RESTRICTED
GR&DC PROGRAMME REVIEW
11 th-15th June, 1984
SLPIMARY OF DISCUSSIONS
These summaries have been specifically written to
describe delegates' suggestions on modifications
to the GR&DC programme. For the sake of brevity,
they generally do not indicate the high level of
support for the bulk of the programme.
c0
0 1984 BdUsh Ametican Tobawo Co. LAd. Thb must not
be copkd or shmn to =uuWwdsW Pefwrm
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


- 1 -
WORK AREA 01: BIOLOGICAL RESEARCH
(1) Delegates accepted that a "balanced portfolio"
of tests should be
used to assess biological activity. Too much
reliance should not be
placed on the Ames test, or indeed on any one
test. Ideally, of
course, tests should be meaningful in terms of
human disease.
(See note below.)
(2) Inhalation should be the follow-up test to the
Ames test (a) if this
latter indicates significant differences between
cigarette candidates
and (b) if equal dose to the animal can be
achieved.
(3) The Ames results on all the commercial
cigarettes should be brought
together in a single report. If necessary, further
tests should be
carried out to check ranking between cigarettes
from different
countries.
(4) Tests for specific biological activity should
relate to human smoking
patterns (e.g. puff volume) and should compare.
for example, the
last'and first puffs.
(5) A priority ranking for the cigarette design
variables should be
established.
(6) The confusing results from the inhalation
studies on Duolite/carbon
filters should be re-studied.
(7) The confusing picture regarding the influence
of nitrate was noted;
results to date should be summarised and reported.
Note:
In Project RIO, commercial cigarettes are first
examined by the Ames
test and then by a whole smoke animal inhalati
model, the end point
being the induction of two enzyme systems.
With regard to the Ames test--.-'a mutagenicity
~e, difference of only
0.1 is statistically signifi-~;nt, which_sug~e~sts
scatter is minimal. In
comparing a given product fr'om-diTferent
countries, broad conclusions
can be made from the available data but, ideally,
the cigarettes should
be compared in a single experiment. (This applies
to all toxicology, not
just the Ames test.)
In the past, inhalation work has been used for
specific. tasks (e.g. syn-
thetic tobacco, eugenol). Thus a broad data base
does not yet exist.
The use of several dose markers suggests that the
animals respond to the
smoke in a similar manner. This is substantiated
by respiratory monitoring
data. Work is proceeding, however, to develop a
particulate phase marker -
(a) catechol and (b) joint studies with Harwell,
radio-labelled smoke.
It is recognised that short term inhalation tests
are not predictive of
carcinogenicity, only of inhalation toxicity.
Commercial samples of Project RIO should be
completed by September/October
1984 and all assays established by the end of the
year.
0 1984 British American Tobacco Co. tAd. This must
rot be copied or ShOWD to UnSUOKWiSW PUMM.
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


- 2 -
WORK AREA 02: SMOKE RESEARCH
Nitrosamine Formation
(1) An understanding should be gained of how
processing can chemically
affect nitrosamine levels in both own and
competition tobacco blends.
(2) Work on nitrosamine formation in both model
experiments and during
curing, processing, etc., should include
monitoring of as many
components as possible which may be related to the
underlying forma-
tion mechanisms, e.g. redox system components.
(3) Model studies on nitrosamine formation should
initially be chemical
systems - the inclusion of enzymes should be a
second phase study.
(4) Attempts should be made to establish'whether
products high in nitros-
amine give higher biological. activity. (Since the
Ames test is not
sensitive to nitrosamines, other tests should be
pursued.)
Combustion
(1) Despite the difficulties in developing
semi-theoretical/semi-experi-
mental models (such as the puff-by-puff), such
models should be
brought into practical use and based on scientific
know-how to allow
prediction beyond the experimental data.
(2) The continuous feed pyrolysis system for
animal inhalation studies
does not exactly simulate all the processes in a
burning cigarette.
Its use should be to asses separately aspects of
smoke formation on
biological activity, e.g. importance of
temperature, pure pyrolysis
Y. combustion, flow rate through generation zone.
(3) The multicell model should be used to assess
the effects/differences
of the various methods of producing filter
ventilation: electro-
static perforation, on-line and off-line laser,
etc.
(4) The multicell model should be used to give the
manufacturing toler-
ances for the B&W Gemini filter.
(5) The ID combustion model should be used to
predict factors important
in cigarette burn rate and the consumption of
specific materials in
tobacco such as sheet. (Empirical kinetic data
will be needed for
the latter application.)
(6) The puff-by-puff delivery model should be used
to predict how the
transfer of nicotine to mainstream smoke could be
improved. (Although
the model can be used to assess combined effects
of tobacco consump-
tion, nicotine release, filtration, etc., these
parameters are not
related back directly to chemical parameters of
the tobacco.)
(7) The modelling work of the Physical Properties
of Tobacco group should
be more closely integrated with this group.
Further work was reques-
ted on shredded stem, relating to the reduction of
carbon monoxide
and increase in nicotine transfer, to be done
jointly with the
Chemistry of Processing group.
CC)
U1
0 1984 British American Tobacco Co. L&d. This must
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


3
Sidestream
There should be a better balance of effort between
sidestream reduction
and ambient smoke studies.
Self-Extinguishing Cigaretes
There is no work at GRADC, nor plans to start any.
Aerosol Formation
(1) Studies on the formation of the smoke aerosol
in the thermal
analysis/pyrolysis system should aim to clarify
the relative impor-
tance of the various combustion conditions on
aerosol formation:
temperature, heating rate. atmosphere, flow rate.
A clearer pro-
gramme definition is required.
L
(2) Work is planned to asse'ss the taste
perception of two component
monodisperse aerosols generated over the size
range 0.1 to lpm.
These aerosols have number concentrations of "105
particles/
cm3, compared to -j109 in smoke.- It was suggested
that the emphasis
of this work should be changed so that
polydisperse aerosols of -V109
particles/cm3 should be used. Effects of chemical
parameters such
as pH on taste should then be assessed.
(3) The classical aerosol equations refer to
stable aerosols, but the
particulate and vapour phases of smoke are not in
equilibrium -
there is a continuous transfer between the two
phases. It was
suggested, therefore, that the rates of
evaporation and condensation
of particl es should be examined.
Smoke Filtration
(1) The filter modelling work should now start
turning towards practical
application (e.g. the definition of filter
tolerances, the develop-
ment of novel filters).
(2) Both present measurements and thi filtration
model relate to fibre
filters. It was suggested that measurements on
open cellular filters
should be made. However, direct application of the
present filtration
model is not practical because of the different
physical structure
of cellular filters.
(3) Velocities used in the filtration
efficiency/velocity studies should
cover:
(a) the range of filtration mechanisms
(diffusion-impaction);
(b) the velocities encountered in human smoking
regimes;
(c) -the velocities encountered in the grooves and
channels of
novel filters.
(Baffle-filters may be usiful if they filter by
impaction. However,
high velocities would be needed to produce the
impaction.)
(4) Celanese Fibers are producing filters designed
for high velocities.,
Some calculations/assessments of these filters
would be useful. C:>
(B&W to supply details to Martin Duke.)
CO
0 1994 ElTitish American Tobacco Co. Ud. This must
not be copied or ihown to unauthorised Perm"
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


- 4 -
(5) Measurements should be made to see how far
back in the filter smoke
and air mix to produce swirl.
(6) Three approaches should be pursued to
manufacture filters which
generate swirl:
0) Manufacture at GR&DC - John Luke.
(ii) Filtrona "deep groove".
(iii) Mardens injection moulding of the "deep
groove" (but not
the "2-tube" filter).
Selective Filtration
(1) Delegates were uncomfortable in the knowledge
that direct work on
selective filtration at GROC has terminated. BAT
Germany wished
for some work to continue, for specific chemical
reduction (possi-
bility of Herzfeld league table introduction) and
for modification
of smoke sensory characteristics. The small effort
by external
consultants ends in August. -Consideration should
be given to
further (limited) Work.
(2) Any development-on graft polymerisation of
cellulose acetate should
be done jointly with a fibre company. Celanese
Fibers already have
an interest in this approach - a joint venture
with them should be
considered.
(3) The Duolite filter is known to improve smoke
taste. A smoke scan
of the filter should be made to attempt to
correlate reduced irrita-
tion with reduced levels of dienes.
C=)
110
CO
0 1994 British American Tobnew Co. UA 11sis must
rM be cooed or shown to =authorised
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


- 5 -
WORK AREA 03: SMOKER BEHAVIOUR
(1) Puff-by-puff duplication was endorsed and
should aim to identify
the significance of the smoke dose and quality
relative to smoke
sensations and product attributes.
(2) The direct estimation of human smoke uptake is
the key to identifying
the specific relationship between dose and
subjective properties of
smoke. Smoker response to the inherent delivery
fluctuations of
the product should be researched.
(3) The "remote monitor" device for smoking
behaviour, although having
little application for monitoring individual
puffing events, offers
considerable potential for obtaining an "average'
of smoking beha-
viour over extended time periods. The device might
provide an
event marker for puffing frequency and the time of
day smoking. It
might also have application for m6nitoring
third-party smoking.
(4) It was considered important to identify as far
as possible the
factor5 (either individual, specific or
environment-based) that
prompt a smoking event. Because the proposed diary
approach of
Gale would present too long a time scale, there is
a need for alter-
native immediate action.
(5) An attempt should be made to establish the
degree of tolerable change
(through cigarette design parameter modification)
in terms of puffing
and inhalation parameters that would or could be
accepted by the
consumer. (This may provide some insight into the
cigarette design
criteria that contribute to product acceptability.
The observation
of a lack of a substantial change in either
puffing or inhalation
pattern following a relatively large change in
product deliveries.
at least for some smokers, suggested a possible
low level of sensi-
tivity to dose on a per puff/inhalation basis.
This finding focused
attention on the possible role of puff frequency
and position along
the rod as a basis of dose manipulation.)
(6) The aerosol -retenti on/aerosol -se.nsory
characteristic is of vital
importance. Studies should concentrate on
understanding how different
Nsimple" aerosols of known characteristics can
influence retention.
before moving to studies on real smoke.
(7) Considerable importance was attached to the
observed differences in
the aerosol composition from the first and second
halves of the
cigarette - which is probably related to the mean
residence time of
smoke in the rod.
(8) The relationship between aerosol composition
and the effect of mouth
humidity serve to highlight the massive gaps in
our understanding
between "conventional thinking" and reality. In
view of the observa-
tion that the smoke aerosol appears to be in an
unstable state
Immediately post-puffing, it should be seen
whether filters giving
rise to turbulent and swirling effects may have a
positive effect
on stabilising the aerosol.
(9) The ability to manipulate and control the
retention characteristics
of a product through the identification of the
smoke aerosol proper-
ties within the respiratory tract should be
considered as an area
of importance for future product design.
0 1984 British American Tobacco Co. lAd. Ills mum
not be copied or shown to =authorised ;*rsons.
cc
U1
C=>
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


Additional Comments
6
Concern was re-stated on the use of holders for
assessing smoke-dose in
the retention studies. as this could lead to
"non-natural" smoking.
The whole smoker behaviour programme was
considered to be too broad;
effort should be concentrated on the above-stated
key needs - with shorter
time-scales.
Wherever possible, in studies investigating smoker
responses to pro-
duct changes, the products should have only one
changed variable
(e.g. nicotine).
0 1994 Mtish American Tobacco Co. LAd. This must
no be copied or shown to unauthorised personL
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
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cc


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WORK AREA 04: FLAVOUR RESEARCH
(1) There was criticism of the amount of effort
expended on leaf studies.
It was recommended that there should be a review
of the direction of
this effort in relation to the needs of the
Operating Companies and
of the Leaf Steering Committee.
(2) The preliminary findings on tobacco sulphur
compounds should be
followed up on selected brands, e.g. Marlboro.
Whilst recognising
that PFW would be unlikely to work exclusively
with BAT, collabora-
tive work with PFW should continue, at least for
the short term, to
determine the usefulness of sulphur compounds.
(3) There is a need to develop careful ly-designed
experiments to maximise
the early use of XRF and FTIR. A chemometrics
technical exchange
meeting in 1984/85 was supported.
(4) Doubts were expressed regarding the flavour
stabilisation work:
careful selection of goals is vital.
Physico-chemico methods of
flavou'r stabilisation should be- considered, but
there should first
be a literature review of available fixatives,
e.g. glycozides,
pectins, carbohydrates.
(5) The work on tobacco extraction was seriously
questioned. Work at
Harwell was not supported. However, as the Svenska
Tabaks project
has reached the 'commercial isation possibility'
stage, this project
should continue for the short term, at least.
(6) Work on terpenes should be reduced. As an
alternative to tobacco
gum. effort should be directed to flavour products
using abienol as
the raw material. Cost data should be obtained
with respect to
this approach.
110
co
0 1984 British American Tobacco Co. Ud. This must
not be copied or Am w wouthorised persons. C\
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November 1999


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WORK AREA 05: PROCESS RESEARCH
. (A) PHYSICS OF TOBACCO
(1) Mechanical Strength of Cigarettes and Filters
The effects of circumference and cigarette paper
grammage on rod
firmness, and on firmness during smoking, should
be investigated.
Further work on subjective response to firmness is
required. (Both
CRA and BAT Germany are investigating this.)
Work on the mechanical strength of cigarettes and
filters should be
extended to include different diameters, hot
collapse and shredded
stem.
Computer programs based on mathematiial models are
needed.
(2) Effect of Particulate Size and Shape on
Physical Properties of
Cigarettes
The effects of mixing reconstituted tobacco shapes
with normal
tobacco should be investigated. (The mechanical
effects of changing
particle shape 'have to be separated from the pure
geometrical
effects.)
Effects of broad spectrum and narrow spectrum
particle size and shape
should be studied.
Attempts should be made to extend the studies to
shredded stem.
(3) Fundamentals of Tobacco Degradation
Possible areas of application should be considered
- e.g. pattern of
degradation needs study (corners breaking off or
particles breaking
in half); classifying tobaccos in terms of
susceptibility to degra-
dation; expansion, drying and threshing processes.
(4) Relation of Process Conditions to Plant
Settings
There is a need to relate filling value
improvement to practical
equipment design.
The work relating plant settings to process
conditions (i.e. the true
conditions experienced by the tobacco) should be
extended to include
studies on degradation. loose ends, firmness, etc.
\0
Un
0 1984 British America Tobacco Co. LAd. This must
not be copied or shown to unauthorised PffsonL
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 5
November 1999


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WORK AREA 05: PROCESS RESEARCH
(B) CHEMISTRY OF PROCESSING
(1) The programme as presented was criticised for
being poorly planned.
executed and analysed. There is too much emphasis
on multi-variate
mapping; raw chemical data must be presented/
reported. Wherever
possible, 'simple' changes to tobacco chemistry
should be studied.
(2) All delegates wish to influence the work on
the new tobacco treatment
cylinder, which can operate over a wide range of
closely controlled
conditions. There must be a clear definition of
objectives (e.g.
specific biological activity, nitrosamines
reduction, irritation
amelioration, specific flavour precursor
breakdown/generation and
loss of flavours).
GR&DC will correspond with edch CAC country,
detailing the character-
istics of the equipment and reviewing past
knowledge and experience
and requesting each country to submit their work
priorities. Follow-
ing this, a detailed prograffme with time scales
will be circulated
to CAC countries for comment.
In view of the fact that blended cigarettes are
becoming more popu-
lar world-wide, GR&DC should be better equipped to
evaluate such
products.
0 1984 British American Tobacco Co. LA This must
not be copied or shown to unauthorized Persons.
co
=>
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


10 -
WORK AREA 05: PROCESS RESEARCH
(B) EXPANSION STUDIES
(1) Two principal points were raised in
discussions:
(i) Will the theory developed to explain the
experimental results
obtained with different solvent s/expansi on
agents predict
whether combinations of inorganic agents could
show similar
synergistic effects?
00 There is a need to assess commercial prospects
soon, before
much more work is done.
(2) The concept of using an outside - consultancy
to assess safety/
economics was considered. I*n any event, any new
process must be
cheaper and/or simpler than existing processes.
Subjective and
chemical studies of products should not be.
pursued until commercial
prospects are confirmed.
(3) Further limited work should be done with
inorganic agents within
the limits of existing equipment. (Deeper studies
would require
the construction' of an apparatus to operate at
higher pressures
than at present.)
0 1984 British Amcrican Tobacco Co. Ltd. 'nis must
riot be copied or khown to unauthorind persom
c0
N-0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


WORK AREA 05: PROCESS RESEARCH
(C) NOVEL CIGARETTE TECHNOLOGY
(1) It is vital to establish close interactive
links between CAC research
groups and PAG to exploiting significant findings.
(2) Areas of potential importance are:
(a) Rapid exploitation of mature
products/technologies, e.g. tow
selection. thermoformable plugwrap.
M Commercial isation of promising novel products,
e.g. thermo-
formable tipping, polypropylene.
(c) Fundamental research to provide innovative
products which offer
enhanced smoker benefits, low weight/cost
opportunities or the
reduction of biological'activity.
(3) BAT Germany indicated renewed interest in
polypropylene fibre as a
filter material and will hold further discussions
with GR&DC. B&W
suggested a possible hybrid fibre with CA and PP.
(4) B&W suggested that if carbonyls were not
formed, metals in tobacco
might be a valid route to reducing sidestream
irritation. Work
should also continue to investigate carbon as a
conductor. The
effect of metal additions on biological activity
should be examined.
(5) The effect of tobacco density on harshness and
smoke temperature
should be studied. (This could apply to all
low-weight products,
and concepts would need to be developed to deal
with this effect.)
(6) Observations of reduced -CO/tar ratio, and the
decrease in visible
sidestream in an experimental foamed cigarette,
justify further
work on closed-cell foam rods. (A narrow
peripheral coal might burn
more efficiently.)
(7) Estimates for costs of producing segmented,
annular and variable
density cigarettes are wanted, taking into account
processing prob-
lems, machine speeds, etc.
(8) BAW expressed the hope that one day we might
develop the technology
to design cigarettes with a 'clean' substrate with
only nicotine
and flavours added.
C=)
00
0 1984 British American Tobacco Co. Ltd. This must
not be copied or shown to onauthorised persons.
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


- 12 -
WORK AREA 06: ANALYSIS AND TEST METHOD DEVELOPMENT
Sidestream Smoke Analysis
Delegates would see some advantages if the
fishtail chimney system and
the new 20-port smoking machine which has been
developed for sidestream
work could be adopted on a wider scale as standard
industry equipment.
Further consideration should be given to the
advisability of trying to
encourage this, possibly through publication or by
direct contact with
individual paper manufacturers.
Future sidestream method development should
include analysis of NO, pH
and other "non-routine" constituents as guided by
the Sidestream, Research
group.
Ambient Smoke - Collection and Analysis
There is an interest in using the airborne vapour
monitor (AVM) for the
continuous monitoring of ambient concentrations.of
nicotine in factories.
Furthermore, the instrument might be used to
detect ambient menthol.
It was also noted that nicotine levels obtained
using the AVM should
correspond to those obtained by more conventional
analytical methods,
such as adsorption followed by thermal
desorption/GC. With respect to
monitoring carbon monoxide, it was thought that
perhaps it would also be
informative to check whether an oxygen deficiency
could be detected
under certain conditions in enclosed spaces.
Metals in Smoke
The discussion centred on the extent to which we
need to measure metals
in smoke and the choice of which metals should be
determined. The
possible inclusion of selenium was raised by BAT
Germany. The possibility
of determining the trace metals in various novel
cigarette papers was
raised, and it was agreed that this was likely to
be necessary.
Development of Analytical Procedures for Measuring
TPM and Nicotine
Retention in the Lung
There was general interest in the hood collection
system and procedures
used for collecting smoke exhalates - but the
trapping efficiency for
nicotine at the high flow rate used was
questioned. General opinion was
that this work on individual smoke constituents
would probably need to
be expanded. B&W suggested that care should be
taken to preclude the
trapping of ambient nicotine and TPM when
sampling.
The Simultaneous Determination of Nicotine and
Cotinine in Plasma at
Nanogram Levels by HPLC
Due to th6 low levels of nicotine being determined
(generally 50 ng per ml)
in smokers' plasma, it was suggested that doing
the work in an Isolated
anicotine freeo laboratory may be advantageous.
Since preparation is the
rate limiting stage of the method, the possible
use of radio immuno
assay (RIA) for nicotine and cotinine
determinations should be explored.
co
0 1984 Brifish American Tobacco Co. tAd. This mua
tot be copied or thown to mmu&"isw pe.ML
BATCO document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


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