Dr. 1J. Hughes Dr. S.R. Evelyn
SRE/'VPHM/46C 9th June, 1967.
10 Spath-tis-LEDUM Matedwisa.
Nicatins can be added In soveral. formas-
as the efr"O be"
as a specific "It at Its natural PH
Icli in combination with a mixture of acids
~
at a def Ined pH love I
(d)padmind with materials such as bentonite.
It is assumed that the transfer of nicotine to
smoke will be optimized
and the principal factors which should be
considered ares
1) The final state of the nicotine In the
composite smoking materiall
this will be dependent an the form of Wo added
nicotine, the nature of the
synthetic shoot and of any other additives.
2) The synthetic sheet and any additives can also
effect the form of the
nicotine In smoke. The letter should be considered
to give efficient
usage by the maker.
3) A good 'shelf-11fe" will be am basic
requirement for a commercial
processe
8) Similarly safety In handling the addition of
nicotine mayo by the
nature of the processingg be of considerable
Importance.
1) HURUm Trap-for to %v-1rs.
$ev4sw &M c-gnts an cmovt--& work
The form of addition does not affect the transfer
of nicotine when It
Is added to tobacco which contains an excess of
acid W* but when added to
a more at less neutral base material the transfer
Increases with the final
PH of the material (2). An increased transfer of
nicotine can also be
obtained by the addition to tobacco of alkaline
materials such as ammonia
(3) and potassium carbonate (4). In contrast the
addition of various sodium
salts to tobacco indlested (5) that the I="&** In
nicotine transfer was
small even It the PH, ad from pH 5.0 to 6.5.
On the other hand the addition of acidic materials
or salts of strong
acids e.g. metallic chloride* (Op ammmilum
sulphate and sodium nitrate
(7) load to a poonounced reduction in alootins
transfer.
0
\C
U_
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 4
November 1999


-2-
A similar offset has been Dated (8) on the
addition of a neutral material,
Sugars to Burley tobacco.
Two synthetic smoking asterials 3M4 (9) and SM5
(10) have boom
examined and in both cases the transfer of
rAcotine was pan. This my
have been due to the additives usedp sulphato In
SM64 and small proporti
of chlerldes and nitrates In SAWt but If It was
due to the bass material
(90% callula" an a dry weight basis) It underlines
the Importance of
distinguishing between the effect of the
combustion additives and that of
the synthetic shast material.
The transfer of n1catins from materials such as
Ion-oubbangs resin
(10) and Dontonite (13) appears to be pow.
Although met of the information available
relatoorke the transfer of
nicotine from tobacco to smoke It appears likely
than in general the transfer
incrtases with pH while acidic materials and even
some neutral additives can
load to a pronounced reduction in nicatins
transfer. The affect of
additives may be different when used in
conjunction with eyetthetic, sheet
materials but examination of SM64 and SAW
Indicates that a serious problem
"Odin 9 It Is possiblep howeverp that the
treatment of synthetic smoking
materials with ammonia could produce an Increase
to nicotine transfer
without the disadvantageous changes In amoks,
flavour found followift
treatment at flue-curad tobacc .
2) Efficient 11-gqm of Vicatins b the Smoker.
To obtain efficient we of nicatine in cigarette
smoke it to desirable
that the pH of the smoke Is not too acidic Ie. not
less than 54 and preferably
somrahat above this lower limits Thus It hoe been
shown (12) that the
,strengthm or wimpwt* of cigarette smoke Is
related to the amount of
extractable alcotine In smoke and thetp In this
respect# this factor Is more
Important than the absolute nicotine content of
the soaks. This work
indicates that a high ratio of nicotine to acids
Is desirable and who" posUble
this factor should be considered In the choice of
acid radical associated
with the nicotine and other additives. Thus the me
of a non-volatile acid
of acid which is decomposed during pyrolysis may
be pr*ferablo to the use of
weak acids# and certainly to the use of a afteag
volatile acid.
:
) 2*u--U&.
The "If-life will be determined principally by the
final pH of the
product - a high pH will load to a poor shelf-lifo
and viss-varea.
Ammonia treated tobacco with a pH of 7.5 (dropping
to about 6.5) last alcetime
at a irate of about 1% per weak over a 13 weak
perlodi At the and of that
period the nicotine 4blivery, was still 219 higher
than the control (3).
Shelf-Iffop therefore, has to be balanced against
efficient alcoUrA transfer
and the" nut be an option point or range.
C)
CA
r1 j
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 4
November 1999


-3 -
4) Safety.
Micstine is a toxic hazard. Althouqh limits how
been laid 4WD far OR
maximum, permlssable vapow concentration in the
atmosphere (13) (0.5 ag/cu.
mater), the situation with n1cwtin solutions Is
not particularly clear.
This Is probably due to the differences between
nicatins base, which Is very
readily absorbed by the eking and acidic rAcotino
solutions fron which
r4 cotine in not readily absorbed.
Unlike the shelf-11fe and nicotine transfer to
moket which would be
dependent an the final pH of the ntorlal# the
safety factor will be
dependent an the pH of the alcotim solution added.
Good safety
priocautions will be required but a factor of abot
10 can be achieved by
using nicotine solutions with a pH about 6.5.
5) r Methods Af MtOnlm Pff4,-I*rrt
TraWf" and Uslos -f KicatUj.
a),Displgeerant of Nicotir# frnm Filters. Previous
work suggest*
that the proportion displaced Is very small and
the mothed is not very
attractive.
b) f,;dlti-% of Niesti- to Cleavotte Psoar. I.T.
Coo ChIgtol) have
dorw a considerable amount of wokk on this
tacInique which to the subject
of Provisional patent applicatiama (14).. It my be
summorlsed as followst-
Nicotine added to chalk loaded cigarette, papers
has a poor sholf-lito
due to the hl;h pH value. The gholf-lif* Is poor
even If the n1cotira Is
added as the oxalate or sulphates and the addition
of excess acid results
Ina& glycins type paper which is brittle and
difficult to handle.
The way practical solution appears to be the use
of a double paperl
the aicatim being added$ &a a *alto to the
inaerwropper#
The shalf-life of nicotine &kWd to the paper
should not be confused
with that of the total product,. Thus It appears
probable that the poor
shelf-Ufa of nicotine salts iadded to paper could
be due to the transfer of
nicatine frois the alkaline paper to acidic
tobacco I& close proximity and
Wt necessarily to a loss of nicotine fraim the
whole product.
To optimize alcotim transfer to the anke and
absorptlon from the
evoke by the maker It will be nse*`ssary to
consider very carefully the
nature of the synthetic shoot material ad the
varlow additives. The
degradation productUct these components a" almost
of equal iqmtence.
(J-4
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 4
November 1999


-4 -
Although alkaline notorials do set aln&Vo load to
an increase in
alcotigo transfer all the work an additives
9ophasisso that the we of
acids or the salts of Otto" wide certainly reduce$
nicotine transfer.
Thus the major factors would appear to boi-
l) to mid theujwwf a base &hoet noterUls with a
high acidic
residue (not Socessarilt a low P4.
2) To avoid additives which contain strongly
acidic "Its.
Tha* ate some indications that the best "LlItV of
the acid
radicals as distinct from the pHs may be Lqmalant.
In generals, hweverp It must be *mphasiod that met
of the Isfaution
available relates to the transfaz of nicatine f2m
tobacco, and the effect of
various additives on such transfer. Very 11"Is Is
kno ~ the transfer
from synthetic smoking materials and previous work
on the "loam of sicetim
from OnLootine saltaO on cellulose was c4=iod out
using a slow tempare
program. In this work the pyrolysis products of
the acid radical were not
examined. Thus It Is suggested that further work
with more complex aLcotine
salts# and the effect of addives an nicotine
release from possible synthetic
materials, should be carried out wing a pyrolysis
furnace.
.0
c.c. PJ. Michell, Esq.
Dr. C.I. Ayres/ Dr. S.R. Evelyn
C_
41
C,
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 4
November 1999


1. B.A.T. R. D.E. Report No. R.D* 247 - R 12,900.
2 o No. R .0 & 286 - R 1.5.64.
3. ft. R PO* 334 - R 10646.
4. No. L 211 - R 28o 9.66e
5. Mo* L 240 -R 26. 4.67.
6. fte RODS 455 - a 20. 2.67-
77. Noe RX, 324 - R 5. 5.65.
so 0 a Nos RaD. 363 - R =11065,
9. a a Ife. R.D. 464 - R 20. 3 *67.
100 U.S. Patent 39109,436.
Ll. B.A.T. Re D.E. Reput XWo. R.D. 437 p R 30.
99".
12. fttty F.A. Indwtrial HWra &-A Toxicity Vol#
blurscience, N.Y.
13. PrOVISional Patent appliCatIOM 4 19.1146.
30. 3AO.
L-n
L-M
BATCo document for Province of British COIUMbia 4
November 1999