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N-1
7 L
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 9
November 1999


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How many cigarettes are sold annually
in the
Approx i match. 63 30 billion cigarettes were
purchased
in 19S0. an increase of 17 percent in the last
decade.
Government surveys indicate the average smoker
smokCS about a pack a day. men averaging a little
k
more than women.
ANNT DUFFIN
Vice President &
Director of Publ ications 2. How many people
smoke?
THE TOBACCO INSTITUTE
2021457-4874 800/424-9876 Nmriv 60 million
Americ2ns-about one tNrd of
the aault population.
ear Reader:
Are ore women and teenagers smoking
3
. todav-
"On Tobacco" attempts to
answer the questions we Because of population
growth. the nUMher Of adult
are frequently asked about American women who
choose to smoke is apparentiv
'
larger tha n ever. but the incidence of smoking
2mon
9
the tobacco industry. You women - the rate or
percentage- is lower. The 1980
may want to share it with Surgeon Gener2l's report
said the proportion of
ot1hers. More copies are women smokers peaked
between 1963 and 1976, and
available . Call (free) estimated that 2S.2
percent of the adult fen'121C POP-
800/424-9876 and ask for 1112tion were smokers in
1979.
the Production Services Smoking has declined among
teenagers. According
office to the American Cancer Society. smoking is
down
. a third to the lowest level since 1964. In young
women. the smoking rate has decreased 17 percent
eE.
since 1974.
r
4
n
. Are s
okers different from nonsmokers?
Mk -
Some researchers conclude that smokers, in
general,
have behavior patterns different from nonsmokers.
Thev report that smokers tend to be more corn-
municative. creative. energetic and assertive;
They
are
also said to marrv more often, move more often,
more often change jabs. prefer spicier and saltier
foods and participate more in sports. As children
they were more likely to have been independent. As
adults they tend to
Se more outgoing- living. so
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 9
November 1999


to speak. in -o% erdrive.- more a%v2rc of %vhat
t%vo
ph, sician researchers have called 2 _p3UCit7V Of
time
iL,e,lf.
Did the 1964 Surgeon Geneml's report
0. establish that smoking causes cancer
and other diseases?
No. The report - actually that of the Advisory
Committee to the Surgeon General on Smoking
and Hc2lth-did not establish cause- and -effect
relationships between cigarette smoking and any
disease or condition. Its conclusions. the
committee
said. were a - matter of judgment." Essentially a
srudy of numbers. the 1964 report was a selective
review of population studies comparing disease
rates
among smokers. nonsmokers and ex-smokers. It
-,ated clearlv that -statistical methods cannot
estab-
ih proof oi a causal relationship in an
association.
N%Iiat are some of the questions left
6. unanswered bi the 1964 report and others
issued since~
No,.,-. as in 1964. there are rcpo,Led statistical
relationships benveen smoking and certain health
problems. and a number of suggestions about cause-
and-effect. but no definitive and final answers in
the smoking controversy. Why. for example. do non-
kers develop heart disease. lung cancerand
*mO
other diseases frequencky ~-5062ted with smokine
If
it is true that cigarette smoking is the major
cause
ng cancer. 'vhv do the vast majority of -heavy-
l
u
- lop the dise2se~ Why haven't
tol n , er dc%
'ers ,
t
scientists been 2bleeto prove that any one or any
combination ~f the thousands of comp-onents as
found
in cigarette smoke causes human diseasa~
But in light of other evidence, how can
79 anvone insist that a causal connection has
not been proven in lung cancer?
Because at least three factors raise seriods que
stions
-bout anv such conclusion.
Reported lung cancer mortality rates can't be
satisfactorily explained by 'garette consumption
L
patterns. here or in other countries.
i 1
-%long with changes in diagnostic C3p2b111
4
and international rumor classifications have
come reports of an incrmsing proportion Of 2
kind of lung cancer not traditionally associated
with cigarette smoking.
Science has been unable in more than 40 years
of research to produce human ty
. pe lung cancer
in laboratory animals with tobacco smoke
inhalation.
8
. What about heart disease?
In early 198 1. a past president of the American
Heart Association said it best --hen he told 2
NC%V-
York reporter. -%N'e have yet to uncover %,-hat
causes
atherosclerosis, responsible for heart attack and
" F-E
stroke.
The admission came oniv months after 2
Harvard researcher %vrote in Ainm~an Heart Jounial
that there is no established proof that cigarette
smoking is causally related to coronary heart
disease
(CHD).
Man%- scientists consider cig2rerte smoking to be
a
CHD risk factor. that is. an element or
characteristic
found in common. singly or in combination with
other variables. in persons developing CHD. Holv_
ever, most scientists do not assume that risk
factors
ric causZor do they believe that their elimination
7 ". Ii ec ril y prevent illness. The 1979 Surgeon
General's report pointed out that mere association
is
not synonymous with causation. And the Harvard
researcher. who noted -serious questions*' about
interpretation of certain heart data. concluded
that
no consistent clinical or experimental data in
animals
or man clearly support wh2t he called 'the leap
from
association to enhancement.-
Clearly. 2 good deal needs to be learned about
CHD.
Have scientists determined the cause
9* of emphysema?
No. Emphysema is a form of lung damage typical1v
found in older persons. Researchers in the area
have
pondered the possible role of such factors as
smoking.
air pollution. oLcupation2l exposures. lung
structure
abnormalities. childhood dis----, adult infections
and genetic disorders. But that this is still just
3
C_
FE,
CD
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 9
November 1999


I 4-.-nn; ation is demonstrated b% a Statement
from the
.7.nnrn- in~zirurert-_ponsible for lung research
e do not know the C2U$C of pulmonary em-
ho,,- :o stop its progress even if detected
or ho,- to prevent heart disease caused bv
"7
I.-I Z;" ::7 Cft'O.M to determine what causes
emphysema.
and researchers have exposed experimental
anin'-; to 2nous substances. including tobacco
47 ncke. But as far as zob2CCO smoke goes. even
the
7.-,- -ccent Surgeon Gener2l's report on smoking
-raizh noted -hat -there are no published studies
h3 : s:cem
show in an animal model that the
c;n c.:,pMent of errich serna is induced by
cigarette
y
crnFnyse-12 I pooriv understood and
s~)o-,:r it.: origins and development can only
throu-7h '~_-,nhcr scientific research.
0. What are tar and nicotine?
N:--C::nC. 2 co!oness substance found in tobacco
and 4.-noke. ---, e!imin2ted from the blood
RLKe2rch h2s shown that there is little cum-
is a substance. minus water and
u e eEecc. Ta,
. -;ne. obtained bysuper-cooling and condensing
n :c..
.lacco smoke under _%vcial laboratory conditions.
-ne-hod ofcoflecdng tar bears little'rescmblance
tc. Ene 12Y cigarettes am smoked.
Are cigarettes -aith low tar and nicotine
-safer
D 11 he research that has been done over the
yerv~ no one hi, demonstrated that milligram num-
.n .-2ve any health significance.
lanv varieties of low- tar-nicorine cigarettes are
now
on the market in restionse to consumer preference
tr rids. In 19SO. th e sold in the
C e average c1garen
U.S. vielded less thin 14 mgs tar. a level
generally
c2 tegorued as low tar.
Hasn't carbon monoxide (CO) in
12
cigarette smoke been implicated in
.
heart disease?
'plain the statistical
Some do believe it might M
... ..... .
association between cigarettes and CHID. A
tasteless. w1mr-
colorless. odorless gas produced b% Many narut-21
and
man-M2de sources. it has been shown, in large .
...........
;. C#%__:~: - 4
b
amounts. to decrease the supply of oxygen in the
blood. However. it has never, in the levels found
in
cigarette smoke. been demonstrated to cause heart
or
any other human disease. Even the 19SI Surgeon
General*s report pointed out that -judgments" on
the role of CO in heart disease 'are based on
sc-ann- information.
. ........
Does tobacco smoke endanger
13. nonsmokers?
EF.,
It can certainlv annov some people from time to
rime. but there is no convincing evidence that
tobacco smoke Causes disease in nonsmokers. In
fact.
the lq79 Surgeon General's report. the last to
con-
sider the subject. States explicitly. -Healthy
non-
mokers exposed to cigarette smoke have little or
no
It
physiologic response to the smoke- and what
response
-chological factom - The
does occur may be due to ps~
report funhersays. -The existence ofa tobacco
smoke
'
ns is unproven.- Studies on this
allergy in huma r:
question continue but have not confirmed that *
............
tobacco smoke presents disease risks for
nonsmokers.
i=
-
What is the tobacco industry doing to
14
. help resolve the smoking and health,,--',,*<- EL
L; 5 C- -4 "'. 2
So far, the tobacco indusrrv has committed more E.
than S91 million for independent research on smok-
ing and health questions. In M2nV V industrv
-MM
awards exceeded that of any government depart-
ment. Thev have alwavs fir exceeded the smoking
and health research funding Of 211 volunt2ry
health
associations, which regularly spend more oif their
donated funds for administration and public
relations
campaigns than for research. The tobacco industry
remains committed to advancing scientific inquirv
into the gaps in knowledge in the smoking concrov
ersy.
5 WE
C7 _'3
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 9
November 1999


Do the tobacco companies control the
15 N lore than half of tobacco's contribution to
tax
. research they sponsor?
co!lections results from ripple effects. as
industry Z7
elliplo% ecs. their hOSSCS and major suppliers buy
the
Absolutch- not. Independent Scientific 2dvisors
~oocis
and services of other. nontob2CCO. industries.
e'aluate and fund research proposals by
individU21S
and institutions. A%1-2rds are made with no
strings
attached and each researcher is free to publish
study
s
wh
lt
h
b
18
re
u
s.
atever t
ev mav
e. . What is the tobacco subsidv?
There is no tobacco rubsidr program. There is a
What is the economic contribution of
16 tob2CCO price support program, which limits the
. tobacco? amount of tobacco grown domesricaily
and insures
The tobacco industry contributes mightily to the
farmers a fair return on their investments. Monev
expended under the program isn*t a gift. It's a
loan
U.S. economv. Leaf is grown in 20 states on an f-
m the federal government. repaid with intermt.
fa
estimated 276-000 rms. It is the sixth largest
U.S.
-';iMil2r programs exist for 12 other commodities
h crop. The U.S. is also the leading exporter of
o,,-n in this countn
Z7
,)bncco and the third largest tobacco importer.
The
result is a positive net contribution of more than
Unlike most other agricultural price support
:51.7 billion per year to the U.S. international
vrograms. however. in most years the tobacco pro-
balance of payments. Americans spent 521 billion
:dram rep2yc the government more than the farmers
for tobacco products in 1980. h3ve borrowed. In
its 47 ve2rs of existence- 'vith
~
:cans totaling about $5 bi
ilion-the program his
produced 2 net loss to twxpavers of approximarely
S().7 million. or about one tenth of one percent
of
NN-hat's the effect of tobacco taxes~ losses for
211 commodirv price support programs.
Federal. state and IOC21 governments realize some
losing the S37 million. the government has
collected S72 billion in the cigarette tax alone.
S6.; billion annU211V in direct taxes on tobacco
products. helping to pay for such things as road
building and school lunch programs. The U.S.
cigarette advertising cause young
IQ Does
Treasurv collects 8 cents on every pack of
cigarettes
5 .
JL people to start smoking?
sold. in8iv;dual states from 2 to -
1 cents and at IC=
369 municipalities from I to 10 cents. Since the
As one knowledgeable government official has said.
-
"
first federal tax on tobacco in 1862. nearly 5 138
Adverrising is certain]y not the culprit.
Cigarette
billion has bc4en collected bV 211 levels
ofgovemment. 2dverrising is brand advertising. Its
purpose and.
Tobacco is the most heavflv taxed consumer
More significantiv, its effect is to divide the
21reach- E-.7
prodtkct- existing market Sy promoting brand
identification'
and l
l
i
d
i
id
l
h
The rough1v 400.000 persons emploved in all phases
oya
v
ty among
ua
s w
n
o are smokers.
.
f tobacco and their emplovers and essential sup-
RIMC2rch on thr initiation of smoking 2MOngyoung
pliers also pay taxes. --ople reveals complex
psychological. cultural and
According to a pioneering industrv studv bv- the
Socioeconomic factors. No one favors smoking by
young people. Smoking is in adult custom to b~
E
Universirv of Pennsylvanias Miarton Applied
aecided bV` adults based on 2 mature and informed
ied
Research Center in 1979. tobacco and its ripple
individuaf freedom of choice.
effects generate S22 billion a year in taxes. The
federal share is more than S14 billion. paid in
personal
and corporate income, social security and other J
taxes. Total state and municipal t xes, including
2'
S21CS and property taxes. is more than S7 billion.
7
7".
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 9
November 1999


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...
. . ... ..... ...
......................... .... .....
M .............. .... _w_
........... .
\T
20
i
?
... ............. . ... .. . .. .......
. .... .
... ....... ..
.
.............................. .... M~-.o~
........
..................
...........
........................ ....................
w:
.
lat MOt
%UeSanri-smoking groups
D,-ite h~akh % amings that have appeared on all
cigarc:tc p-ckages for many years. 2 small number
of Evrons remain dedicated to prohibition of smok-
. . ......
;nc. In the !9z(js and 00s. their attack was
against
2 tobacco P70dUCZ-Cig2rertes. No\v it is the users
of
-;'-c -~7oduc, ,,ho ae the targets as the
anti-smokers
arre-np: to 4oject them to public disapproval and
The an- :-smoken -a SM211 minorim of the
nonzmoke, -lobby for laws to restrict or prohibit
:'-e u-c of zobacco. seeking to convert 2 custom
MtO 2 crime.
.kre the tobacco companies preparing
21
. to market marijuana if it's legalize&
Nc' L,)-,-'c alone would demonstrate that
cigarette
akers. a'rca-', faced with -a controverw involving
a
I.-a! -r-c-&;c:. would not enter an area with
z1 he lezal and e:*-ical %ensitivities of
marijuana. De-
ht contrary. Ehe companies do not
c,n :an,-' on ,-:-Ich to gro, mariiuana. Nor have
7,"pizered any m
2 rijuana trade names. such as
_Acapulco Gold.-
The Tobacco Iristirute recorp.izes that there are
dif- .......... .
fer~nces of opinion concerning smoking and health.
Th;~ booklet is presented in the belief that full.
free
and informed discussion of the smoking and health
-roN the public interest. and in the con-
c
n-
-e- must be resolved bv
,ic,ion that the contro%
-ch.
cientific rmea,
.. .... ... .......
C,
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 9
November 1999