A
PhIVA7Z kn COGFJE0.'TIA.L
Jwvav-~~:'C -f'7 V,An Septenber 1~4,P
TUjpERATLiF.E MLASLpM*,NTs ON CIGAF=ES JITJi HIGH
PAOCL%4G
DaiSITY AhD AXIAL ChANNML
INIMODUCTION
According to U.K. Patent No. 1,086,44,3 granted to
Messrs J.A.E. Bell,
J.D. Jones and D.H. Laing, it in declared that,
"It Is an object of this
invention to provide a cigarette wherein the
tobacco Is more tightly packed
tawi ,eietofore thereby creating a lower idle
tenperature. It is an
ob.'-ect of the Invention to provide a cigarette
having &r, idle temperature
of about 5300C and an average maximum temperature
of about 6650C ......
much lower than those of a conventional cigarette.
By average maximum
temperature witn the invention, we mean the
average temperature of the
hottest part of the combustion zone in the densely
packed tobacco in the
inventive cigarette during a number of puffs".
(Column 4, lines 85 - 108).
Cigarettes manufactured by I.T. Co. Canada with
packing densities up
to 1.5 times normal were subaitted to Messrs Bell,
Jones and Laing for
modification according; to their patent. An axial
cmvuriei v;az r--roduced In
tnese ciSarettes with m,. 0.06" tangsten probe
heated to 430 0C. Sanples of
ti,ese modified cigarettes, together with the
unmodified control, have been
examined at F. & D.E. Temperatures during the puff
and during the smoulder
immediately before the beginning of the puff were
determined. The results
obtained to date are discussed in this note; It is
not anticipated that the
ex,jeriments still under ..-ay will alter the
conclusion. that the claim made
by Messrs Bell, Jones and La-Ing cannot be
substantiated.
EXYMI)MEWAL WrAILS
Eight samples of cigarettes were received; these
consi3ted of two groups
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


-2-
of cigarette rods with added high and low
efficiency acetate filters.
Initially It was decided to restrict measurements
to the cigarettes with
the kagn efficiency acetate filter as it was
anticipated that the filter
would have little, if any, effect upon the
temperatures of the tobacco rod.
Cigarettes were conditioned L98% R.H., 680F) and
selected on the basis
of raean weight and pressure drop. Temperature
measurements were carried out
using three PVI)% Rh-Pt thermocouples, in tandem,
with 4 m between adjacent
thermocouples. Measurements were made In duplicate
with the thermocouples
placed on the central ax1s and at radial distances
of 1.5 and 3.0 cra from
the central axis. Swulder temperatures were
measured 1 second before the
beginning of a puff, and puff temperatures 1.5
second after the beginning
of tke puff (see R..& D.E. Report Mos. 219~-F,
287-F and 331-F) -
Visual inspection of cigarettes which had been
quartered showed that
for most of the ci&Lrettes txamined the channel
was not on the axis of the
cigarette. Uamination, of th~ butts of cigarettes
used for temperature
meavureasento also showed this effect. (A
photograph of "ations of a typical
cigarette are given in the Appendix.) From this
evidence It 13 concluded
that it is unlikely that the centrally placed
thermocouples were actually
within the channel for many of the determinations.
Cigarettes were smoked on a B-A.T., restricted,
arnking, engine at one
puff per minute, eaen puff of 35 ml and 2 seconds
duration. with increased
packJng density the puff duration increased
slightly. The temperatures
measured were plotted argainst the distance of the
thermocouples from the
paper bum 4 seconds after the start of the puff
and the graphs used to
give values fori
Un
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


I - The mean maximum temperature.
2. Th emaximum temperature recorded.
3. The distance between 7000C contours.
4. The distance bet,,een 4000C contours.
5. The position of hottest part.of the coal from,
paper burn edge.
6. The distance the 2000C, 4000C and 700*C
contours moved between
the smoulder temperature measurement and puff
temperature
measurement, i.e. 1 second smoulder plus 1-1
second puff
(eff'ectively 11 second puff).
Vc distance between 200 C and 7000C contours at
the butt end
for both puff and smoulder.
Temperature contours were also plotted to give the
general picture of the
puff and smoulder temperature profiles. The
results are given as an
Appendix (Table 1). The most significant effect is
the increase in mean
maximum temperature with packing density. Plots of
these temperatures
-gainst packtrg density are linear, with the
exception of the smoulder
temperature measured at _3.0 mm from the axis
(FIXure 1) . Temperature
measurements an the unmodified cigarettes with
different packing densities,
confirmed this observation (see Appendix, Table 2,
Figure 2) although the
increases in puff temperatures were not as large
as those measurement&
for the modified cigarettes.
Only small differences were noted in the
"distances between like-
contours" and, allowing for the rather inexact
nature of these measurements
(the paper burn is the reference mark) these
differences are probably not
significant. From the temperature profiles the
volu of the coal at a
temperature &-eater than 700 0C is least for the
unmodified control cigarette,
for both puff and smoulder. The cigarettes with
the highest packing density CD
4"
U1
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


-4-
have a more L&rrel shaped" profile than that of
the con4--ol and tnose with
interr.leaiate pacrcing dzii3itles have more
pointed hot zones.
Mie puff te--;.e2rature prof-'le for T1,e
cigarette willi packiri; dersi%,
1 .4 nornal Is Literesting because, towards- the
butt end, tne lower
temperat;.re conta6rs, e.g. 200 0C, extend down
the axis of the cigarette.
This is prohobly tae or.1) case where the
thermocouples were actually in
the channel and t.-wrc higher temperatures
measured are the reLrult of the hot
gazes stree-ig da;m the channel.
From the srzulder rates of the cigarettes, and the
distances between
the 2000 C &-id 110C0C conto;;rs or. um axis, it
may be concluded that the
rate of herating o" the tobacco during smoulder
dacreases by 11;Z1.'- as We
pr.rki,-..:- density izoreasea by 505. Generally,
tne rate of heating Is
inversely propert-lonal to the packing der.3ity.
Measurements carried out with a puff frequency of
.3 ;uffs per minute
showed "t the dirrearences between puff and
smokilder temperatures are not
very great as, ;;resumably, there is Insufficient
time between puffs for a
steady &raoulder sizate to be reached. (see
Appendix. Table 3). Compared
to 1 puff per -'-,-.,te, the hot region of the
coal (above 400 0C) is longer
at t~ie IUCher puff frequency.
Tem~,erature measuremienza made with a 25 al puff,
tazzw. once per -An-te,
indicate that the cw-b;2stion temperatures at this
puff valume are slightly lower
than those obtained with a 35 ml puff (see
Appendix, Table 4). Only the
unz-odified contral cigarette and the modified
cigarette with the highest
packing density were u3ed and Uie temperatures
measured for the latter
cigarette were higher, as found for the 35 ml
puff.
Thus, it appears that the temperature changes
noted in the modified
cigarettes are probably attributable to the
Increase, In packing density
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


wid nc-. to Lhe pr*senca of tic axIal. aharnel.
Further, xic evidence hao
beeii f3=d to wupport U,e clairas of Messra BAI,
Jones and LaixE, as all
ci,sar-at'Las ew-ined wit-'. a caannal have had
hl&l-,er puff and s-.io'Ader
temperatures t4w, tbe unmodirled con-trol
ciWettas.
Q)
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 5
November 1999


AFMIDD:
CIGARE-ITIL SPECIFICATIONS
Code Xt.~mber PackiaF Denalty
RL 268
F.L 2:~EA
Kish F.E. Acetate Filter
RL 2Ea
RL 2c\~c xl-5
TtL Z,~~ xi
RL 2-S2E x-1 .3
Low F.E. Acetate Filter
RL 2~,!"17 xl .4
RL 22~;~' X1.5
Samples FIL 268 and RL 2-3D had no axial chwriel.
CIZ&rettes selected to mi= weight and pressure
drop.
Weight Pressure Drop
(JZ/civ.) (cm W.G.)
RL 268 1.12-1.16 16.3-lT.7
RL 2bm 1.36-1.42 14 . 16. 1
RL 268B 1.46-1-52 1 E- - 16" .7
RL 268C i._ri:-1.62 17.5-19.0
Cigarettes not examined for combustion
temporature.
Mean Weight Yean Pressure Droz
(0./cix) (cc W.O.)
RL 2-:&r 1.10- 112.9
RL 26BE 1.42 14.1
RL 2:ZF 1.50 12.0
RL 26W 1.6o 14.2
Q;I
00
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


Cross sections cut from sam cigarette showing the
v&rlable position of C-D
the channel. This cigarette had been selected for
temperature masurements
but was not used.
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


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2 T 9D 8 10 6. 5 12 6 T IO 745 2 10 7
7 30 7 30 2 7 .5 4 6 00 62o - 6 .5 5
8
RL 2 68A 1 8 .30 8 55 7. 5 1 1 .5 a 7 75 8 15 6 .5
12 .5
1 2 8 40 8 65 6 1 1 5 7. 30 7 55 3 .0 9 .5 6
3 7 60 8 25 3. 5 9 2 6 30 6 45 8 5
10
HL 2 68D 1 8 75 1 0 60 9. 5 1 2. 5 9 8 00 8 15 6
.5 11 .0
2 7 95 8 15 6. 5 1 2 6 7 35 7 40 4 .5 11. 0 7
3 7 80 8 10 2 7 2 5 6o 6 05 - 6. 5 4
RL 2 6W 1 8 95 9 05 6. 5 1 1 7 7 90 8 o5 4 .5 11 8
2 8 10 8 10 7 1 2 6 7 50 7 6o 5 .0 11 7
3 7 70 8 15 1 . 5 6. 5 2 55 5 5 90 7 4
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RL 2U 8 1 .6 1. 7 9 .2 4. 4 5 .0 3. 94 RL
3 2
.9 68D
6 1 .26 3. 98
RL 26 8A 1 .3 1. 1 2 .1 3. 6 4 .4 3. 10 RL
3 2
.0 68s
2
1
.42
3.
1
RL 26 a8 3 .0 1. 8 2. 1 5. 5 4 .5 2. 98 RL
2 2
.9 68v
3 1. 51 2. 98
RL 2o SC 0 .4 0. 8 1. 7 3. 7 5
*1 .0
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no 71
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2 - 1.5 me from -1.
3 - 3.0 - from ..I.
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C. mo.
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RL 2o8 81:) 825
KL Wb& 835 860
RL 2.EM 855 855
RL 2L,8C 84o 850
TABU 2
AUAL TWPIRATURE HUAStMEMENT3 CN UNWDIFIED
CIOARLTrEj
1 puff per minute, 35 vA puff
Puff Smou lder
UL.tan.. Distance Approximate Distwir M..n
e.
1-
I mitan Dl,,-** jlp-i - .,at-.,-
t
0 ..n
1 "e"
8 C of Hottest Part a Max -
0
I t....
N at:: at Part of
700
0
Contours
(
) 4000
Contours Coal train Paper Bum
( T aP.
? p.
Tj 700 C Coritours 400 C Contour. Coal from Paper
Bum
F- we.) c) (-) (-)
6 7 76o 760 4
6 8 790 800 5 8
6 8 815 830 5 6
6 11 8 1 790 800 5 T
19 LSPOO 1


TABER 3
TEMPERNMWE MHAMMD%MS
3 Vuffs Der minute. 35 ml Duff
Puff
Code No. Thermocouple Mean
M-lsium Mwdmum
Temp, Temp
(06
C
RL 268 1 VO 815
2 760 T75
3 T50 750
RL2268C 1 825
2 830 845
3-- 650 700
3 b- 450 475
Distance Distance Approximate distance Mean
Btn
Between
of Hotte.t Part of
Maximum Maximum
70&C Contours
YJO&C Contours
Coal from Paper Wrn
Temp. T
'P'
(0 C) (.C
8.5 14.5 11 T90 800
T-5 13.5 T45 765
3.5 12.5 2 65o 65o
10 A 11 810 825
9.5 15 9.5 Boo 820
- 6 2 520 540
5 3
0 Individual results - poor duplicates
z
0
<
(D
3
17
Distano Contour Moves Back
on We 0; Cigarett e In 1.5 Sec. Dlwtanoe Between
Code No 20&-70&C
200-C 40D*C 7000C
RL 26B 1_3 1.5 1.8 5.5
PL 268c .1-3 0.7 0.7 4.8
Smoulder
Distance Distance Approidmate distance
Between Bt~.en of Hottest Part of
70&C Contours 4000C Contours Coal from Paper Burn
7 .13.5 11
5.5 13.5 8
- 10 5
8.5 14
8 15 9
6.5 3
Distance Between
Code
* Smoulder Rate Time for Distance
-700*C
200
No
RL 268 5.9 3.96 1.49
RL 268c 4.2 2.65 1.59
0 Unrealistic to use this swulder rate an steady
smould-
state not achieved at this puffing frequency
0 0


TABLE 4
I Dufr Per minute. 21S ml puff
Puff
Code No. Thermooo~ple "can
Maxleaft Maximum
To.p.
D Temp.
(oc)
(
O
TtL 26B 1 T90
2 775 80
3 845. 890.
RL 26Bc 1 855 860
2 855 855
3 650 665
Distance Distance Approximate distance Mean
Betsen
Bt,4...
of Ilottst Part of
Maximum M..I-
700oC Contours
4 ooPC Contours
Coal fr.. Paper Burn
TemP.
o Temp.
(a
C)
c)
(
5 n 6 750 T50
6 9 7 T35 750
4 8 4 600 67!5
5 10 a 785 790
6 10 T T75 775
8 2 615 62o
Unusually high - probably attributable to
peripheral hot spots
Smoulder
DIstanoe Distance Approximate Distance
Bt ... n Bt...n of Hottest Part of
700QC Contours 4000C Contours Coal from Paper Burn
3 10 6
3 9 7
- 9
4 10
4 10 T
7 4
~9 ~lswl


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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999


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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 5
November 1999