O)L'4 6 R;d ~h iS:aC3;;f:3S "';';:s is 1 :3XIC hearp metal vt!cl accumulates in croaaisas ~**-i ai:-cu,:n i: is ~reJ:ncj!g not utilized By al~nts and animals even as a trace element in their metabolism. The principal source of cadmium in nature is zinc ore, where it is oresent is stall aocn:5. Natural levels oi cadmium axe very low: aSdut 0.2 p~/k~ in the soil, loss thaa 1 un in water and 1 fi'c ~j~~~ O.j ~::~' in the air. its nest important applications in induo:ry are as pigments in plastics and ceramics, as stabilizers of PYC plastics, as metal coatings, in accumulators and In certain alloys and solders. ~a: is pr!la:lly exposed to cadmium throuph his food inta~s ~n~ ~~ror~t :~g rasTiratcry orPars 5v EEokina or :hrouch his vorkinq environment in industrial fields where cadmium is used, Pollu:ee rice and nutritional deficiencies caused a toxic conC!:iea, the so-called ::ai-i:ai disease, to part of the po3E!a:!on in the Picinitl of a factory usino cadmium in Japan. Ycr~crs who have been exPoocd to cadmium foes have also suffered from lunc and ~:lncp dana!e in some countries. tadmi~ plS515 :O the environment, for example, in industrial Priss;oas, I: connection with enerf~ Productfoa and ier:i!lza:s, rhe:a Is sole evidence to show that cadmium levels in;te environment, especially :n cultivated land, are on :nE i·~·e~se: cadmilrn wa~ld thcs also be see~ul~ting in*. in human t!ss~es and organs more rapidly than before. 0 ClibPDF - v~~fastio.soni in !912 the Co=!t:ee on Ponic Agect~ prepared a report on che Ptiliza~icn and replacement of cadmium in iinland and ;:cccnted its proposal concerning measures desiFned to decrease ~he ta~f~l effects of cadmium in man and nature. The Conittoa proposed that non-essential use of cadmium should he stopped, that the cadmium content of foodstuffs and household wa~er should be determined, that industq and waste disposal utilities should restrict their emissions into the atmosphere and that the effects on nature would he studied . As part of the proposals have not been realfzed and guSlic interest has bacdle:acpsad on cadmium exposure as a result of restrictions already adopted in other countries, the iinistry of Socfal f,ifairs a.7d Health rc;ucstcd, ~s january 3, 1981, the Committee on Toxic agents to suhmit its opinion concerning the need and possibilities for restricting the me of cadmium in PinlanC. At its meeting held on April 2, 1981 the Committee decided to appoint a Cadmium Division, oubordinlted to the Committee, for the purpose Of preparing an expert opinion, Mr. Erkki BlsLen from the Chemical Laboratory of the Technical Research Center of Pinland, Mr. larno Xavonius from the Confederation of Pinnfsh Indnstrics, Mr. lari bs~inen from the Metal Workers' Onion, Mr. Ilaus Pfister from the Environment Protection Department of the Ministry of the interior, Mr. Jorma BautagaB from the National Board of Trade aPd Consumer Interests, Mr. Vesa Riihimlki ClibPDF - vww~~io.coni from the institute of Occupational Eeal:h, Ms. Anna-liisa S~z~ist .C:om the National Board of Labovr Protection and:!:. Juhz PvbtsiB as the re3resentative of the Committee on Toxic Agents were invited to act as the members of the Division, Mr. Jorma RautapB;i was elected as the Chairman of the Division and Mr, Kimmo louekari, from the Central Public Health Laboratory, as secretary, The Division has head as experts Mr. Ilkka Viltasalo from the Construction Office of the city of Helsinki, Ms~ Tarja Pyykka from the National Board of Waters and Mr, Hannu Vornamo from the Central Public Health Laboratory. The Confederation of iinnish Industries, the Federation of Finnish Metal and Engineeiin~ Industries, the Federation of Finnish Electrical and Electronics Industries, the Association of Plastic Industry and many experts active in industry have given valuable assistance in the course of the work of the Division. Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 4,3 CadliP load of the general population The uptake of cadmium contained in food, its level in tissues and :ie blood and its excretion in the feces and urine have been Ixalined in the general populations of many countries 1888 e,g. Diehl 1981]. h comprehensive and carefully implemented joint study was carried out in the 1970'8 in Japan (rokyo), the Onitcd States (DallasJ and Sweden (Stoekhob) Iljellstrh 1979), The keriean study material has since been supplemented as regards blood and urine (Aoval ct al. 1979). Cadmium levels in the Pinnfsh population have also been measured (Vuori et al. 1979). Since the highesi cadmium content of the different tissues and organs in the body is found in the kidneys, where the harmful effects of cadmium first become apparent ;a so- called critical organ], special attention has boon paid to the cadmium content of the kidney cortex, The average cadmium contents of the kidney cortex of IO-60-year-old persons who have died accidentally ate shown for the different countries in Table 3~ It can he scan that the cadmium content of the kidney cortex is 2-3 times higher In Japan than in the other countries included in the study, The cadmium content in Europe and I0rtb kaIic~ is of the are magnitude, The level in the Pinnish material (Bclstnki) does not deviate from that in the other lordic countries. It is noteworthy that the cadmium content of the kidney cortex is about twice 15 high among smokers as among oon-sa2err. The smokers have been shown to take up into CllbPB~- v~~~astio.soni their bodies the szne qeantity of cadmium from a packet of cigarettes as they receive from their dai9y food intake 1979). The range of variation in the cadmiuoo content in the kidneys of the populations of the different countries has proved to be large. The population contains individuals whose kidney cortex cadmium content is as high as 100 ug/g (wet weight) without any occupational exposure (known to the researchers), I: can also be seen that the levels among women are in many cases slightly higher than among men, although the quantity of food consumed by women per kilogram of body Weight is nailer than among men. Recently a new research technique based on neutron activation has been developed for measuring the cadmium content of tL internal organs of living persons Inclellan at al. 1975, Reels et al, 1979]. If the sensitivity of this method can be improved sufficiently, information about the cadmium load of the population, which is based on more extensive materials, will be obtained in the futu~e~ Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 table 3. The kidney carter cadmium content among accidentally dead 40-60-year-olds in a numbei of different countries Country Ser Mean ed content, Remarks Reference mglg fresh weight Irange) japan Kjellberq 1979 MIF 50 Tsuchiga 1978 USA M 25 Kjellberg 1979 H 29 Xowal st al. 1979 n 13 (3-41) non-smokers 10-59 yrs M 24 (3-109) smokers 10-59 yrs Sweden M 2t Kjellberg 1979 P 28 M~F 19 (5-91) 30-59 yrs EUnder et al, 1976 N~f 11 non-smokers 50 yrs M~F 22 smokers 50 yrs Finland N,F 26 (5-11) 40-50 yrs Vuori st al. 1979 Denmark HtF 18 non-smokers Ostergaard 1977 M~F 46 smokers W-Gennany 7 16,5 Szadkowski 1974 Canada M~F 22 (7-65) nan·smokers 10-65 yrs fe Baron et al, 1977 53 1121109) smokers 18-74 yrs Mr P Male F - Female By determining the cadmium content of several different tissues of persons who have died accidentally it is possible to evaluate the total cadmium load of the human body, In the above-mentioned study covering three countries, the average cadmium load of a 45-year·ald man (the material including both smokers and non-smokers) was found to be 21 mg in Japan, 8,7 mg in the united States and 6.1 mg in Sweden (Kjellstrb 1979). In Finland the corresponding value was 8.3 aq (Salmela, personal conununieation)~ The fi~ total cadmium load of a 45-year old man has been estimated Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 to be 16-17 mg in Japan and 5·6 mg in the United States and Sweden, An extra cadmium load of about,4 mg accumulates. in the tissues of a smoker by the age of 45 (Kjellstr6m 1919). The cadmium level in the blood is normally small in the general population (usually less than 0.1 ug1100 mi), being higher among smokers than non-smokers (Kowal et al. 1979). Likewise the cadmiwo level in the urine is very's~nall. Urine cadmium among 40-59-year-old Swedish men was 0.3 ug/l (non-smokers) and 0,6 ug/l (smokers) and among.merican men 0.7 ugll (non-smokers) and 1.0 ug/l (smokers) (Kjellstrijm 1979). In the general population cadmium excretion in the urine correlated in normal conditions with the cadmium load of the kidneys and of the entire body, In certain Working environments, especially during the past few decades, large quantities of cadmium have been released into the air and among factory workers the cadmium content of the tissues has been high. Cadmium pollution of the living environment has also been substantial on a local level in the vicinity, for example of zinc mines and metal smelting works (see Diehl 1981)~ Both the inhalation of air polluted by cadmium and eating food grown in polluted areas has caused exceptionally high cadmium loads in the local population. An increase in the load has been noticed, for example, in the village of Shipham in England where large amounts of cadmium are e:tsen~ in the soil owing to the proximity of an old zinc mine (Carruthe:s and Smith 19791l The cadmium levels i?. livers of the 40-62-yezs-old villagers (measured in vive by a neutron activation method) was found to be five times as high as among the control population (Harvey et al. 19791, I: can be expected that the cadmium content of the environ- ment will increase along with the increased industrial use of cadmium and thatthe cadmium load of the population will subsequently Increase. The cadmium content of kidney samples dating back to the end of the 19th century were recently determined in Sweden in order to shed light on the significance of the increased use of cadmium on the cadmium load of the population (Elinder and Kje!lstrijm 1977), The kidney cortex cadmium content seems to have quad- rupled in less than a century. This piece of information is, however, of indicative value only, since the different factors affecting the interpretation are not fully known. For instance, the age at which the subjects had died is not known, 4.4 Dose-response relationships As far as the exposure of the population to cadmi~rm is concerned, present-day views regard the kidneys as the critical object of the harmful effects. In the following sections we will deal with the dose-response relationships of cadmillm in the kidneys, Clit; PB F-·r!rlr~:f3 Stl'Cfi:13'lil As hzs been mentioned earlier cadmium accumulates in the kidneys. ~Lter reaching a certain level in the kidneys, the cadmium in the cortex da~~es the nefrogenous tubuli and glomercli, The subsequent malfunctioning of the kidneys can in those cases only be detected through laboratory tests. Observatiorsmade on factory workers exposed to high levels of cadmium show that the highest kidney cortex cadmium content which does not cause any apparent kidney malfuntion, for example excretion of protein into the urine, ranges between 165-2/5 ug/g (fresh weight) (Roels et al, 1979, Reels et e!. 1981)l on this basis the present average exposure to cadmium is Finland, for example, would be 10-1/5 of the risky exposure, as far as the effects of cadmium an the kidneys are concerned. The safety margin is, however, smaller among smokers and those population groups where the intake of cadmium especially from food owing to dietary habits, for instance, is large or where the absorbtion of cadmium (from the intestines) is unusually large. In addition, it should be borne in mind that this information concerning the dose-response relationships of cadmium in the kidneys mainly concerns men of working age. It is highly unlikely that dishes form which very large quantities o: cadnium would dissolve out'could come up fdr public sale in Tinland, Ijoweve:, dishes Which impart small amounts of cadmium to the food may be in use, In individual cases the cadmium dissolved out frc~n such dishes may substantially increase the daily ca~aium intake. It is not possible to estimate the effect of such dishes bn the intake of cadmium among the population. Toys are on sale which may release Some cadmium. Even in carer where less than 0.1 mgih~ is retaased from the toys, the daily cadTlium intake of exposed children may be quite large. It is difficult to estimate the effects of the cadmium released irom:oys on the cadmium intake of children in general because of the non-availability of relevant information, 8,4 Tobacco The cigarettes used in Finland contain 0,35-1.42 ug of cadmium (Technjcal Research Center of Finland 1980), According to a study into the consumption of cigarettes (Anon. 1981) 27.5% of men and 5.81 of women (mtalling 650,000 persons) smoke more than 14 cigarettes daily. The number of those smoking more than 30 cigarettes a day is 50,000-100,000. Persons over 15 smoke, on the average, 5 cigarettes a day, About 105 of the cadmium contained in a cigarette is inhaled while smoking and of this quantity about'one half is retained i~ the lungs (Szadkowski 1969, Morgan 1979, Piscator 1979)~ According to a study carried out in Pinland (Technical Research Center of Finland 1980) on the average 4,41 of the cadmium contained in a cigarette is inhaled, Persons who smoke 20 cigarettes a day inhale 0,6·2,4 ug of cadmium into t~eir lungs depeding on the cadmium content cf the cigarette brand smoked, About 0,3ii,Z ug of this amount of cadmium is retained in the lungs, The intake of cadmium frcn cigarettes among persons who smoke this much is of the same magnitude as the intake of cadmium from food on the average among the whole population, 8,5 Inhaled air If it is assumed that the cadmium content of air in "unpolluted" areas is 0.1-0.i ng/n1 and ttat a person inhales shout 28 m3 cf air a day, on the average 0.014 ug of cadmium passes into the lungs a day, About one half of this is retained and therefore about 0,007 ug of cadmium passes into the body through the lungs eachday, In industrialized areas and cities there is, however, more cadmium in the air, Tn Helsinki the cadmium level in the air is 1·2 nglnl (aattsan, iP191 and in XokkoL, where there is inds;rl which eslits cabium, i-9 ng/n~3 IYpmeo, 1981) Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 In areas such as these, people inhale as much as 0.056 ug (Helsinki) or 0,250 ug (Xokkola) of camnIum into their lungs daily, In industrial regions 0,028 ug or 0,125 uq of cadmium may flus pass into the body through the lungs daily, Table 25, Cadmium intake through inhaled air in Finland Cadmium Amount of Amount of cadmiun content of cadmium quantity retained in the ~ air ug/m3 passing into the lungs and absorbe the lungs ug/day into the blood, ug/day Rural areas 0.0005 0.014 0,007 HsLinki 0,002 0.056 0.028 Kokkola 0,009 0.250 0,125 PnPOSaS POP PE~1TI~ P1SU~S fertilizers The most important sources of cadmium are cereals, vegetables ad the kidneys and livers of cattle, The cable content of cultivated land and plants'is apparently on the increl~e, CaQ1P is deposited on _to the soil from the air at a rate of 0.1.·0.7 p/ba/yr, is carried Into the soil along with phosphate fertilizers at a rate of 10 g/ha/yr and through tbs spreading of sewage sludge at a rate of about 20 g/ha/yr, On the basis of Swedish studies It can be concluded that the cadmium derived fro phospbate fertilizers increases the cadmium contents of cereals By 1\ unit a year. Continued use of phospbate fertilizer It their present rate would thus lead to a doubling of the cadmium content within 100 years. The cadmium derived from pholphate fertilizers and sewage sludge passes to the plants more easily than the cadmium naturally present in the soil or already Bound in it. The cadmium passing into the soil along with fertilizers or sludge therefore considerably increases the cadmium content of cultivated plants during the growing season following fertilization or spreading of sewage sludge, Since even a small increase in the cadmium content of cultivated land brings about an increase in the cadmium content of cultivated plants, tbe amount of cadmium passing into cultivated lane obopldba rsptrictod. On the other hand, increasing the pB ClibPDF - v~~fastio.soni of the soil by !iming cultivated land prevents the transfer of cadmium to cultivated land. Since it is riot realistic to set restricticr,s or, t~e use of fertilizers or or easy to ensure sufficient liming of the soil, a maxFinum level sould be determined far the cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers such that no more than 5 g of cadmium would pass into one h~etate of cultivated land, Setting such a limit would reduce the amount of cadmium derived from phophate fertilizers to one half its present level. Rs the present-day application level of phosphate fertilizers eontafng less than 10 $ phosphorus is about 470 kg/hecrare, 10 mg/kg should be se; as· the maximum cadmium content of such fertilizers. The amount of ca~niun passing into cultivated land along with sewage sludge should be restricted to no more than 10 glhalyr, This amount is double that for phosphate fertilizers, but is fCly just::ied when considering that slu6ge)50nly rarely spIea~ over the same piece of land, not annually. The working group proposes that - the maximum limit for the cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers be set at 10 mglkg on the basis of the Feed and Fertilizer Act, the instruction concerning ready-to~use fertilizers - The General Letter No. 1637 of the National Board of Health concerning the prevention of health hazards in connection witt the utilization of sewage sludge be amended so that together more than 10 g of cadmilmm per hectare may pass into eultfvatel land along with the sewage sludge. Clil;PDF- ·I.lilil:f3stlW:i3.1il Foo~stufis In order to decrease the exposure of the general population to cadmium, those foodstuffs which contain such high levels of cahium as to represent a health hazard should be prevented fro gaining access to general consumption. In connection with the control of dmnestic and foreign products, the directive Issued by t~e National Board of Trade and Consumer Products concerning the maximum contents of foreign matter is to be observed. This so-called list of foreign matter does not, however, contain any instructions about the maximum content allowable for cadraiur In order to enforce control such maximum levels should, however~ be included in~the list, 0.1 mg/kg is suggested as a general maximum limit for the cadmium content of foodstuffs, mosti:..2~~ foodstu:is not ecceeding this limit. Baby food products have not according to a number of studies, included any appreciable amounts of cadmium, although the use of plenty of liver in their Processing may affect the cadmium content. Since the exposure ol children to cadmium should be decreased by all possible means, it is proposed that the maxinum allowable cadmium content of children's food should be 0,05 mglkg. The use of liver as a food should in general be favoured for nutritional reasons. On the other hand, however, a maximum leve: should be set for the cadmium content of liver so as to reduce the exposure of the population to cadmium. 0,2 mg/kg has been proposed as the maximum level of cadmium in liver, most of the liver offered for sale fulfilling this requirement, In general ~E, C: I i IrP B`F~:f there is more cabnium in kidneys than in liver and therefore 0,5 oS/kS has been proposed as the maximum level of cadmium in kidneys, The majority of the livers and kidneys available for public consumption fulfill the requirements stated above: an exception are, however, the internal organs of old cattle, where the cadmium level often exceeds these li~nits, Since Individual determination of the cadmium levels in such animals during slaughtering is difficult to carry out in practice, it would be applicable ~to prescribe', on the basis of the Meat Inspection Law, a sale prohibition on the livers and kidneys of cattle alder thanlgiven age. The liver and kidneys of elks also have high cadmium contents. In most cases eldmi~m levels in the livers and kidneys of elks arQlot below the maximum limit for cadmium proposed for these internal organs. Therefore it is easier, from the point of view of control, to enact a sale prohibition on the livers and kidneys of e!ks, In addition, a recw~nendation not to use the livers and kidnevs of elks as food should be given. Special attention should be paid to cadmium in control imp~e- mented on the basis of the Foodstuffs Act. The amounts of cadmium in cereals and cereal products and livers and kidneys Offered for sale, and in products made from these, should be regularly analyzed so that exposure to camaium through foodstuff can be eontinously monitored. The purpose of the monitoring O procedures is to acquire infcnnation, as early'as possible, W about possible increases in cadmium levels to serve as a h~s O\ Clit; PB F-r:!r:!r:!: f3Stl'CTi:D'lil -- `- for control measures. The working group proposes that I the National Board of Trade and Consumer Interests amend its directive issued on the basis of the Foodstuffs Act (No. 3050/51/79, 2.5.1979 and 17.6.1980) so that the followlq maximum limits be set for cadmium contents in foodstuffs: - liver 0,2 mg/kg - kidneys a~s mg/kg - fresh mushrooms 0,5 mglkg - habyfood o~os mg/$ - other foodstufis 0.1 mglkg - a sale prohibition be en~a~cted, or. the basis of the Meat inspection Law, on the sale of livers and kidneys of cattle older than a given age an? on the sale of all livers and kidneys of elks, Furthermore a reconrmendation should be given that the livers and kidneys of old C~ks are not be used at all for nutritional purposes~ - Monitoring the cadmium contents of foodstufis be intensified by preparing a control program, for regularly monitoring the exposure of the population to cadmium, Drinking water The cadmium content of the raw water used by water utilities is in general very low. However, the cadmium contents of hause- hold water intended for public consumption may increase, because zinc-plated and plastic waterpipes may contain cadmium which can g dissolve out of the pipe into the water. However, there is not 0~ Clit; PD F-~::a::~::lasfl 071;tn I~~ . . . Lf I mcc~ Icfo~ation available about the actual cadniu~ contents of houselold water, leit~er has the cadmijum content of the zinc used for waterpiTes in iinland been determineC. On the basis of standards valid in other countries it can be expected that there may also be waterpipes in use In Finland which contain considerably high levels of cadmium, Therefore a maxim~ l~it should be set for the cadmium cdiipitcf the zinc·plating of uaterpipes. on the other hand, materials containing cadmium si~ould no: be used at all in t~e manufacture of plastic;ater- pipes, The limits for cac~ium given in General Letter Na, c~ the National Board of Health are adequate at least for the time being, It is possible to limit the amount of eadmi~m which wa:er~ipes contain on the basis of the statute governing con- st:uction (226/59/i According to g 1 of this statute the Ministry of the Interior map issue orders and instructions concerning construction, These orders and instructions have been included in the Collection of Finnish Construction Regulations. Item 2.3,1,1 included in Section D1 "Water and sewage e~uipment of real estatel' 19'16, which includes regulation issued for protection against health hazards and other harmful effects, should be supplemented so as to include the statement that wate~ipes are considered to be hazardous to health, if the zinc used for the plating of their inner surface contains cadmium in excess of 100 q/kg, or if in the manufacture of plastic waterpipes stabi!iz'ers or pigments containing ca~bniu~n have been used, Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: Dill The working group proposes that - the collection of Finnish Cons:runion'Reguiations be amended accordingly, Tobacco Smoking doubles the intake of cadmium compared with the intakes of cadmium obtained through fooestuffs and drinking water, It is justified to consider that tobacco is just such an agent hazardous to health referred to in the Tobacco law ( for which a limit to the maximum content should be set. On the basis of Clause Z of g 5 of the Tobacco Law the Council of State may issue regulations concerning the agents hazardous to health contained in tobacco. The previous resolution of the Council of State ( ) concerning the agents harmful to health contained in tobacco should be amended so that the maximum o~ant~i~y of cadmium allosed in tobacco is 0.5 pc Cd/c ~tahaeeo . Dishes, tops and other utensils and consumer goods Most of the plastic and enamel products which contain cadmium as stabiligrs or colour pigments belong to the group of generall used utensils End consumer goods referred to In the Fcodstuffs Act, Such articles are the dishes, appliances and utensils intended for the prepartion and preservation of'foad, the materials intended for the coating of partition walls and floors Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 stlc.;: nill in apa:nents, fcrnit3re and other supplies defined in S 2 of the Foodstuf:s Act (408!521. On the bCher hand, the~ supplies intended:ox exterior walls, down-pipes and various kinds of metal parts do not belong to the group of general utensils and consumer goods. On the basis of g 1 of the Fpodstuffs Act (526/41) regulations can he issued in statute fonn concerning the composition of general utensils and consume: goods as well as other conditions considered important for public health. Some provisions concerning such regulations and conditions are included in a 16 of the statute governing foodstuffs 11108/52). A dish, u:rasil,appliance, and gadget coming irto contact with food. must be such that it does not make the food hazardous to health. In addition, it has been decreed that the use of a utensil or gadget is prohibited if it contains arsenic which can dissolve in food. Sn a test carried out in the manner prescribed. in P 16, no mere than 0.6 lasldm2 of lead, 2inc, cadmium or antimony may dissolve out frc~n a utensil or gadget coming in contact with food, Accordi?g to g 20 of the statute governing foodstuffs the general utensils and consumer goods must not be manufactured in such a way that,if used for their ordinary purposes, they may cause poisoning or some other illness. In its official statement about the interpretation of P 20 of ~he statute governing faodsfufis the N'at~onal Bacrd' o: Xealtt has considered that no cadmium may dissolve out fras children's toys in a test carried out in accordance with reference ~ 16 of the statute, In addition, the Ministry of Trade and Industry has on the basis of ~ 5d of the statute governing foadstufis (150/53) determined the maximum limits for the arsenic contents of certain generally-used utensils and cansumer goads and regulated the use of wood, textiles etc, treated with dangerous toxic impregnation or preservatfon gents, Control tests carried out on the basis of the Poods:uf:s Act show that dishes from which cadmium dissolves cut into food are imparted to Finland and manufactured in our country. The use of such dishes may increase the intake of cadmium among individuals although their effect on the cadmium exposure of the general population is not known, it is possible to reduce exposure by ordering that no cadmium may be dissolved out fr~rm dishes or corresponding utensils, The third sentenceof Clause 2 of S 16 of the statute governing foodstuffs.shoulE be amended as follows: "The use of an utensil or appliance is prohibited if it contains arsenic or eadmi~m,' At the same time cadmium should be deleted from the fourth sentence of the same Clause and the maximum amount dissolving out in the ease of the three other agents mmtiened shld be reduced to 0.115 qidal The measures described above would decrease cp6sure to cabiwa t~;ouSh food hut they would not t;cve any eflea an the cadmi3 contents of generally used utensils and consumer goods, Since the generally-used Itensils and consumer goods containine cadmium form an essential part of the wastes which, when transported to a dumping ground or in the Process of incineration, increase the cadmium content of the environment and at t~e same time the exposure of the population to cabium, t~e use of cadmium as a raw-material or auxiliary material of generally used utensils and consumer goods should be stopped. This pres~?poses that a res'olution be issued by the Ministry of Trade and Industry on the basis of ~ 51 of the statute governing foo~stuffs or the passing of a statute on the basis or' ~ 1 of the Foodstuffs Act. It is possible, however, through a statute to be passed on the basis of ~he Foodstuffs Act or through a resoiutic~ to be issuel by the Ministry of Trade and Industry on the basis of the statute governing foodstuffs, to limit only the presence of cadmium !3 generally-used utensils and consumer goods. Since the use of cadmium for other purposes increases the number of persons who handle cadmium in their work as well as the general exposure of the population to cadmia, the use of cadmium in connettioa with industrial production should be limited to objects where it cannot be replaced by ether materials or working methods. Such objects are, for example, the use of cadmium as stabilisee~ of plastic products Intended for exterior vails, the use of cadmium in the electrical conneetion~ O Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: OI·i~ for certain appliances, not household appliances, requiring exceptional electrical conductivity properties, use ofcadmium in certain parts of automobiles and aircraft, use of cadmium in certain optical, photographic, filming and sugical devices, The prohibition concerning the keeping for sale and use of cadmium can be realized on the basis of g 4 of the Poison Act, pursuant to which the National Board of Health has the sight to prohibit the manufacture, keeping for sale and use, if· a poison or a product containing poison is found or suspected to cause a hazard to health or some other harm. If the National Board of Helath on the basis of g 4 of the Poison Act would prohibit the use of cahiu~n for other purposes except for the plastic structures intended for external walls, for coatings intended for certain precision devices, appliances and instruments, for solders in certain ~braaed joints and connections requiring exceptiornl electrical conductivity pro- perties and for surface treatment materials,.,, ExPosure at work in Finland about 2,000 persons axe exposed to cadmium at work. Approximately 200 factory workers work in an enviroFJnent· where tb( eahryl Eontmi oL the air lay be klout 10 pglRi]. )orbapr 1,000 pea~nr are exposed m eadmi~in wrking places where the eamniun cantent nf the air is about 1 ug/m3. Frcmm the:~p~iht of view of exposure the critical working phases are the use of L braped joints, the handling of pigments and eadlnium stabilisers, working in foundries and metal surface trea~nent pl~nts~ 12, It is cene~allv assumd that if the dir ct the working~place h~ u~i~3,·'then constant. aporure to this level leads by the end of middle age to an amount of -~.~----------.-~:- ,.:.: ·r · ,cadmium in _the kidneys which a_sProacbes the critical contents .fram t~e aarnt a~vieb~ Of the functioning of the kidneys, rurtheseare, it should be taken into consideration that a perso~ who is thus exposed at work, also receives the same amount of Eadmi~a~fherp~f thepoaul_ation from food, drinking water,. iphaled air_and.~ossiblv tobacco. It appears that there is a aro~of wo_rkers in Finland which is exposed to such high level ~~admium~~tnat their total exposure is many times greater than that of the averase exposure of the PoPu~ation, The main danger in cadmium exposure is due to the effects of cadmium on kidney functioning, Cadmium beloncs ta~hell~f~of~~ ~earcineo~~nicsubstances but, as far as is known, prostrate cancer is the only form of cancer which is known to be related to cadmium exposure, Prostrate cancer has only been detected after exposure t(LYe~·~Lh~S~_le~S~cjld~nium, However, apossibl increase in the incidence of this form of cancer as a result of exposure to high levels of cadmium must be taken into account. The most important administrative regulation concerning the use of cadmium at working places is the safety bulletin "Impurities in the air at the working place" issued by the National Board of l·abour Protection. According to this bulletin, the levels Clil;PDF - i'r~):f3stl~C~:;i3'1il Ofr cadmium and i;s eomPounds known to be harmful, calculated !;I in tenns of cadmium, is O.P2 q/m3 and tl;e levelsof~li~n I nonoxide sas carrescoa~i?~ly 0.01 mF/n'~ On the basis of t~e information now available in Finland about the effects or' cadmium and the extent of exposure to cadmium, consideration should be taken to lower the maximum 1Lit frcrm 0.02,~p3 to ~0.01 Pgj83. AS far Is we knov, places where cadmium is used do not experience any major difficulties in a~ieving this level. Since, however, the above mentioned bulletin issued by the National. Board of Labour Pro- tection is not legally binding, the maximum amount of cadmium in the air at the working place should be determined In a resolution of the Council of State, the issuance of which is possible on the basis of the Labour Protection Act. Such a resolution should also include regulations concerning biological monitoring and sampling, stopping the non-essential use of cadmium, technical prevention and protection measures and include instructions as to what measure should be carried out if biological simples show an excessive exposure to cadmium~ Since it might take time before a binding resolution of this kind will be available from the Council of State, the National. ~Board of labour Protection should, as.a temaararrmeas~, level in the air at reduce the norm for the harmful cahium II · I_ - - I 3 and it should at the same time ( working places to 0.01 mglm_ make a proposal about amending the resolutich .af the Council of State concerning medical examinations in such a way that the cadmium contents of the urine of person exposed to eadmilmn g C: I i I; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: Dill at their work will be monitored regularly so as to avoid excessive accumulation of cahium in the'body, Household wastes ordinary household waste contains about 3,5 mq/kg cadmilrm and during the incineration of household wastes about 260 kg of cadmium is liberated into the air, This is about all the cadmium emitted into the air in Finland, The cadmium in the wastes is primarily derived from metal waste, plastic products and small-sited cadmium bat:eries~ :3'.eparating cadml from the rest of the waste is not possible in ordinary waste haniliq, Since the use of small batteries cantaiping cadmium ad also of large accumulators sees to be on the increase, their inclusion amort waste to be burnt sould, however, be prevented at any rate, Large accumulators are not apparently Pir with burnable waste, The conw~onest disposal method for small batteries is $wadays perhaps either incineration or transports tion to a dumping ground, Arranging the waste disposal'of batteries and accumulators containing cadmium presupposes that tharl ~rducts k~arked for eely idontificati~n md tbat arrangements are made for their collection by the seller or importer , In accordance with the resolution (205/74) of the Ministry of Trade and Industry concerning safety regulations for electrical equipent the Inspection Centre for Eleeaieal Installations and Appliances will provide more detailed P instructions far the handling of electrical appliances, The safety regulations for electrical epuipnent include the dwand Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.?: Dill that appliances containing PCE compounds must always be properly marked vith the name of the suS;tanee. This raquirsent is based on Clause 3 of g 13 of the law governing the inspection of electrical equipment, A requirement about furnishing the acc~nnulators containing cadmium with a specific mark should be included in the safety regulations for electrical cquiFonent~ However, whether or not instructions can be given on the basis of: the safety regulations for electrical equiFPaent about the marking of s~al:.batteries 50 that their handling by waste disposal utilities can be done in a proper manner, should be clarified separately, Tn addition, the Ministry of the Interior should on the basis of the~ Waste Disposal Act prepare a plan for arranging the waste disposal of accumulators and batteries containing cadmium in such a way that the importers and users of cadmium batteries are given instructions about how to handle these products, Industrial wastes The incineration of waste material, energy production, mining and other industries produce about 24 tons of wastes containing cadmium in Finland annually Figure ), Nowadays part of this waste is transported to dumping grounds, part is stared in the vicinity of industrial plants or energy production plants and past is utilized, for example, in land reclamation and building construction , t. ,I' :·- ·I O ~:·· · -- W Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: Dill The large aaounts of such waste materials lead to a situation in which large cadmium stocks gradually dccumulate in I`inland thar may represent a considerable danger of envh.orunental pollution. Cadmium and other materials hazardous to health and the environment may pass from the storage areas into the surface and ground Water and may bring about a local increase in cadmium levels in the environment, Otili3atfon of the waste material as a construction material in buildings may develop into a health hazard, if material containing cadmium is used, far example, in the partition walls of residential buildings and other places ~ near people's living accomodation, In order to prevent the spread of cadmium in the envirarm~ent special attention should be paid to proper handling of wastes containing large amounts of cadmium and the protection of the environment aPinst problems caused by cadmium. ft would undoubtedly be possible to pass, on the basis of the Waste Disposal Act, general regulations concerning the handling, stocking and placement of wastes containing cadmium, -- Cadmium h'3rkinS Group P~ELIMIN~1~ FAO~OSALS FOR 3i~EVENTIVi ~n~RSURES (not ~isc~ssed by the working group) Foods~fis I - The maximum allowable content of cabitlm in foodstuffs is tf be in:luded in the instructions concerning foreign matter giver. on the basis of the Foodstufis Act and Statute. To he imleaentd by; The National Board of Trade and ConsPer Interests 2 - A sale prohibition on the basis of the Meat Inspection Act to be issud on the sale of liver at kidneys of cattle older than a given age. To be implemented by: The Ministry of Agriculture and Pores:ry 3 - A sale prohibition on the basis of the Meat Inspection Act to be issued on the sale of liver and kidneys of elks. So be imDIementedPy: The Ministry of Agriculture and Fores:ry 4 - On the basis of the Feed and Fertilizer Act, the maximum limit for the fahillm content of phosphPte fertilizers will be set at 10 mg/kg in ready-tot~se fertilizer if the amount of fertilizer used is 300 to 400 kglhectar. To be implemented by: The State Institute of Agricultural Chemistry 5 - The maximum amounts of cadmium passing into cultivated land, mentioned in the General Lette; Za. 1637 of.the National Medical Board concerning the preventation of health hazards in connection with the utilization of sewage Sl.dge, to be amended so that over a period of five years no more than 50 g of cadmium may pass into the soil along with sludge and the annual amount of caQnium not to exceed 10 g, To be implementedv: the National Board of Health 6 - Monitoring the cadmium content in foodstuffs will be intensified by Preparing a control programme for monitoring changes in the cadmium content of foodstuffs. To be implemented by; the National Board of Trade and Consumer interests. Tao water 1 - Directives to be issued concerning water pipes in buildings and setting a maximum limit for the cadmi~rm content of the zinc used for zinc-plating metal pipes will be given on the basis of the law on public health care. The use of plastic or other pipes, the manufacture of which in~lves the use of stabilisators or pigments containing cadmium, will be prohibited in the same directives, These regulations will also be included in the building standards issued by the Ministry of the Interior, To be implemented by: the National Board of Realth and the ,L Ministry of the Inlietlor · Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: Olii Tobacco 1- The'resolultion concerning t~e presence of health-hazardous agents in tabacco given by tbe CouKil of Stale on tbe barir of the Tobacco Act will be amended so that the maximum __ ii allowable cadmium content in tobacco will be 0,5 ug C4/9. j To be implemented by: the National Board of Bealth and the Council of State Kitchen utensils, toys and other connnon utensils and consumer goods 1- The second sentence in Clause 2, g 16 of the Foodstufis Statute willjbe amended to read as follows: ''Ose of a utensil or appliance is not allowed if it contains arsenic E~f,E~~I~ which will dissolve into ~oodstuffs." The maximum allowable amount of certain metals dissolving during a test carried out in a stipulated manner mentioned in Clause 2 of the·same paragraph will be lowered frcn the present level of 0,6 mg down to 0,45 mg, 2 - The National Board of: Health will issue an interpretation directive concerning Clause 1 in ~ 20 of the Foodjt~uffs Statute, according to which no cadmium at all, is allowed to dissolve out from toys during a test carried cut in accordance with ~ 16 of the Foodstuffs Statute, To be iPlril'emented by: the National Board of Realth Clil;PDF - !::!!::!!:).f3stlc.;:nlil 3 - In addition to the fact that implementation of the measures stated in Items i and 2, which must be understood as inter- mediary goals in the process of reducing exposure to cadmiun among the population, will start without delay, preparations for a resolution which will be given by the Ministry of Trade and Industry on the basis of g 5~ in the Foodstuffs Statute, concerning th$pbohibition of the use of cadmium in cwnmon utensils and consumer goods will begin. Alternative to the above procedure:... to start preparations for a statute on the prohibition of the use of cadmium in common utensils and consumer goods, which will be passed on the basis of g 1 of the Foodstuffs Act. To be implemented by: the National Board of Trade and Consumer Interests. Use of cadmium in industrial production le On the basis of g 4 of the law on toxic agents the National Board of Health has stipulated that cadmium or its compounds may not be offered for sale or used - as stabilizers or pigments in any plastic products apart ~ from those intended for exterior walls of`buildings; - for coating metal surfaces with the exception of certain fine mechanical devices, apparatuses and instruments and connections requiring exceptionally high electrical conductivity properties; - as btazed joints ~O To be iroplw~ented_b~ the National Board of Health Clil;PDF - !::!!::!!:!:f3stlc.;:nlil Use of cadmium at work olaces 1 - The limit for the hazardous concentration of cadnium and its compounds in one cubic metre of air, which is stated ,in the safety bulletin roneerning impurities in the air ,i a work place, will be changed to 0,01 mg by the National Board of Labour Protection, ~o be i~nple~ented~: the National Board of Labour Protect;ia 2 - On tfie basis of the law on Working safety, the Council of State will pass a resolution stipulating - that the maximum allowable concentration of ca~mi~rm and iS c~pounds in tbe air at a work plve ii O.(11 mSlra]; that biological sampling among people exposed to cadmium/j at their work is compulsory; - that unnecessary use of cadmium at work places is prohibited; - about the technical protective and other safety measures among persons exposed to cabi~nn; - about measures to be taken in case the results of bilogical samping indicate a too high exposure level To be implemented b_v: the National Board of Labour Protectiol and the Council of State, Releases of cadmium into the environment 1 - A reouirement that aee~nnulators and small batteries containing cadmium be marked with special markings will be included in the safety regulations conccminq electrical. equipment . To be implemented by: Inspection Cenfre for Electrical Installations and b~lianees 2 - On the basis of the waste Disposal Act, the Ministry of the Interior will prepare a plan for arranging the waste dispose of accumulators and small batteries containing cadmium, To be implemented_hv: the Ministry of the ~nterior~ 3 · On the basis of the Waste Disposal Act, the Ministry of the Interior will isuue a code of practice concerning bath the disposal of waste containg cadmium - waste wich results from the incineration of waste, production of energy, mining and industrial activities and measures aimed at preventing such waste from FollutlnQ the envirorunent~ To be impiemente~ by: the Ministry of the Znterior~ 4 - Licenses issued. on the basis of the Water Act and entitling the licensee to discharge cadmium-bearing sewage into riverr or lakes will be revised so that the maximum amounts stated in the licences are lowered whenever possible. To be implemented by: the National Board of Waters 5 - Maximum limits for cadmium released into the air as a result of industrial activities or the incineration of waste will be set for each plant os unit in question, To be implemented by: the Ministry of the Interior, Clit; PDF -!-!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 ?ICURE 2~ CADMIUM LiVi:lS IX fINLAND IN 1980 (tlyr). ~n~ning and concentration Cadmium and zinc of zinc ca, 200 processing Production of sulphuric acid Nic~el·cadmium batteries PVC stabilizers and PVC products Incineration of ~st semi-finished goods Pigments Plastic products Land reclamation Enamelled and ceramic products Car enamels Car and cable scrap Solders Products including solders Iron and steel industry Lead batteries Imports of Allays Cable coatings cadmium 2 inc scrap Self-sacrificing anodes Dry cells Other products Sewage Cadmium plating Electrical devices, car and airplane parts Burning of coal Imports of Hot-galvanizing Hot-galvanized zinc products Zinc oxide, powder and Products fncludiq8ayl fuel, light alloys zinc paints and fuel and diesel oil alloys Automobile tyres Burning of peat · Imports of Phosphoric acid Fertilizers crude phos- ehate RAW-MATERIALS SEMI-FINISHED PRODUCTS FINISHED PRODUCTS RELEASE TO ENVIRON· ~I~NT Key to symbols: imports exports release to air discharge into water release to ground P (...) numerical values in the Danish study O Clil;PDF - !:-!!::!!:l.f3stlc.;:nlil APPENDIX V1 C~DMIU# Cadmium is a soft silver grey metal, atomic weight 112,4 and has chemical properties intermediate between Zinc and nercury. It is not abundant in the eafths surface, Its main industrial uses are in the manufacture of paints, plastics, Petal coatings, phosphors for Tv tubes and batteries, cadmium Is not acutely toxic In moderate doses, but is selectively retained in the liver and kidneys, It has a half life in the kidney of several years in humans.Thus continued exposure leads to higher accumulated levels. The Pain source of Cadmium intake is in food, particularly grain products, vegetables and liver a kidney. Heat, cogs, fish and milk have lower levels. Dietary libte aids the excretion of Cadmium. cadmium levels in tobacco vary between 0.~ - 7,0 ppm depending on the soil in which it was grown, cultural practices and rain- fall. cadmium tranafets to smoke (ahoul 0.5 - 2o.0 ~ according to vTT current figures). Cadmium is absorbed through the lungs and it has been estimated that a smoker of 20 cigarettes per day could increase his cadmium level by l.f rg pet day li.o. O.f mg par year), Thus 1 smoker approximately doubles the intake of cadmium compared with a nonrsmoker. cadmium accumulation inlthe kidney impairs kidney fanetlcns sc that proteins are excreted in the urine. The transfer of cadmlui ttom tobacco to smoke is by decrepitation; Cadmium in smoke is reduced by filtration and ventilation, As yet no specifically selective filtration systems are known, .CO Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 2(2), bisFussions with Tobacco Manufacturers Association indicate that the cadmium content of tobacco cannot be controlled at source, at present, therefore the problem is not a specifically national problem, but shouid be examined by the World Bialth Organisation (waol. This recommendation will be put to the State consultation Committee for Poisonous Substances, who were asked to examine the problem and propose a statement by the Ministry of Social and Bealth Affairs, D.E,Creighton 3,2,1982 DEClhn W : P a II ID J rCOI~LPcBn +P L ... 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THE R[SK INTAKE OF CO - THE USE OF LIVER AND KIDNEY - " " " MUSSELS AND SOME MUSHRDOMS - WORKING CONDITIONS HEAVY SMOKING ClibPDF -!::!~f3stlc.cnlnn METHODS TAR - ABOUT 30 - 50 CIGARETTES SMOKEDIANAIYS(S - CA~RIOGE FILTER: EXIRA[TION WITH 1IIHN03 - EVbPORAIION OF HNOI AND DIGESTIOR WITH H202 - SOLUTIOH WITH 0,4 M HC~ - MS - GRAPHITE FURNACE TECHNIQUE TOBACCO - BWi l~i 6 OF TOBA[U). Yi IIEESTIMI liTH HZSOU, HNOII Anil H202 - APOC/CHCII - CHELATE EXTRACTION SOLUTION WITH O,S M HCL - AAS · FLA~I1E TECHNIQUE Clit; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111 16! TItcusi a i: Ind Gdmium ad MKuy CoaIcau PIFung: The cadmium eonlenl ranged from t03 to mon eommonlyeolleeted. The aim war to obtain basic 101 mgFg oldry matler. In die conuol arear the mean information about which fungi may be calm without contents for the dilferenl species ranged from c0.1 to danger of 6eary meal inla~t, Ib8mgn;g, and in the urban area from cO.? to 12j mg0~g The difference between the urban and ru~ Material and Methods RI areas for the decomposers was nor significant, for the mycorrhital fungi it was almost sjgnificant, ne dF Ttc u of ibc lupd QR umpla) vc~ ed~e~d ip ik H~i~i ference between the decomposers and myconi~ ~p· us'd'rwilhnro~i~lW,Woinb~biunull~d~PwmlI~;~ gi wu almost dgniricant in the urban area, but in Ihe brna, Ihi~ M h a bral i~duprl, h uppdlu~ coouol Ilruue~qmmredblJloyahaWluaplsmlialylmmM1Prl· control area it was not dgnifKanL The highest values hi~ lunleaamun~iloullr~em Fl$ccd pi~ Q lba 14a31 were found in Agari~t species md Ammtim IIIIIEEPljP, iphbi~py ad Imm Vri~toL, I rPnl vilLF 1D~m veil plH~ The mercury content ranged from c0,01 to 95 mg~ do~i~ ad ia ddiiicc thac ~U mnl uru a lou~p F~L~b ~g of dry matter. in die rural arear die mean contents Tbl'ObJ DYID[ICI Oll~pbvU~h~l26. Mnt~luP IOluPd wm iaduhd aa druha vac idenlil~d lo qffia. Hwrq Ihe F for the different species ranged from 0,03 to 4.2mgnt& rm Aloiew ad Gwnalu~u vac id~il~ wb lp poupl VA in thzurban area from 0.01 to 11.1 mg~k'lhtdiF S~,[ b,~p~,l,d~ ad o~l~o~iPI fcrmce between the urban and rural arear wat highly luai Einl u r~~iopu d Iwell Lr~e~) significant for the decomposers, but for the myeor· rhizal fun~ it war not dgnitiapl The difference k· vac daccdad drial irmps5~dy~l0 r Sow~mpk~ acoC kacdiParm~ol9lkdowd~pddppl~o~~lpddri~d~ktlW· twem the decomposers and myeoRhit81 fund war ,p pr ~un aniai *U manuod in w put highly dgaif~at in both the urban and nral urar, Fw Icld ad ~d~jl LDI1Ydl Iboul os I Pr ~h~ drird ad The values were highest in AgPricw species, and next heagaiad 3lr vU di~c~d ip I SPDlfmPO Il~i~m in lyophy(lum connnllm:, Coprinur Cnmniur, MOtOJ· hO' bias: idRllp~urieud niiriecddr IdloYd bycddidn odp dmLa pmdde ~b~ dilenioP reliduc vu mnularcd to I b~rr nia orrodu and Bolello rd~iir. ad Ur pH w djuncd to ]3 viJ uamonium ~ydmidc, TI# a In conclusion, consumption of those fund that loiOD VU amoed IYjP ViJ IOml or ~PDCICHR, 10,1'/1 up· grow in unpolluted rural areas carries no rislt, pulicu· moaiurn WlmlidiPc d~bioo~hm~ iR ehlwdPrm~ Thr rb~o~ larry whm dig belong to myconhizal spedes. In urban I~~~du~~·Y~~mponlcd~Adilo~dillaJolni~~ldd areas the rid: is somewhat greater The Agnrino spedes rMdry,~Pd~~la;dlxnrdipplvl~ ip~ddO~Y~dr~iE dd The lad lad adaila cpncmwioa~ rtrr wupnd Y I show the highest contents of the meals studied and ~i~·Omal Ilomiab~orp~ioP~pkuw~~~dPI rineay their use as food requires caution. L ILme For muao aabtir the umpla vac dip~t~d vilb ]Omlollulpbu~ieladd~irldd~(l~l)l60'Cinl~n~b~0rw I h. The m~r~~wMuwa uaaad by cdd npoP uopiab IOubD ~p~mom~(Colemu MrS·JO). Thr d~pilru~erollbrdilt~Raa wu m~v~d bt~SIPdrP~~ lntrodueden ~di~aaapnudEompsilh~.ubao~aul ~a Pa~ if some fungi may Eoouin dixluining levels of hcarj Izod meals Bwd, see 1-3; cadmium,ree I, C9; mercury, see IO·lq, in Fmland, some related investigations have al· The results a ~ven in Table i. so hem performed [1h19], it has been nod#d that the lmspeetive of uy the amounts of lead wcrr various species differ in their tendency to amnulate ~~hcff in the Agmiou spp, and the GP~aMly#I~ heavy meals. Wowtvu, industry ~Oj and Irame [17, Some other relatively high values may depend on die 21] may increase the amounts. influence ofropd ~flic IC~rllut lubarlonni~ or Since Fin~nd is ihla~td far from the densely popu· the sewage content Of the d IP~yrrl~ c~ndo~ bred pans ofEuropc, it has been suggested that bs Iraa), in 111 othersp#ies the level was less than I md meal levels in fungi might be low hem, However, high Irg ofdry matter, levels of hearj meals have been found even in places This material was used to assess the differences be· where pollution Ippcued unlilrcly (e,g,1l33), HiLcno, tween the fungi Of the urban and rural am, and k· few studies Lye attempted to clarify these questions in tvem the lawn deeomposcs and die qmbidpU Fialand and i was EoDsidered nsawy 10 make I CT~blcZ). wider survey ofthe lead, cadmium, and mercury eofi· In nearly all eases the lead content orthe fungi wu tents of fungi in Finland. Two types ofsample were of higbain the mbm a than in the rural areas. For the interest, MI the one hand, [und from densely populated lawn decomposers this difference was almost dsai8 mar, where there ir appSUTC 10 pollution, and on the cant loi0,05), rod for the mycorrhiPI symbioou sit other hand those from rural areas, where lun~ a nir~aol(pbO~l)~ Wbtn the Agoriw species were tx· PI C: I i I; PDF -!::!!::!!::!.f3 StlC.i: 0111