RESTRICTED
RESEARCH CONF ERENC@'
RONTESELLO. CANADA
30,th August 3rd Seotember 1982
PRESENT:
cost Dr L C F Blackman
Ur P U Denton
Dr P J Dunn
Ur R 9 Gibb
V@r A L Heard
Ur R G Nicholls
Herrn E Rittershaus
Dr R A Sanford
Dr F Seehofer
Dr C J P de Siqueira
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S U 9 M A R Y
Before formally considering the 3-year Group RID Programme for
1983-5, the major part of this year's Conference (Part 1) was
spent discussing a number of topics of major importance to the
Group.
Human Smoking Behaviour
Smoke Quality/Activity
Environmental (Ambient/Sidestream) Smoke
Tobacco Breeding and Processing
Flavour Research
A number of other items were also discussed (Part 11). Against
this background, the Draft programme for 1983-5 was agreed,
subject to the changes or recommendations detailed in the notes
that follow in Part III.
A paper on Research Policy, to be submitted to the BATCo Manage-
ment Board on 28 October, will refer to the main conclusions
of the Conference. The corresponding budget expenditure will
be presented at the meeting on 29 th November.
Although final figures are not yet available, it is estimated
that the cost of the 1983 programme will be about 1100,000
lower than that for 1982 ( C9. 22 m against E9.31 in 1982 figures)
and also slightly below the estimate made last year.
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P A R T I
SUBJECTS OF MAJOR GROUP IMPORTANCE
HUMAN S.MOKING BEHAVIOUR
1. This is the major area for Research and Development to
equip BAT with commercially competitive products. There
are signs that Philip Morris has an extremely strong
research effort, and while BAT in total has a reasonable
level of expertise, the work is spread between GR&DC and
other CAC Laboratories. It is vital, there-fore, that the
co-ordination process which has been started must be
continued and intensified.
2. More must be known about how different consumers smoke
different products and derive different levels o! satisfaction
or response therefrom. We are concerned with two aspects:
(a) Sensations and responses at the mouth
level - which influence initial
selection and brand loyalty.
(b) The pharmacological result of smoke
uptake.
3. In an effort to gain a better understanding about the C:)
interaction between product and consumer, Germany is C@
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developing in improved KIPA technique to extend the
capability to the calculation of total mouth level
delivery - to give some idea about how vigorously a
cigarette has been smoked on a puff by puff basis. T!:e
emphasis is on developing products with enhanced smoking
characteristics that are both recognisable and credible'
to the consumer.
4. Canada will continue to use the-puff duplica:4-on technique,
which is valid for comparative work, and will concentrate
on the influence of product design features on smoking
behaviour, eg inclusion of expanded tobacco, pressure drop,
tipping and low delivery products generally.
5. Support was given for B&WIs proposal to consider the
development of means of monitoring smoking behaviour
through surreptitious observation using video techniques.
6. The GR&OC programme on smoking behaviour, which is expanding
in effort and scope, includes an investigation of the
theory that there is market segmentation. based on smoking
bebavioural characteristics; the Conference attached
importance to probing the psychological basis of the
segmentation, particularly relating to:
(a) Delivery levels of quitters/re-star-,ers
and the possible overriding influence
of cost.
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(b) Behavioural characteristics of lif eti=e
smokers of low delivery products
most likely to be found in the younger
age groups of those countries with
a well developed low delivery market,
eg Canada and USA.
It was agreed that the GR&DC programme should aim to extend
our knowledge on the biochemistry and pharmacology associated
with the inhalation of major smoke components.
7. The GR&DC programme is also exploring new concepts of
consumer testing and smoking behaviour methods, including
physiological/pharmacological approach, in the broad quest
for identifying the design routes to enhance or maximise
sensory and pharmacological sensations, ie to 'make the
smoke work harder' so as to achieve maximum sensation at a
given delivery level without encouraging the smoker to
compensate.
S. It was felt that there is an urgent need for close
collaboration between R&D and Marketing in the area of
smoking behaviour - in particular to give marketing research
new techniques to identify and exploit new market segments
based on smoking behaviour rather than on sinDle socio-
demographic areas. To this end. key Marketing personnel
will be invited to the planned 1983 Smoking Behaviour
Conference - which might start with two or three days on
purely scientific aspects and then become a joint
R&D/Marketing discussion.
9. There should be greater routine use of flexible or
programmable smoking machines so that the puf! by puff
smoke chemistry of new product designs can be assessed
against more realistic human smoking regimes than that
given by the standard smoking machine. Z:b
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10. it was recognised that compensation is attracting
increasing attention worldwide. BAT must have more
knowledge and develop better techniques with particular
reference to biochemical markers - not only to be able to
respond to the attacks of &nti-smokers but as a possible
basis for the development of commercially competitive new
product designs.
SMOKE QUAL17Y
11. Despite intense research over the past 25 years, the
biological activity of smoke remains a major challenge.
In particul-ar, it is not known in quantitative terms
whether the smoke from modern low and ultra-low delivery,
products has a lower specific biological activity than
that from previous high delivery products. Nor is it
clearlF established (other than in broad terms such as
sheet and stem) what are the m& in factors that influence
biological activity. In the UK, the Independent Scientific
Commiz:ee is calling for information on the quality of
smoke from modern products, but the formulation of an
appropriate research programme will prove extremely
difficult and will need very careful planning. The US
Surgeon General has previously also drawn attention to the
general need for a better understanding of biological
actlvi-zy.
12. In a survey of the current US scene, the broad area of
smoking and health (less hazardous cigarette, additives,
self-extinguishing cigarette), the possibility was identified
that a competitor could in the future well make competitive
capital out of health-related attributes, eg low nitrosamines
or even a biological index.
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13. The Canadian contribution to the Group Biological Programme,
which is closely coordinated with GROC, will concentrate
on factors that might influence mutagenic activity:
(a) Different tobacco types including
sheet.
(b) Smoking regime - human vs standard
smoking machine.
(c) Product design features.
The research at McGill University, which is funded by
the Canadian Tobacco Manufacturers' Council, will also
contribute to Group knowledge.
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ENVIRONMENTAL (AMBIEN71SIDESTREAM) SMOKE
14. The strong grow-.'-- of medical, scientific and media concern
and comment in -.'-4-s area was acknowledged. The subject is
extremely compltx and it is essential to keep separate in
our thinking:
(a) health issues
(b) social 4ssues
(c) new co=ercial product opportunities.
(a) and (b) represent constraints on the tobacco industry
as a whole, but z- thin them lies the opportunity for
commercial exploi:ation (c).
15. Sidestream has long been known to be different chemically
from mainstream, but only very recently have there been
signs from GR&DC inhalation studies that the biological
activity of sides:ream may also be significantly different
from mainstream.
An early design of reduced sidestream product developed
at GR&:)C has recently been screened. The Conference
agreed urgent need both to confirm the initial findings
and to evaluate the alternative prototy.pe designs that are
available. At -.'-e sane time, the mechanisms involved
should be invest4-pLted since they may point the directions
for radically imzroved products.
16. The German Verbazd programme on passive smoking (on the
formulation of wtich GR&DC has been closely informed) was
outlined and regarded as a potentially valuable source of
information to the Group as a whole - albeit on a carefully
controlled basis.
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17. The personal paper by Dr Ian Ayres was regarded as a useful
contribution in that it highlighted our need for better
knowledge and understaading of -.he key chemical &ad
biological aspects of envirommen:al smoke.
Much further thought is clearly required but specifically
it was recommended that:
(a) We must get hard da-a both to help
counter anti-smoki-at attacks. and to
support the design of future products.
Against the background, however, of
the earlier industry research into
mainstream smoke, it is essential
that the initial programme is
confined to realistic financial and
technical limits.
(b) We should keep within BAT:
i) animal results on sidestream
activity
ii) thoughts on the biological
activizy of sidestream
iii) research findings on the consumer
annoyance aspects of environmental
smoke - since these have potential
commercial value.
(c) Dr Ayres' paper should be discussed in
confidence with Peter Lee and Francis
Roe with the aim of guiding the research
under (i).
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It was also recommended that BAT should be prepared to
share on an industry basis the development of techniques
for monitoring chemicals in environmental smoke.
18. In view of the fast growing importance of environmental
smoke, it was agreed that there should be close communication
on research between GR&DC, B&W, Canada and Germany - with
regular meetings of experts at not more than six month
intervals
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TOBACCO BREEDING
19. The German programme, which is now Al OM a I 1 ., monitored by
the Leaf Steering Committee, is the only in-house resource
uniquely available to the BAT Group. It de=oastrates-a
high level of innovation and scientific research on tobacco
breeding (eg for high nicotine and enhanced flavour -
maybe with the use of the recently developed :echnique
of aroma printing). Application of any successful new
varieties is likely to be feasible in other tobacco
growing areas.
20. The Brazil research programme. also monitored by the Leaf
Steering Committee, is aimed both at modifying conventional
practice (eg to enhance flavour of Virginia varieties and
reduce nitrate accumulation of Burley) and at developing a
viable commercial route to the production of lea!' gum
extracts for flavour enhancement. The latter work is
closely related to the collaborative research programme of
GR&DC and Swedish Tobacco.
TOBACCO PROCESSING
21. The Brazil research programme, which is undertaken on
behalf of Group R&D, is now well underway. The objective
is to identify where significant changes in major flavour
chemicals occur within the whole process of curing,
threshing, ageing and primary processing. Not all the 1981
tobacco has been analysed, but reports are being issued
(six to date) at appropriate stages. The second year run
(which included investigations on Burley) is being analysed.
and plans for the third year are being made. These will
include preliminary studies on the effect of processing on
physical and chemical properties of tobacco, and the effect
of ageing on cased tobaccos.
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FLAVOUR RESEARCH
22. The very recent German identification of individual
cembranoid and carotenoid compounds represents a potentially
valuable breakthrough in the quest for flavour enhancers.
It is essential that the German and GR&DC research teams
continue to collaborate closely - and that as soon as
possible the analytical procedures are transmitted to
Brazil for incorporation in their studies of the generation
and fate of flavour chemicals in breeding/grocing/curing/
threshing/ageiag/primary processing.
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P A R T I I
OTHER GENERAL ISSUES
COMPUTE= AIDED PRODUCT DESIGN
23. The German presentation on recent application of computer
systems underlined the importance of the wider innovative
use of computer technology throughout the BAT Group. Its
value was demonstrated in a multi-dimensional analysis of
co=petitor products.
THE FUT"RE
24. The paper prepared by Dr Kilburn was well received. It
was agreed that when he completes his detailed discusions
in C;ermany, Canada and the US, a significant experimental
programme should be initiated at GR&DC to develop radically
different cigarette product designs that might respond to
the needs of the next decade. Cheaper, less polluting and
lower activity cigarettes could well be based on structured
tobacco rods, with an inert filter (eg carbanised cellulose)
and judiciously placed additives.
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COMPETITORS
25. 7"he decision of the Conference last year that GR S. DC should
develop & pilot computer system for storage and retrieval
of competitor information has been undertaken. It is
thought, however, that it is unlikely that the system will
prove to be effective in BAT Group terms. The most useful
information almost certainly arises from chance contacts -
which, C-tile they may be effective at national levels, are
aoz amenable to formal assessment and communication at the
Fall BAT Centre. It was agreed, therefore, that the system
should be "put on ice" pending further consideration.
PA-LENTS
26. The effectiveness of the patent communication procedure,
Agreed at the 1980 Conference and introduced last year,
should be evaluated. In the light of this, thought should
be given to the Patent Agents from the main centres meeting
on, say, an annual basis to consider the commerciLlisation
of patents, and other matters such as infringement activity
around the Group.
I
27. Progress in the wider use of INTERBAT was thought to be good;
the limi:'-ng factor is generally the availability of telephone
links to connect national computer systems with GR&DC.
ANALYTICAL DEVELOPMENT
28. Considera:ion should be given to the use of INTERBAT to
cor.munica:e new analytical procedures and standards..
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GERMAN OFF-TIASTE TREATMENT
29. In view of the recent move of a high informed member of
GR&DC staff to Reynolds, it was agreed that Germany should
patent the process in selected key countries.
STAFF INTERCHANGE
30. Every effort should be made to encourage and facilitate
the secondment or transfer of staff between CAC Companies
and GR-7- DC.
NATIONAL MANUFACTURER ASS061ATIONS
31. It was agreed that it would be helpful if approval of the
relevant NNA's should be sought for the circulation among
Conference members of an outline of their organisational
structure and main technical activities.
FUTURE RESEA=CH CONFERENCE TOPICS
32. Suggestions for key areas to be discussed in the first
part of the next Conference included Benefits of Smoking,
the technical thrust of anti-smoker organisations and
staff motivation.
FUTURE MEETINGS
33. The next Research Conference should be mid/late August in
Brazil. The opportunity should be taken to have detailed
presentations on the leaf processing researches. Zt.
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34. In May/June each year in Southampton, there should be a
full week review of progress on all the main GR&DC Work
Areas. The level of representatives should reflect the
broad scope of zte work. In general, the reuresentatives
should be oil higter level than this year.
35. The following Technical Exchange meetings are proposed:
Smoking Behaviour Louisville mid/late April?
Computer Modelli%g Southampton Stay/June
Primary Processizg Germany ? 1984?
Chemical Analysis Southampton 1984?
subjective Testing Techniques ? 1985?
Applied Flavour Technology ? 1986
36. In addition,
(a) there should be a meeting of Group
combustion specialists at Southamp-on
hopefully before the end of the year
to discuss and evaluate the GR&DC work.
(b) A gro= of Biological specialists from
Canada, Germany, US and GR&DC should
meet annually.
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P A R T I I I
GR&DC PROGRAMME 1983-5
The recent changes in staff at Southampton were
explained and the steady growth of new young graduates
was noted.
It was also noted that the projections made last year
regarding continued controlled reduction of staff, and the
consequential effect on budget expenditure, have been
achieved. Projections for 1983-5 are slightly lower than
those figures forecast list year.
In the light of the discussions in Part 1, the following
specific recommendations were made regarding the proposed
revisions to be embodied in the 1983-5 Group Research &
Development Programme.
'01. BIOLOGICAL
The 1983-5 programme should concentrate on the priority
needs. For example: specific activity of high and low
delivery cigarettes (including ventilation versus filtration),
denitrated tobacco, biological fate of nicotine in the
human system, expanded tobacco, sidestream. While
recognising the need for technique development. this should
be shown clearly as a supportive activity and not as an
end In itself.
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Other areas for action by GR&DC were agreed: -
A review of all that is currently
known relevant to the biological
activity of whole smoke (as opposed
to tar condensate) - to cover bo,:h
test methods and major findings.
The review should anticipate the
likely trends in both competitor
activity and Government moves, eg
in the formulation of a biological
activity index.
(b) A comparative biological assay of a
range of BAT major commercial and
innovative product designs - to assess
the commercial possibilities of
exploiting products of low biologteal
activity.
(c) To evaluate the theory that certain
nitrogen-containing components are
major precursors of smoke mutagenicity,
a carefully designed and limited
programme should be undertaken. One
approach may be the spiking of neutral
cellulose substrate with selected
nitrogenous materials.
The Work Area objective should be altered to reflect these
more specific targets.
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02 FILTERS
The proposed programme was basically accepted but there
should be emphasis on understanding the mec-anisms involved
in selective filtration and on any consequential effects
thereof in terms of smoke behaviour and sensor" response.
03. NITROSAMINES
There was support for the identification of :his as a new
Work Area. It was emphasized, however, that the approach
should be two-pronged, ie:
(i) Understanding the routes by which
nitrosamines in whole smoke are
formed, and possible modification
thereof by additives etc.
(ii) Selective removal of bitrosamines.
Before starting experimental work on the ervtronmental
analysis of nitrosamines, the past work of W-Fuder and
Hoffmann, Philip Morris and the German Verbazd should be
fully appraised.
04. FUTURE TECHNOLOGIES
Approval was given for the proposal to define a programme
for this new Work Area, based on discussions between GR&DC
and Canada, Germany and W.
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05. COMBUSTION
While generally accepting the overall proposals, attention
was drawn to the growing need for emphasis on se=-4-volatile
and vapour phase components - in particular to gain better
understanding of their roles in biological activity and in
sensory perception.
The combustion programme should link closely with the
innovative work on structured cigarette designs; B&W
have made some advances in the speed of =anullacture,
details of which can be made available.
06. SIDESTREAR
The proposed programme was generally accepted, but the
scope of the work should be redefined to reflect the
growing importance of this complex area. The work should
include the effect of pH on sidestream s=oke composition
and properties.
07. HUMAN SMOKING
The proposed programme was basically supported, but there
should be emphasis on attempts to relate tbe chemistry of
nascent smoke to changes in sensory response with increasing
puffs.
08. PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SENSORY TESTING
The proposed programme was supported, but there should be
emphasis on gaining a better understanding as to why some
consumers readily accept low tar products acd ot!.,ers do
not. This should be investigated in relation to switching/
quitting.
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09. -'STE AND FLAVOUR
Support was given for the change in emphasis whereby the
programme is broadened to embrace not simply flavour, bu t
other sensory attributes, eg impact, irritation and
mouthfeel.
10. LEAF AND BIOTECHNOLOGY
The programme was supported but there should be close
interact-an between GR&DC and Germany in relation to
enzymatic aspects of mechanisms involved in transformation
reactions.
11. TOBACCO PROCESSING
"'he chanzed direction of the programme was approved.
12. 70BACCO EXPANSION
Criticism was made of the slow progress over the past
year. Despite the intrinsic difficulties of attempting to
identify a novel area that is free of existing patents,
continued and increased effort should be made.
13. SECONDARY PROCESSING AND
14. VENTILATED CIGARETTE TECHNOLOGY
It was &g."eed that now that the Secondary Automation
Project is outside the Group R&D Programme, and the
evaluatict of different methods of ventilating cigarettes
i's nearly complete, these two Work Areas should be deleted
- and anv essential remaining activity transferred to CD
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15. TEST METHOD DEVELOPMENT
It was agreed that the development of on-line and off-line
test methods for process control should be the principal
area for secondary process work in a central, R&D laboratory.
The facilitv for adapting machines for the manufacture of
highly innovative cigarette designs, e.g. annular, was also
recognised. Work on, for example, increased machine
efficiency or material utilisation, however, can more
effectively be undertaken under full production conditions
in the factory.
The proposed work programme, together with residual activity
from Work Areas 13 and 14, was approved.
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