·1· STATUS REYIEX #OTE Wort Area: 701,01 Product Research Section leader: D,P, Robinson Period Covered: October 1986 - February 1987 OBJECTIYE: to conduct research into the physical and chemical eharaeter· istics of the burnino cioarette with a view to providing a sound basis far aantrallil;g delivery and improving the 9uality of both mainstream and sidestream smoke, AREAS OF RESEARCH: (1) Envlronment~l Smoke (701,01.100) To tvlluate ihore ehanbrirtlcs of burning dgarettor which influence the envirolanent and to generate product design ideas which alleviate the social concerns associated with sidestrea~n and ambient smoke, (2) Oetfvery Control (701,01.200) to evaluate these factors. that control the deliveries of both major and minor constituents of mainstream smoke as the basis for cigarette design adffieationsl (31 cigarette Design Madeltin~ (701,01,300) To develop and apply comouter-based cigarette desidn models of smoke deliveries as d basis far pmduct desi~;aodific- ation and Innovation, (4) filters and Alternative Products (701.011400) (a) To identify navel filterconcepts which control smoke component deliveries and/or enhance sensory perception, tb) To provide concepts for alternative nicotine delivery systems, c (51 Snake Quality (701.01.500) (a) to determine those changes in aerasol characteristics and effective nicotine in smoke which improve smoke subjective properties (i,c, Raximise impact and reduce irritation), (5) To determine how to achieve the desired changes In O conventional cioarettes or unique products, C1 S ;vll 9 ~ I 1.C. aJ E\rnlLmsrJ bit 3un ~ w soelod or !houn to unnUrJnup ;m~~ \O 'UI ·2· PROGRESS: (1) Envi ro~enta~ (a) kbient smoke sensory teJ:jnp1701.01,110) Subjective dose response relationships have been established for Yf rgl nia style products, These relationships show monotonically increasing subjective responses when between O and 14,6 g of tobacco are burnt in the 26 m3 RbOC Environmental Rooms, Statist· icallysignificant subjective differences are seen over several tobacco weights burnt, Studies are under wayto confirm that significant differences exist betreensubjed~ve evaluations on 6,5 and 10 g of tobacco weight burnt, If these final tests support the earlier findings then such a test will be considered as a standard room evaluation of potential low side· stream products, (b) Ambient smoke vaoaurlpartfcte studier (701,01.120) In the previous Status R~lew Note, the discrepancy between ridestreao yields and ambient smoke concenrra· f tlons has been highlighted, This extends to partic- ulate matter and nicotine but not to permanent gases such as CD and CD2, One explanation put forward for these discrepancies was that the particulate matter was evaporating, To check this, mearere~nents of side· stream vapour phase hydrocarbons have been measured using a modified flame ionisatlon (gas chroAlatogfaphy] detector, Measurements on both conventional and low visibility sidestream products indicate that there is a hioher (about 14',) level of hydrocarbons in ambient s;n~erel~tfve to that in fresh sidestream, supporting the evaporation theory, I Another contribution to ambient smoke loss is partjc· ulate deposi tf an onto su rf aces, To investi gate theseproeesses, measurements of smoke deposition ontothe surfaces of a 1m3 box have been made, Themeasurements indicate that particulate matter e initially suspended in the box environment decreases asa function of time with negligible quantities remaining suspended after 24 hours, Conversely, particulate deposition Increases as a function of time, There is evidence therefore that particulate matter is both evaporating and being deposited onto I sUrfaCesI (e) Total Jidestream reduction (701.01.130) In the last Status Review Note, brief mention was made or work initiated on the use of burn retardantr C: a to increase puff number, This wort was necessary to O supper, studies on the use of ex3anded tobacco In which unacceptable puff number reductions had been · N rS iult B.h i L ); v Elrsl ~~I~, fhlr rJvsl I k ropld ~N JlOrr.~ ~OII~WIM Sl?lOnl. C: ~D .3. obtai ned, currently 24 potential burn retardants arebeing evaluated on series of different base eigarettepaPerrl Some examples are listed below: RetardanE Puff Husber Paper Perm, (C.U,) Control· untreated 9.8 14 Hagnesium Bromide 14.8 14 Amnoniuffl 8rwnide 15.9 22 Zinc Chloride 13.5 17 Lithium Bromide 13.1 16 A number of investigations have been undertaken in In attempt to ascertain the mechanis;n through which the burn tetardants operate~ However, as yet, no single explanationhas emeroed, nor why they work on one partieula base paper: type and not on another~ It is possible to say not due to paper permeabil· ity; neither Is it due to systematic changes In the decomposition temperature of the cigarette paper as studied by thennograv~metrie analysis, Heats of deconpositionof treated papers as determined by differential scanning calorimetry show no systematic changes, Furthermore, there is no simple relation· shipbetween retardant melting point and cigarette burn rate, A selection of these born retardants have been applied to cigarette bobbins using the RLOC re~reeling device and have been made into experimental productsl The blend used incorporates 80'1 DIET and 20'b unexpanded lamina, giving a 37P* weight savlnP, These cioarettes are currently being abjeetively evaluated, Inaddfticn to work on burn retardants, cigarette paper manufacturers ate supplying bobbins which theyctain give increased cigarette puff numbers when compared with conventional cigarette papers, De Hauduit have recently supplied a series of these papersbut only marginal increases in puff number C, were in fact seen; opacity was often poor, as was the cigarette ash appearance, Currently a series of Ecusta samples Is being evaluated, Evaluations have been conducted an a series of Kinberly-eT ark low sidestream visibility papers. C These Evaluations have included investigations of the mechanism, proPosed by Kfmberly·tlark, that controls the reduction in visibilfty~ They have proposed that the high surface area filler in the paper traps and repyrolyses the sidestream precursor vapours, hence breaking then down to lower laolecular weight saterial. The paDers utillslng this approach reduce only side· Itreanparticulate emirrions aon have a low puff N i: ~ ;u~t 3 A t ~ II MJ ~lplnl l~nlru, k mat # k;npwd or MrR ~D un~wh~nml pnol. Q C: I i I;P D Flllcl r:!:f 3 St I'CTi:D'II1 · -I· number, Additionally, the theory on surface area effects applies only to fillers and not to combina· tlons of fillets and bun additives (both of which arepresent in low visibility paler submissions). previously, the role of acidic burn additives on sidestnam nicotine yields and irritation has been reported, A large n·reel exercise has been undertaken with these materials. Unfortunately, Inadvertent high humidity storage of the cigarette samples caused migrationof the additive from the paper into the tobaccoand resulted In unsatisfactory sidestnsl performance. Consequently, this exercise is being repeated and a more detailed sidy of bum additive migration will be undertaken at the sane time. (dJ Ash stabilitylpuatfty sbdies (~01~01,r40) Following early experience with a prototyPe ash stability monitoring device, a number of modifications have been made which now allow changes in tapping fre~uenFy, force and displacement of the cigarette in the imposed tap. Currently the device is being oval uated, (2) Delivery Control (a) SmoLin~ regime stud~e~ (i01,0142101 Preliminary work on the burn rate monitor (BRM) has hlgh· lighted some unforeseen difficulties Including electrical interference and a need for minor modification to the . software. These difficulties have been largely overea~e, There is scmw evidence that there is a small timing dis· crepancy between the smoking engine and the Apple PC clack, However, this minor discrepancy is insignificant in all but the most severe operational conditions, which can readily be ~dentifred, Theeffects or changing smoking parameters on burning characteristics have been studfed, M6st of the results cpnfirmedthe predictions e~odied in cigarette design modelsl However, for short inter·puff periods the Inter· puff/stat~e burn rate ratios were not as predicted and were greater than one. Currently, t~e BRM is being used to evaluate t~e burning characteristics of cigarettes with low permeabil~ty papers and cigarettes contai ninq di fferent proportf ons of expanded tobaccos (b) #fnor component control (101~01,2?0) It has been reported in the open literature than eyanur~e O acid, which is relatively non·toxie, can be used to scrub Prides of nitrooen from car exhausts. The mechanism Is ~ ;ur; 9 ~ T ~ I; I; ~nJ EtP~: L~n~llN f~ll Dur~ , , ~rd , Ihoun to u~uuUrJn~ ~non~ e ·5· thought to involve production of a reactive species tisocyanic acid) at high temperatures, which can combine with NO to produce CO, CO2 and Hpl Evat uation of eyanurle acid as a tobacco additive was not possible because of Its virtual insolubility in water and other acceptable solvents, Consequently, the water soluble sodfu~n salt was prepared, However, application of a 0.5 - 1: loading on a tobacco rod did not decrease mainstream HD deliveries, (c) Free radicals (701,02.240) The free radical activity of smoke condensate from cigarettes containing either 100i Burley or 100'1 virginia tobaccos grown in the USA, Ziababwe and Korea has been measured. In general the Virginia cigarettes gave higher counts per cioarette (about 20·*) than the Burley e~qar- ettes~ in aider that the results could be directly compared, the free radical count to TPH ratios were ealculated~ Similar ratios were obtained for all the virginia cioarettes and twe of the US Burley cloarettes. However, the Burley cigarettes from timbabre and Korea gave count to fPM ratios as much as 2,5 times higher than the other Burley products. This apparently illustrates a geographical effect on the free radical content of smoke from Burley tobaccos. Recently It has been possible to measure the free radical activity of fresh whole smoke by means of a auartx glass cell, The d~-~f activity of freshwhote nno~ewas found tobe aeh faster (tll2,'bOut I min,) e~a~and with ebndensate[trl2, about 8·10 mlns.)l Additionally, the vapour phase has been examined by this technique, The results indicate that 660, of free radical activity resider In the vapour phase, A small study with Southampton Univ· ersitlis In progress to compare the ehemil~ineseenee technique with esr spectroscopy for measurement of smoke free radicals. (dl NStrosamfnes (701,01,250) A significant amount of time has been spent collaboratino : with BAT overseas enqln~cs on nitrolamine projects · In particular, snuff analyses for Skandinavisk Tobakskepagni (Oenmark), several snuff and tobacco studies for Brown aWiliiaoson (USI\) and smoke analysis for Souza Crur (8raxil). theeffect of tobacco expansion on tobacco and smoke nitrosamines has been studied~ For YfrPinia tobacco, expanrionby either the OIET or APEX le~t~niques had no significant effect on tobacco or smoke levelsl Additionally, exPansion of Burley tobacco (wnere tobacco O specific ni:rosaa~ine (TSN) levels are comparatively high) by APEX had no effect on nftrosamlne levels, However, expansion ai 3utley tobacco by OIET caused a 73: increase rU ~ lult a ~ r ~I ~ Ih:I~AVIIL~n~l~J thp Ilul ~ k;nplrd a Ihuun lu un~w~n~d ~mon. ·6· in tobacco tSI concentrations, but this increase was not translated into enhanced smoke deliveries. Further wor~ is planned, ilY irradiation of snuff caused a small reduction in TOI levels, Lack of appreciable success in this ease was probably due to the inabft ity of UV light to significantly penetrate the sample. (3) Erearefte Design Hodellin_g (a) Personal ce~puter model (101,01,3r01 To explore the validi~ty of the DELIVER model relative to that of the Personal Computer (PC) model CIGDES, a BAt Suisse cigarette, MaryTong, was ventilated at five d~ff- erentlevels in the range 0-801, The cigarettes were routinely analysed for deliveries under standard conditions andpredicted deliveries obtained frc~ the DELIVER and eIGOESRodels, Comparisons were then made beken the two models and the measured data and agreement, for both models, was found to be good, Although DELIVER appeared theslightly more accurate of the two models over this limited area of application, no definitive recorsnendation could be made for the use of one model over the other as the basis for further development of a PC cigarette design model, Rrther studies of this type will continue in the development of a revised PC cigarette design model, (b) Puff-by·puff delivery models (101,o1,320) In an attempt to understand the influence of cigarette rod filling density on deliveries, the DELIVER model was used to predict deliveries over a ranoe of rod densities (0.1 · 0,4 glo3tt As weT1 as changeJ' to the weight (to alter density), allowances were made for changes In the inertial and viscous impedances of the cigarette, predicted values were obtained and comparisons made with the limited experimental data available, For a range of parameters · delivery, puff number and bun rate · the predictions and experimental data were In general agreement. Interestingly, for a fixed puff n~e~er, the delivery reduced with Increasingdensity but, if the increase In density was sufficient to Increase puff number, the delivery increased. The resulting saw-tooth variation in delivery with density 9awedan overall increase In delivery with increasing density, in line with experimental evidence, DELIVER has also been compared with some experimental puff· by·puff carbon monoxide and ventilation levels over a range of filter ventilation levels (0 · 901), Agreement be~een the DELIVER predictions and the measured values was found to be very good for both absolute values and trends on a puff·to·puff basis, : O t iYrl 3 ~ t ~ C.fi uJ Elpnl limrr~ T~:~ lo~ ~ol a ~np~J Jr Iho# kl unlWhMKd p~~onl. Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: nill ----~-re ·t· A recent study in Canada (In Report Na, 181) reported apparent discrepancies between predictions of DELIVER and experimental h~nan smoking deliveries, fhis is contrary to comparisons lade with experimental data from R~DC and the reasons ate unclear, Furtnemon, a close examination of the canadian experimental data does pose some funda- mental questions regarding hlrman smoking which the OE1IYEI1 model could not be expected to represent. The On~M4 (version 3,1) model has been fonnalty released to new and existing users, II demonstration of the model and its uses has been given at the Southampton R~D Centre to complement this release, (e) Mechanistic models (701,03t330) Modifications hen been to the codin of the one·d~mensionat dgaretteeolaust5on nodal to faejlit~te the ease with which the user can define the calculation to be performed, Changes have also been lade to the output to provide direct evaluation of the location of peak values, burn velocities and coal lengths, II graphics option has also been provided, In support Of beetle infestation studies, a program for the calculation of the cooling rates of packed cigarette samples has been developed, This fully thtee·dillcnslona~~ calculation allows the evaluation of temperatures anywhere inside a Ease of dgatettcs~ Predictions are In excellent aPteolaent with measurements on single eases and the model :· has ~etn applitd to numben of clseJ stacked on pallcrs~ (41 Filters and Alternative Products (a) Enhanced sensory filtetr1701,01~010) fhe review of swirl filters has been circulated to sane laboratories in draft form and their coaalents and eorrec· tions have been incorporated prior to issue, As indicated in the review, there does not appear to be great potential in pursuing further swirl concepts and no further work is intended, Liberatory studies of literature processes for the conversion of viscose into cellulose acetate have shown encouraging results, vapour phase acetylation of suitably pretreated viscose with acetic anhydride fives a surface modified material which shows phenol uptake characteristics close to cellulase acetate tow, The present apparatus does not allow sufficient control of the reaction and a new refiux condenser has been ordered, When comnissioned, this should enable much better control and will be used to manufacture uniform products for chemical testing and 4 filter manufaetun~ O O ~ ia~ 11~.1 ~I.~. uwl l,al ~nua tk~ au~~ a 3~ \np~d~r IhOm t0 unslmnxd yrronl C: I i I; P'C~F~:! . f35tlc.;: nill ·8· (b) Nicotine loaded filters (701,01,420) In connection with patent applications, fn·depth studies of patent literature have revealed that binding of nicotine to modified celluloses My be precedented~ In light of this, extension of laboratory work to carboxyAlethyl celluloseshas not been pursued, Work with cellulose phasphate Is almost complete: nicotine can be loaded onto it, but the efficiency of its subsequent release is low, Studies of the mechanism by which smoke elutes nicotine from Filters are a necessary prelude to control of the systa~ It has been conclusively eonffnned that ate vapour phase plays no part in etution, being if anything slightly less effective than air, in Itself a very poor eluant, It has been conjectured previously that individual aerosol particles might be at considerably higher temper· atures than whole smoke and that, as they deposit on a nicotine·laden surface, the heat released could cause nicotine elution to occur, Exper'ments' using aged whole smoke (2, f and 12 seconds lean age) show only a very slight decrease in elutfcn over this time span, which should be long enouah to allow thenoal equilibrium between vapour and particulite phase to occur, Other experiments have shown that the nicotine elutlon ability from FAVOR elements is related to the munt of particulate phase presented, but is not greatly influenced by it, Maximum elution efficiency occurs for a high partrculatephase Input Into FAYOR elements with low r' nicotine loadings, with a flue-cured tobaccos Experirnentr with a US blend are In progress, The abili~ of non tobacco smoke particulate material to elute nicotine has also been studied via herbal eigaret~s, Heff an almost lineartelationship between elution efficiency and the amountof available nicotine was found for a constant partlcutate matter input, This experiment shows that, for equal amounts of nicotine kin the blend or in the ffller), a higher nicotineltar ratio Is obtained If the nicotine Is placed in the filter, (c) Tobacco rod filtration (701.0l,440) 1 Two alternative approaches for the evaluation of tobacco rod filtration have been invest~gated. The modified nlfs approach, long used by the RCOC in Southampton, has been found to adequately describe experimental delivery data, There is apparently no merit In adopting the more mathen· aticaltycomplex R,J, Reynolds approach unless detailed mechanistic information on transfer and deposition processesls tepu~redl As a result of this, further experimental work aimed at obtaining critical data on product formation in the burning zone, necessary for the Rey9ds approa~~, has been curtailed, i0 g lurt 9 ~ t ~U L; md EIPnl ~aaN nl ~II I a ~npKd JI Ikn to unlulhon~d ~monl, I, Lrl Clit; PDF -!::!!n::!.f3 StlC.i: Dill (d) Alternative product concepts (701,01,450) d recent patent application from Brown a Glilriamson involving co-etutian of nicotine and an acid from FAYOR- type plugs by air has been reviewed with the conclusion thatan aeroso1 could in theory be formed by chemical reaction, Studies of a model (armonia/HCl) system, as a mimic of nicotine/acid, shows that ender suitable condit· ionsan aerosol with mean particle size and particle concentrations close to tobacco nnoke can be readily generated, (5) SIRokePuatity (a) Nicotine in smoke (701,01,5101 The state of knowledge regarding nicotine transfer In cigarettes has been reviewed and was the subject of a presentation at Brown a Willfa~nson In October 1986, Jointly with other R~C: staff, a second Review, concerned with nicotineltar ratios (practically attainableand subjectively acceptable), has been written following a request frwn the Sydney Research Conference In September 1986, This Review is cur- rently being circulated amongst the eAC laboratories for their comments and additions, Its main eonelu- sions were that blend nicotine and filter ventilation offered the greatest scope for nicotine/tar adjust- laent, and that our knowledge of cons~nner "tolerance limits' for this ratio was very far from complete, (b) Aerosol sensory tcstfnp (701.01,520) (i) Joint aerasol st~dreJ in chenasensor,v research TBARk~ ~a Bro~m~GK11Tfinija~T - - - - - - - ~ During a seven-week secondment of H, Egflmez to Brown a witllason, experiments were conducted on synthetic nicot~ne·contafn~ng aerosots and on mainstream c~gar· ette smoke, Nicotine aerosols: Polydisperse aerosols (0.01 - ID pm diameter) at~ii~of 5, 7 and'd Here assessed for llF pact and Irritation, The ph 5 aerosoT had the high· est scores for bath sensations, Data for pHs 7 and B had some scatter and were inconclusive. Peteep· tionseelned to be affected by saturation of the tastebuds durino the tests, Fairly RKlnodisper7e aerosols of free:base nicotine (pr~ about 10, sub· nieronpartfcle liras) had much less impact st P irritation than the pplydlsperse aerosot at similar niatine conclntrl:ion (jout II YP lufpl). ml~ O TS lult a Lt ii r aJ ElpnlL~nlln Th~l ~w~ *w k spd or ~un u un~#honHd poonl U] C: I i I; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 ·10. was seen as being due to larger particles depositing more efficiently on the Impactlirritation receltors than the smaller particles of the monodisperse aera· set. In support of this, an approximate 0,7 p countnedian diameter (cmd) aerosol gave more Impact than a smaller aerosot I~~2 pm cmd) at equal nicotine doses (3 and 17 pg puff''). nainstream cigarette smoke: an attempt was made to ftacfionareigarette smoke (State Express 555 and Richland KS) into different particle size ranges In orderto determine their nicotine contents, The ciParettes were smoked at 2.2 on3 s-t continuous now an~ tSe smoke was diluted 750·fotd before eleetro- static selection into a condensation nucleus counter, or onto a pad for nicotine analysis by GC, The pads were found to contain less than 10 Cg nicotine and problems were experienced with background levels~ Thus · accuratedetenination of nicotine distribution was not possible, The size distribution data showed ends of 0,46 um (State Expressl and 0,39 pm (Richland), i,e, both scenewhat lar9er than fresh smoke (0.2 pm], due to the smoke regime and aging effects, This preliminary study shows that the electrostatie fraet· ionatJonaethod has potential, but improvements in smoke sampling and analytical technlgues are needed, Iii) ~le~th_ol ~C_rOfOl ~e~S~ ~e~tf ~S~u~a~t~n_ Mentadl·OEHS aerosols of two different sizes (0,36 ~ and 0.10 pm cmd) were assessed by panellists at ~b different eoneentraffow, For both aerosols the higher concentration (6x higher and 3x higher respectively for the two aerosols) gave higher sensory response as expected, Tile purpose of this piece of work is to determine the lowest menthol level detectable, and thelevel at which saturation occurs, for different particle sire aerosols, (e) Smoke formation and transfer(l~ (i) Nicotine transfer ~ays are being sought to determine which properties of the cigarette aerosot may enhance nicotine transfer, A first series of experiments with four additives, each injected onto the tobacco rod 110 mg cig·LJ has shovn that menthol depresses nicotine delivery In a filter cigarette by about 3:, However, there Is also less nicotine retained in the filter when menthol Is present, and the total amount of nicotine cxitin~ the tobacco rod Is reduced by about 9:, On the other hand, soldnesol, a higher molecular weight compound, ~ O increases nicotine exiting the tobacco rod by about IP,, but also increases the amount of nicotine retained fu 4 m;ll r ~El a Llunl~lrr Pll.llb~ iqudrrWm II.~M T~i Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: Dill ·11· an the filter, so that actual delivery of nicotine Islfttle ehanged~ Octodecane and methyl myristate hadlittle effect on nicotine transfer. Cigarettes containing these four additives are being analysed for their particle size distributions. (fi] Puff by_ puff ~erosol characterisatlon of ~~a~e~t~5:w~t~ ~a~n~ ~e~i~n~----- To assess the effect of cigarette design parameters onsiaoke aerosol characteristics, various products havebeen tested for deliveries on a puff·by-puff basis; i, Two products with extreme filter design (fne filaments In high nu~er density and coarse filaments inlow number density) were compared at similar (flOP,J tPH deliveries obtained by laser ventilation of the latter, The coarse filament fitter caused · 1~ increase in mass median diameter · :3~ increase in nicotine per puff .19~ increase in nicotinelt~t ratio Subjective testing of these cigarettes is in hand, 2, 1 novel n~cotlne·containing tobacco substitute developed by BalJ was compared with State Express 555, The novel product produced an aerosol with 21', fewer particles,with a end 25"1 smaller than the State Express aerosol, (e) Product deterioration A review is beinP compiled on what Is known about product deterioration tile, moisture loss, chemical changes, spotting, etc,), fi~f~URE WORK: i· (I) Environmental Smoke Work on the discrepancy be~een fresh sidestrean and Ibient smoke levels will be completed by investigating the behaviour of nicotine vapour and partlcutate phase. the work will be complementary to radiolabelling wort, for which it project r~ proposal from Harwell has been submitted to the Tobacco Advisory Council, which nill highlight any chemical changes taking place, Confirmation of the subjective effects of reduced tobaccorod weights wilt be sought and new product concepts containing expanded tobacco in association with burn retardants will be subjectively evaluated in the Environmental Roaa~~~ O I: .~ i*l a bl I U ~ u ElpnlL;~li~J hi 3uu ~K(k g#Lf 3, I~hllYI IU UIIIYUUIII~ 1C~I~I. U1 C: I i I; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 .12. Work on paper burn retardantJ in conjunction with high levels of expanded tobacco will continue. As part of this, a more detailed understanding of the burning bet!aviour of the ciga~· etteswiti be sought with the Burn Rate Monitor, Products with satisfactory puff numbers will be subject to more detailed abjective and subjective analyses including ash stability and kes testing, (2) Oelivqry Central Work will be initiated on identifying the factors that influence the CD/COZ ratio in mainstrenm~ Free radical rasure~ents will continue through investigating the activity in fresh whole smoke and vapour phase, Sidestream free radical measurements will be carried out to assess MS/SS ratios, ~naddltion to the service work on the determination of nitrosanineleve's in snake and tobacco, studies will be conductedon the use of ganrma-radiatfon for the Fe~K~val of nitrosamines, The work on the effect of expansion process variables on nitrosamines will also be extended, (3) ~garette Oesi~n nadelling sow that the puff-by-puff model, OELIVER, Is on general release, rphasisdll transfer to work an improvements to the Pc cigarette design model. A number or features of the existing Pt model, CIGES, have been identified for refinement, Including theeffects of paperaddlfve~ and fioweffects on filtration. (q) Filters and Alternative Products Work on the roading and transfer properties of nicotine an nodlfledcerluloses will be completed, as will the work on general elution characteristics of nicotine from tobacco and fitters. The preliminary studies on nieotinelacid dual systems to produce aerosols will continue with work on the model a~onia/HC1 system with a view to determining the particle site and number C concentration, No further work Is envisaoed at this stage on swirl filters and tobacco rod fit tration, (51 Smoke dual~ty Asdn addition to the nfcotlneltar ratio review, a brief assessment of the DELIVER model for the prediction of the ratio nill be carried out, The aemsol ~earory studies assessing the infiuence of aa~t and ; 0_ site will be completed, ~ ;w; 1.~.T IU X. ~N I~RnlLmlld Tha ~lm * h.~~lc~ , IBn i,,,,, R·· i " Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: Dill .13. Nicotine transfer studies as influenced by tobacco additives will be extended to Include acids, Work on aerosol aspects of smoke formation and transfer will concentrate on assessing particle size, n~ber concentration and nicotine as influenced by cigarette design variables. Features to be Included are circlwferenee, ventilation type and alternative (FAYOR-type and related) products. Fresh smoke aerosol nasuren~ents will be conducted in an artificial glass nwuth geortry to detenfne the characteristics of different swirl·type productsl Following the review of information on product deterioration, work will be Initiated to clarify the role of moisture content and the causes of paper spotting. " F1 i\ i' ~ ;u~: 3 T ·1 L: Ihl E\cnl brm h ~ JI h input JI Ih3*~ 13 ~uunanu9 ~wb~ ~I C: I i I; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111