V.2TROMETHANE FRACTION INrr.X (NMFT)
This index is a development by B-AT Hamburg of the
work
undertaken on th,: nity-)-.ethane fraction of
smoke condensate.
Elmenhorst and Grimmer ti) used this fractionation
procedure to
concentrate the biologically active hydrocarbons
in condensate;
Dontenwill (2) subsequently showed that the MIF
fraction,
containing about 6-7% of the condensate, was 17
times more active
than the whole smoke condensate. For some time,
both in Hamburg
and Southampton, the percentage of condensate
soluble in
nitromethane was considered to be a rough guide to
biological
activity.
B-AT Hamburg have now shown that by reacting the
nitromethane
soluble material with egg albu.-nin, a factor can
be obtained and
this factor is used to correct the NMF (% weight
of condensate) to
give the NMFI.
Hamburg have now shown.that the NMFI results have
a very
sign4ficant correlation with the long-term skin
painting
(provis-Lonal) results for almost all the B8
(X-PCL5 and Amcel)
and B9 (Ethanol extraction, Gerlach, PCL) Janus
samples.
Over a slightly wider range of Janus samples, the
NMFI also
corr,~lates very well with the results from the
short-term sebaceous
gland test, which has been developed in
conjunction with Dr. Brune.
The basis of this test is not known, but it may be
related to
the preferential absorption of carcinogenic
hydrocarbons by certain
proteins compared with that of non-carcinogenic
hydrocarbons. (3).
Similarly, it is not clear at present. whether the
NMFI is related
to the initiating or promoting activity of conde
nsate or indeed to
its overall tumorigenicity. This lack of
understanding implies
that unpredictable departures from. the
correlation may occur, but
on the present evidence, there is no reason why
this short-term
laboratory test should not bc used as a guide to
the tumorigenicity
of condensate to mouse-skin.
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 2
November 1999


-2-
The Position of the NMFI test in the rjrou- is as
fOllOWE
Hambur_q Test developed and correlations
established.
Southamptor method being established; currently,
some lack of reproducibility being experienced
with albumin I-Anding stage. Correlations with
mouse-skin activity to be checked.
Montreal It is understood that the test is being
established.
Sydney Interest in the test has been expressed. It
has been suggested that work should be delayed
until practical experience of the trans-
ferability of the test methodology has been
gained in Southampton (and in Montreal).
1. H. Elmenhorst et al. Z. Krebsforsch. 1968, 71,
66
2. W. Dontenwill et al. Z. Krebsforsch. 1970, 73,
305
3. For example, see
R. Franke Molec. Pharm. 1969, 5, 640
U-4
(_^j
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 2
November 1999


REDUCTION OF TUMORIGENICITY OF CONDENSATE
In a separate note, the effects on tumorigenicity
of
the incorporation of stem or sheet materials was
considered.
In this note, an outline is given of other factors
which
are effective in reducing the tumorigenicity of
condensate
as measured by the long-term mouse-skin test. To
put the
results on scale, it is useful to recall the
approximate
relative activities of lamina, CRS, and some sheet
materials.
Lamina
CRS
PCL
Gerlach or
Schweitzer
1.00
0.6 - 0.7
o.6 - 0.7
0.4 - 0.5
Extracted tobaccos
In the Lokstedt experiments, it was shown that the
condensate from tobacco which had been extracted
with 70%
ethanol had a reduced activity:
Control tobacco 1.00
Extracted tobacco 0.64
On the same scale, the ethanol extract itself had
an
activity of 0.14.
It is planned to follow up this work in an
experiment
at Battelle, Frankfurt.
The effect of extracting tobacco with other
solvents
has also been examined.
Wynder has shown that extraction with hexane
causes
only a small reduction in the tumorigenicity. A
similar
result was found by Arthur D. Little.
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 2
November 1999


-2-
Following the claims of Bonnet and Neukomm, the
effects on smoke chemistry of extraction by
chlorinated
solvent have been examined by several workers. In
a long-
term test, Arthur D. Little were unable to show
that
extraction with methylene chloride caused any
marked
reduction in tumorigenicity.
In other experiments at Arthur D. Little, it was
shown that a reduction in tumorigenicity was
cuased by the
extraction of tobacco with hot water. Compared
with the
results from a control cigarettel the number of
tumour-
bearing animals was approximately halvedo but only
50
animals per group were involved and the 95%
confidence
limits would be very wide.
Yeast-treatment of flue-cured tobaccos
From the latest results (76 weeks) from Experiment
B6/B7 at Battelle, Frankfurt, it would appear that
yeast-
treatment of flue-cured lamina leads to a
reduction in the
activity of the condensate. The experiment
involves samples
containing tobacco cut at 30, 60 and 120 cpi. The
values
of the predicted tumorigenic indices after 76
weeks are:
C=:)
C=>
\~O
M.)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 2
November 1999


PTI
Yeast
Ratio
Yeast-treated Control Control
30 cpi:
1
~5
mg
(444)
(420) (1-05)
50 mg 373 553 0.67
7 5 ing1 230 418 0.55
60 opi:
25 rng1 (375) (333) (1.12)
50 mg 34o 519 0.66
75 mgi 288 4o8 0.70
120 cpi:
25 mg (370) (286) (1-34)
50 mg 472 1 548 o.86
75 mg 4o6 1 455 o.89
Cigarette circumference
The effect of cigarette circumference is being
examined
in an experiment at Harrogate. After 48 weeks
there is an
indication that a very slim cigarette yields a
condensate with
reduced activity.
r,2ilatlve
Mean
Large circumference (31.5 mm) 1.07
Control (25.3 mm) 1.00
Small circumference (19 mm) 0.66
Tumorigenicity
to control
95% confidence limit
0.82 1.42
0.50 o.87
This expeX ment will be terminated in the next few
weeks.
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 2
November 1999


Addition of nitrate
Several workers have shown that the addition of
nitrate to tobacco leads to a marked reduction in
the
tumorigenicity of the condensate. For example, it
was shown
that the activity of the condensate was reduced by
60% when
sodium nitrate was added to the tobacco at a level
of 3.5%.
In general ter:ms, however, the high delivery of
oxides of
nitrogen which results from the incorporation of
nitrate
largely precludes the use of this additive on a
commercial
cigarette.
The four factors listed above are those which are
effective in leading to a marked reduction in
activity. A
brief review is given below of other factors
whichq in
general, cause only small change in the activity.
Cigarette parameters
W Burn-length-and-butt-length.
The experiments at Lokstedt indicate that changes
in
burn length or butt length have little effect.
Some
early experiments by Wynder gave the same
indication.
(ii) ~jr2e4_1,idth/paLrIlcle - size.
An early experiment by Wynder gave a slight
indication
that the condensate from a coarse cut tobacco (20
epi)
was more tumorigenic than that from fine cut (50
cpi)
tobacco. The experiment, however, involved only
small numbers of mice and the results are not
different
statistically.
There is no definite trend in the results from
Experiment B6/B7 at Frankfurt which involves
tobacco
cut at 30, 60 and 120 cpi.
In a current Harrogate experiment (48 weeks) there
is
a slight indibation that the coarser the cut, the
higher is the activity, but the results are not
statistically significant.
4-
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 2
November 1999


Tumorigenicity
relative to control
mean 195% confidence limit
Shattered tobacco 1.14 o.87 - 1.51
23 cpi 1.02 0.78 - 1.33
50 cpi (control) 1.00 -
100 cpi o.94 0.71 - 1.24
In a parallel experiment using cigar tobacco (48
weeks), the tumorigenicity of the condensate from
cut
tobacco is less than that from granulated tobacco
(Mean 0.88; 95% confidence limit 0.71 - 1.08).
An experiment by Kracht at Eppendorf also
indicated
that a higher activity was associated with coarse
cut
tobacco. Groups of 110 mice were used and the
numbers of tumou--s (tumour-bearing animals?)
were:
Lamina : 17 CPi (1-5 mm) 51
Lamina 3 32 cpi (0.8 mm) 36
Lamina : 85 cpi (0-3 mm) 21
The current experiment at Harrogate (48 weeks)
indi-
cate3 that a change in the porosity of the paper
has
little effect on the tumorigenicity.
r-alatlve
Mean
Low porosity 1.-13
Control 1 .00
High porosity 1.03
Tumorigenicity
to control
1 95% confidence limit
o.86 - i.5o
-
0.78 - 1.36
There was an indication from an early experiment
by
Xroning that a porous paper led to reduced
activity(=
but it is doubtful if the results were
statisticallyC)
110
significant. %10
( Y1
U1
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 2
November 1999


(iv) Moisture-content.
This has been examined at Lokstedt. Decreasing the
moisture content from 12% to 64A had little effect
on the tumorigenicity. On the other handv an
increase
in moisture content to 20% caused a marked
increase
in activity.
Moisture-content Relative tumorig njEity
6% 1.16
1.2% 1.00
20% 1.58
(v) Packing density.
This ha-s not been examined directly in an
experiment.
A point to note, however, is that in the current
Lokstedt experiment with sheet materials, the
three
sheet materials (Philip Morris, Borgwaldt and
Arenco)
which did not have a reduced activity had a
Packing
density which was 50% higher than in the control
cigarette.
(vi) Yn!2!_RtF2F;
Similarly, the effect of vented paper has not been
examined by direct experiment. Perhaps a relevant
point is the result from an examination of puff-
volumet i.e. the lower the puff-volume, the higher
is the activity.
(vii) Filters.
Perhaps relevant to vented paper is an experiment
at
Huntingdon with a vented filter in which no
significant
effect on tumorigenicity is apparent. (7be
experiment
is nearing completion.)
Experiments with conventional acetate, paper and
char-
coal filters at Harrogate and Lokstedt have also
failed to demonstrate a significant effect on the
activity of the condensate.
In contrast, from an experiment at Huntingdon
there
is an indication that replacement of an acetate
filtgr
(filtration efficiency 27%) by a Myria filter
(filt C=)
re=>
tion efficiency 47%) leads to a reduction in
activitW
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 2
November 1999


-7-
From the same experiment there is an indication
that
the addition of carbonate to a Myria filter leads
to
an increase in the activity of the condensate.
Finally, from the work at Huntingdon there is an
indication that the condensate from New Embassy
has
a higher activity than from Old Embassy;
differences
between the cigarettes involve both a change in
bland
(increased nicotine content) and the replacement
of
a paper filter by a dual acetate/Myr1a filter.
(viii) T2bacco type.
Several workers (e.g. Wynder, TRC, Bock,
Huntingdon,
Kroning) have examined the condensates from
different
types of tobacco. Large differences in activities
have not been found and in general terms the
pattern
is:
Dark air-cured Flue-cured Air-cured
CIA/SEW
7 th April, 1970 un
U_j
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 2
November 1999


INCORPORATION OF STEM OR SHEET TO REDUCE
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF CONDENSATE
In the attempts to produce a cigarette with a
reduced
activity as measured by the long-term mouse-skin
test, a
question which must be considered is whether there
are
advantages in the incorporation of increased
amounts of
stem (as CRS or "treated CRS11) compared with the
alternative
of using the stem to make a sheet material for use
in the
cigarette.
A review of the relevant results from long-term
tests
is attached.
At the present time, no consideration has been
given
to important factors such as costs or "smoke
acceptability"
in terms of panel or consumer testing. From the
review, it
is concluded that:
(a) Incorporation of an increased amount of stem
will
lead to a reduction in the specific activity of
the
condensate.
(b) There is no evidence that conversion of the
stem into
a sheet material by any of the processes examined
would be an adverse step.
(c) By a suitable choice of process (e.g.PCL,
Schweitzer
or Gerlach) then a positive improvement might
accrue.
This would probably be more beneficial than would
the
"treatment of stems".
Similar conclusions can be reached from a
consideration
of the results from an examination of cigarettes
by the
Hyperplasla Test.
C=>
c::>
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 2
November 1999


-2-
LONG-TERM TESTS
Factors such as different strains of mice and
different
experimental procedures make a comparison of the
results
from various research stations very difficult.
Initially,
therefore, the results from each research station
are con-
sidered separately, but an attempt is made to
reach an overall
consideration at the end of this section.
Battelle. Frankfurt
Under Project JANUS, a comparison is being made
of:
- Cigarette BO 100% CN102 lamina
- Cigarette B4 50% CN102 lamina, 50% CRS
- Cigarette B3 100% PCL
The PCL was made from CNI02 lamina and Canadian
stem.
The CRS in Cigarette B4 was also Canadian stem,
and, therefore,
as an approximation, Cigarette B4 contains the
"starting
tobaccos" used to make the PCL.
The latest results are given in Table 1.
TABLE I
PROJECT JANUS
:Cigarette BO (CN102 lamina)
156 weeks
25 mg
50 mg
75 mg
Cigarette B4 (50% CRS)
116 weeks
25 mg
50 mg
75 mg
Cigarette B3 (PCL)
152 weeks
25 mg
50 mg
75 mg
N
H 9&P i'P PTI
IN H
0 106 218 218
0
0 177
12 493
8
4 493-
4
8
7 7 7
39 1.5%) 62 115 136
7 3%) 159 368 378
1 439 440
i 0 44 76 76
0 1
141
281 281
172 373 373
t n
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 2
November 1999


-3-
From these resultsp it would appear that:
(a) Incorporation of CRs leads to a reduction of
the
activity of the condensate (Cigarette BO vs.
Cigarette
B4).
(b) If "additivity" is assumed, then the
activities of
the condensates from CRS and the PCL examined are
similar, i.e. both less than that of the
condensate
from flue-cured lamina. It is important to note,
however, that the activity of the condensate from
PCL
is less than that of the condensate from a blend
of
the "equivalent starting tobaccos" (Cigarette B3
vs.
Cigarette B4). In other words, there is an
indication
that if the stem was processed into sheet, then
this
would be an advantage in terms of obtaining
condensate
with a reduced specific activity.
In a later Project JANUS experiment (B8)9 samples
of
cigarettes containing Louisville X-PCL-5 or the
Celanese
smoking material 1-308 are being examined, but
this experi-
ment has been running for only 20 weeks, and
tumour-bearing
animals have yet to appear.
Experiment B9. which will involve Gerlach sheet,
has
not yet started.
Lokstedt
In the first series of experiments, which has been
completed and reported, it was shown that the
condensate from
a Gerlach sheet was considerably less than that of
the conden-
sate from a blend of tobacco. The reduction in
activity
observed was approximately 60% (Dontenwill et al:
Z. Krebs-
forsch., 12, 285 (1970).)
In the second series of experiments, several types
of
sheet are being examined. From the initial
results, it would
appear that the condensates from Gerlach or
Schweitzer sheet
have activities which are less than 50% of that of
the
condensate from the standard (tobacco) cigarette.
The condensates from the other three sheet
materials
(Arenco, Borgwaldt and Philip Morris) are not
significantly
less active than the condensate from the standard
cigarette.
C=>
C. Y1
BATCo document for Province of Brit!Sh Columbia 2
November 1999


From the Lokstedt resultsq however, it is not
possible
to assess the relative merits of stem and sheet
materials.
T.R.C. Laboratories. Harrogate
In an early experiment, Harrogate examined the
conden-
sate from a Gerlach sheet. The condensates were
shipped from
Germany and only a single dose-level (225 mg per
week) on
groups of 100 mice was used. The results (Table 2)
supported
those from Germany in showing that the Gerlach
process leads
to a reduced activity.
TABLE 2
HARROGATE : GERLACH SHEET
Standardised results M
Blend B Folie B
Tumour-bearing animals 28.2 9.3
Carcinoma-bearing animals 9.2 0.9
Infiltrating carcinoma- 4.9 0.0 i
bearing animals
In a later experiment, the condensate from a
Schweitzer
sheet (T26) was examined. The sheet was made from
flue-cured
tobacco. A control cigarette (T25) which contained
the same
amount (25%) of stem as the sheet material was
also examined.
To complete the experiment, cigarettes were made
from 100%
lamina (T27) and 100% stem (T28).
Unfortunately, there was an outbreak of mites in
the
mouse colony and the experiment was terminated
after 81 weeks..
The results, at termination are given in Table 3.
BATCO document for Province of British Columbia 2
November 1999


-5-
TABLE 3
HARROGATr : SCHWEITZER SHEET
Tumorigenicity relative
to control cigarette
Mean 95% confidence limits
Schweitzer sheet o.62 0.34 - o.94
Lamina 1.12 0.72 - 1.81
Control (25% stem) 1.00
Stem 0.5-1 0.27 0.81
From the results, therefore, it would appear that:
(a) Incorporation of stem leads to reduction in
activity.
Furthermoreq from a comparison of the results from
lamina, control blend and stem, there is an indi-
cation of "additivity" for stem/lamina mixtures.
(b) A "sheet" material is less active than the
equivalent
mixture of stem/lamina.
Huntingdon
In a current experiment (I.T.Co. 5/12), Huntingdon
are
examining the cigarettes made from two Schweitzer
sheets.
The experiment involves 162 mice per dose level
and the
results after 53 weeks are given in Table 4.
TABLE 4
HUNTINGDON : SCHWEITZER SHEET
Number of tumour-
bearing animals
Schweitzer low-tax, shoot
36 mg 4
60 mg 12
100 mg 7
Schweitzer standard sheet
36 mg 3
60 mg 10
100 mg 18
Embassy plain
36 mg 5 %10
60 mg 24
100 mg 25
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 2
November 1999


-6-
Whilat it would appear that the Schweitzer sheets
lead
to a reduced activity, it is too early in the
experiment to
draw any conclusion on the relative advantages (in
terms of
specific activity) of the low-tar and standard
Schweitzer
sheets.
In an earlier experiment (I.T.Co. 5/5). Huntingdon
examined the effects of stem and stem treated with
potassium
carbonate. Steam treatment of the stem was not
involved.
Groups of 69 mice per dose level were used.
TABLE 5
HUNTINGDON : EFFECT OF STEM
(All mice dead)
Number of tumour-
bearing animals
,Control Embassy tipped - no stem i
40 mg 19
65 mg 31
100 mg 28
100% stem no treatment
40 mg 4
65 mg 16
100
m 20
100% stem X C0
tr
eated
2 3
40 mg 9
65 mg 18
100 mg 22
Blend with 25% untreated stem
40 mg
65 mg 17
100 mg q 17
Blend with 25% stem treated with
K CO
2 3
40 mg 17
65 mg 21
100 mg 28
A statistical analysis of the results is in hand
by
I.T.G. At present, there is no information on the
relative
death-rates in the various groups of animals and
it is possibCD
that a comparison of the numbers of tumbur-bearing
animals 110
might be misleading. At first sight, however,
there is an (-n
indication that: (_,.-i
_tz-
U-4
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 2
November 1999


-7-
(a) Incorporation of stem leads to a reduction in
activity.
(b) Treatment of stem with potasslum carbonate
leads to an
increase in activity.
From the available results of the Huntingdon
experi-
ments, it is not possible to draw any conclusions
on the
relative advantages of stem and sheet material.
Hamburg University (Kracht)
Kracht examined the condensates from four
cigarettes:
VX51 Krone blend. 45% potassium carbonate based on
the stem
content, added to the stems followed by steaming
of
the stems.
VK52 Krone blend. No addition of carbonate and no
subsequent
steam treatment.
VK53 : Krone blend. 4.5% Potassium carbonate based
on stem
content added to total blend. No subsequent steam
treatment.
VK34 : Krone blend. 4.5% potassium carbonate based
on total
blend added to the whole blend. No subsequent
steam
treatment.
Groups of 215 mice were treated with condensate
for 69
weeks. At the termination of the experiment (92
weeks) the
numbers of tumours produced in the "painted area"
were:
VK51- : 45
VX52 : 64
VK53 : 62
vK54 : 113
From these results, it would appear that treatment
of
the stems with potassium carbonate followed by
steam-treatment
(VK51) leads to a reduction in the activity of the
condensate.
The increase in activity which follows from the
application 110
*%0
of 5% potassium carbonate to total blend is
supported by the (-n
results of a T.R.C. experiment. (-,4
.Z..
4 ~b-
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 2
November 1999


-8-
Sloan-Ketterinc Institute (Wvnder)
Wynder has examined sheet materials produced by
AMF.
In a 1966-68 series of experiments, no significant
difference
in activity was found between:
Foamed sheet (NCP)
Non-foamed sheet (MFJ)
Standard tobacco sheet (MFF)
Control tobacco
The control tobacco, for an unexplained reason,
caused approxi-
mately half the normal incidence of tumours. In an
earlier
series of experiments (1963-66). the standard
tobacco sheet
(MFA) was significantly less active than the
control tobacco.
AMF claim that the two standard sheets (MFA and
MFF) were
identical. The AMF "standard process" is probably
similar to
the Philip Morris process which is being examined
currently
at Lokstedt.
Wrider has examined cigarettes made from 100%
stem,
but the experiment involved small numbers of mice
and failed
to demonstrate any significant difference in the
activity of
the condensate from stem and that from lamina. In
the same
experiment, the lowest activity found was for a
cigarette made
from 11100% reconstituted tobacco" but again
statistical
signif:tance was not achieved.
Other Long-Term Tests
Celanese are comparing the activities of the
condensate
from 1-308 and tobacco. At the present time, it
would appear
that the specific activity of the condensate from
1-308 is
similar to that of tobacco smoke condensate, but,
of course,
the delivery of condensate from 1-308 is very much
lower.
The Tobacco Working Group are about to start
long-term
experiments which will involve sheet materials,
but it will
be probably another year before there is any
indication of
the results.
Overall Consideration
As pointed out earlierv it is difficult to compare
the
results from different research stations.
Nevertheless,
"guestimates" can be made as indicated below: LA
_r_
U1
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 2
November 1999


-9-
SE2!~R--, Very marked reduction in specific
activity:
Gerlach
Schweitzer.
9 E2'R-1-I- Significant reduction in activity:
PCL
AMF standard and foamed sheet.
Group III Specific activity not markedly different
from that
of tobacco smoke condensate:
Arenco
"Philip Morris"
Borg-waldt
Celanese 1-308
The specific activity of the condensate from stem
is
such that stem should be classed in Group II.
Treatment of
stem with carbonate and steam would move the
classification
nearer to that of Group I.
There is some presumptive evidence that the
Gerlach,
Schweitzer or PCL process should lead to a
reduction in
specific activity, i.e. the condensate from a
sheet made from
tobacco stem by these processes should have a very
low specific
activity.
(Ul
BATCO doCUrnent for Province of BritiSh COIUMbia 2
Novernber 1999


_10-
TESTS FOR TUMOUR-PROMOTING ACTIVITY
Very little is known about the tumour-promoting
activity of condensates made from sheet materials.
From an examination of the AMF materials, Wynder
con-
cluded that whereas the condensate from the
standard sheet
had a promoting activity similar to that of
tobacco smoke
condensateg the condensate from "foamed sheet" had
very low
activity.
Wynder has also claimed that the condensate from
stem
has no promoting activity.
It might be argued that in the specific case of
stem
versus "a sheet from stemllv the tumour-promoting
activity
can be ignored since it is probably unlikely that
the process
used to make the sheet will generate promoting
activity.
c-n
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 2
November 1999


HYPERPLASIA TEST
The routine Hyperplasia Test was established in
August
1966 and since that date several samples
containing sheet
materials have been examined. Although the results
are
normallsed onto the value obtained from a standard
cigarette,
some caution is required when comparing results
obtained many
months apart. Consequently, the results are given
in date
order in Table 6.
TABLE 6
HYPERPLASIA PRSULTS
Area Activity Rating
(micron-days)
'100% 1 .50% CN102/ 50%
sheet material sheet material
December 1966
Flue-cured CRS
79
IFebruarv 1967
!PCL ex flue-cured 79
Foli: El r
G
:h
ja
~ 62
2
Foli E r
:
.
JG h 44
IFolie E3 Gerlach: 4o
contains nitrate)
April 1967
Folle B (Gerlach)
68
!December 196
SM6T
Celanese
83
May 1968
Flue-cured CRS 80
July 1968
Schweitzer low-tar sheeI4 70 91
Aucust 1968
Celanese 1-308 106 121
Celanese 573b
106
September 1968
PCL ex flue-cured 74
March 1969
PCL ex Burley
73
82
FCL ex flue-cured 93 97
PCL ex flue/Burley 83
PCL ex stem 65
September 1969
PCL ex flue-cured 91
AJIOO
x
a
ue-cyred
88
Ailo
O~ b
fl
ue-cured
~ :x 83
AJ100 c ex flue-cured 88
Contains no sheet material i.e. the cigarette was
made from
100% CRS.
Contains no sheet material i.e. the cigarette was
made from
50% lamina and 50% CRS.
ZZU
CO
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 2
November 1999


-12-
In addition it was found that:
(a) Treatment of stem with potassium carbonate and
steam
reduced the activity (May 1968).
VK31 : 87 micron-days
VK52 : 100 micron-days
VK54 : 109 micron-days
(b) The incorporation of WTS had no significant
effect on
the response (February 1969).
(c) The incorporation of carboxymethyl cellulose
in processed
leaf had no significant effect on the response
(August
1969).
In general termsv therefore, the results parallel
those from the long-term tests and allow the same
conclusions
to be drawn. Attention is drawn, however, to the
results
obtained from PCL based on flue-cured lamina and
stem:
PCL ex flue-cured lamina 939 91t 79, 74
micron-days
CRS 79 micron-days
PCL ex stem 65 micron-days
CTA/SEW
24 th March, 1970
C=)
Lil
L.P4
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 2
November 1999