during the smoking process other
than from the butt ead.
$5. SrMn-.AKEOUS SMOKING MACHINE
A multi-channel, multi-port smoking machine which draws a puff
from all port$ at the size point in time.
$6. SMOKE vH
The ter= pR Is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of any
material. Values lie at a numerical scale from 0 to 14, with 7
as the point of neutrality. &cIds below 7, alkalis above. ne
scale is logarithmic and thus smoke of .-S times more
acidic than smoke of pS 6.
$7. SMOKING OWDITIONS (Smokl'ng Regime)
The conventional method adopted for smoking cigarettes by machine.
Typical conditions are puff volume 35al, puff duratiot 2 seconds,
puff frequency I per miloute.
as. Smoruc Epan (or 111ACILDIX)
A mechanical device an which cigarettes are soaked under standardistd
smoking conditions to a prescribed butt length.
$9. SRT
Schweitzer SLeconacltuted Tobacco. This refers specifically to
reconstituted tobacco manufacturd by a paper process at te Nano
by Le Tabac Reconstitut (& subsidist7 of P.J. Schweitzer).
90. STANDARD DEVIATION
A widely-used measure of scatter, spread or dispersion In a act
of numbers, values, results, etc.
91. SON-CURED
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A TOBACCO TYPE (q.v.). C:)
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92. TAR
Has been variously used to mean PbWF, DPN and TPX. It in therefore
important to establish what is meant by TAR before it Is used.
93. TIPPIk PAPZX
A circumfertatial paper wrap which joins the filter plug to the
tobacco rod,
94. TOBACCO TYPE
A subdivision of tobacco based mainly on the method of CURINC (q.v.).
There are four main tobacco types, each with distinctive smoking
characteristics: Air-cured, ?ire-cured. Flue-cured and Sun-cured.
95. TOTAL SUGARS
The total amount of sugar-type constituents in tobacco, normally
expressed as a '. on dry veight basis.
96. TFM
Total Particulate Matter. That portion of the whole smoke which is
retained on the CAHBRIDM FILTZK (q.v.) pad (and holder) when a
cigarette Is smoked under standard conditions. This is usually
expressed In milligrasmases of TPH per cigarette.
97. TWORGIZ Trm
A method of difference testing In which three coded samples are
used. Two samples are Identical and one is different. In cigarette
xwoking the task of the smoker is to Ideitify the odd ample.
98. VAPM ?BASE
That mount of smoke which is not retained by the CAMBRIDGE FILTZI
(q.v.)
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99. VENTILATION
The amount of air which enters the cigarette by means other than
through the lighting/buming end of the cigarette. It is normally
expressed as a percentage of the total volume drawn from the unlit
cigarette. Filter/rip veatilstion refers to the amount of air
*uteri*& through the tipping/plugvrap combicatloa and tobacco rod
ventilation refers to the air entering through the cigarette paper.
100. WTS
water Treated Stan - it Is a process carried out on CKS. It
involves wetting to high moisture levels and steaming, before
par-drying.
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