RESTRICTED
R E S E A R C H C 0 H F E R E N C E
RIO de JAMEIPU. BRAZIL
22-26 At If-,I I @T I
Present:
Dr C I Ayres
Dr L C F Blackman
Mr P Denton
Dr P J Dunn
Dr M J Hardwick
Mr A L ilea rd
Mr E E Kohnhorst
Mr R G Nicholls
Herm E Rittershaus
Dr R A Sanford
DrF Seehofer
DrC J P de Siqueira
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S U M M A R Y
The Conference discussions were effectively split
into three parts:
Part I Subjects classified as Priority at
the 1983 BCAC Conference
Part II Other general issues of relevance
to Group R&D
Part III Specific revisions to the existing
GRUC activities in order to
formulate the Draft 1984-6 Group
R&D Programme.
Adverse trading conditions generally have led to a
significant rationalisation of the balance of
technical effort in CAC Compa Germany has
temporarily el imi nated virtually all longer-term
vio rk in favour of cost reduction arid product
improvement. Australia, B&W and Canada plan to
concentrate on new product development and on the
maintenance and improvement of existing products
and processes development. Brazil has severely
restricted capital expenditure on R&D - although
the tobacco processing research and Leaf Steering
Committee pro are being maintained.
These changes moan that to meet the 1983 BAT Industries
guideline that Group R&D "should be maintained at a
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I evel suff i ci ent to, at least, keep pace
technically with major competitors", the
Group R&D Programme at Southampton must
carry major responsibility for the Groups'
longer-term needs for fundamental research
aimed at generating radically new products
and processes, and for strategic defence.
The Research Conference continues to be
essential in formulating and approving the
Group R&D Programme and in helping generally
to sharpen the thrust and effectiveness of
R&D throughout the Group.
Some possible changes to the organ at
Southampton were outlined, the final details
of whi ch had yet to be approved by the BATCo
Board. A paper on Research Progress and
Pol icy, to be submitted to the BATCo Board on
2 7 October, wi I I refer to the main conclusions
of the Conference.
The 1984-6 Programme wil I be prepared on the
basis of the di scussions at the Conference.
The draft programme, and the corresponding
bud get expendi t ure , wi I I be presented for
approval by the BATCo Board on 11th November.
As in previous years, the approved Programme will
then immediately be circulated to CAC Companies
in the expectation that it accurately reflects
the decisions of the Conference. Thcre would
be time, however, to rectify any serious errors
or omissions.
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P A R T I
SUBJECTS OF PRIORITY
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY
1. The CAC remit for Project RIO was interpreted in terms of
two distinct but simultaneous approaches:
(1) The evaluation of selected key national
brands in respect of their activity
relative to competitive brands, and
then the modification of the basic
design to give reduced specific activity
using known technology - with consumer
acceptance being maintained.
Companies will select 4-6 brands and
send them to Southampton - together
with supporting details as to their
broad construction and blend, and also
an indication as to the reasons for
their selection.
It is anticipated there will be major
progress, and an interim report, by
mid-1984.
(2) A systematic evaluation of chemical
and physical changes that might
achieve major reductions of the
specific activity of model flue-
cured and US blend products (of
nominal delivery about 10 mg tar)
with the aim of developing freestanding
demonstration products of low activity.
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2 The f ol I o %-.,t ng bas i c. a s sumpt i o n s we re made f or the pr oj ect
- The target is the allegation of carcinogenic
response.
- A League Table approach will be adopted,
initially using standard smoking machine
conditions to generate smoke.
- The first screening test should be Ames
using condensate. Later a refinement of
the Ames test using-whole smoke will be
available as a back-up test, but other
tests (eg NMFI or P448 enzyme induction)
wi II be used if at al I f easibl e within
the programme In order to maxi mi se the
available data.
3. The results from both approaches will be communicated
wi thout delay to CAC Companies to help guide their own
product development. In the meanwhile, a literature
survey of all key knowledge on specific activity will be
reported by the end of 1983.
4. Despite the favourable findings connecting Vitamin A with
reduced risk of cancer, and particularly lung cancer, it
was agreed that the comprehensive survey of the literature
considered by the Conference leads to the view that Vitamin A
(and closely related compounds ) does not present an opportunity
for the cigarette industry dirdctly to influence human response
to slooke . It was also agreed that the possibility of BAT
funding medical research on Vitamin A should not be pursued.
There is a need, however, to maintain a keen awareness of the
subject, particularly with the vievi to understanding mechanisms
that block the development of cancer.
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SIDESTREAM
5. The programme of work set up in response to the BCAC
directive was supported - but it was stressed that the
programme should consider the reduction of specific
biological activity, as well as the reduction of visible
smoke irritation and unpleasant odour . It should also
consider the more general question of ambient smoke.
6. The possibility of achieving an exclusive BAT position
in the development and manufacture of special papers was
discussed. It was noted that the principal suppliers
(Ecusta and Schweitzer) have refused to enter into
exclusive arrangements. Also that the recent meetings of
Dr Blackman, Dr Siquei ra , Dr Caruso and Mr Heard with
Pi rahy , following earlier discussions with Wiggins Teape ,
had made it clear that Pi rahy does not provide a realistic
route for special paper development.
7. In view of the above, it was felt that the joint work
with dc Mauduit should be the main thrust of our efforts
for at least tile shorter term; the two year lead time
that the draft Agreement provides was as much as could
be expected. The draft Agreement should, however, be
re-examined to see if it can be extended to cover paper
for self-extinguishing cigarettes, since the technology
for one form of such products (slevi-burn paper) is not
di to that for reduced sidestream products.
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TOBACCO PROCESSING
8. Over a number of years. there have been experimental
trials throughout the SAT Group which have led to
significant product and process improvements. Although
information an such work is now freely exchanged at the
annual Processing Seminars, it tends to be specific to a
particular plant design or operating condition. To
provide basic data that can lead to general guidelines
for the processing of tobacco in different designs of
plant, it is necessary to undertake closely controlled
experiments in which clearly defined grades of tobacco
are subjected to wide ranges of temperature, moisture and
time - and the resulting samples and/or products analysed
with the most advanced chemi cal and physical techniques
available.
(a) Cheini ca I Chances in Processing
9. The Group Research Programme on tobacco processing in
Brazil has been established to mon under controlled
conditions the generation and destruction of flavour
compounds and precursors during the whole sequence of
tobacco processing froin curing and ageing to primary
processing. Interesting results are emerging from the
first two years work, and plans are now being finalised
for tile next phase - an important aspect of which will
be the deliberate change in selected process variables.
10. There was support for the GR&DC Protjramme which has been
designed to provide supporting basic data from laboratory
scale equi potent. The ult a is the development of
predictive mathematical models that link tobacco fingerprints
( neutra I volatile, HIR and FT I P. scans) and smoke fingerprints
(0/1-111) wi th subjective smoke evaluation (DELTA panel). Limited
correlations to date are encouraging, and further evaluation of-
tile validity of the coricept should he undertaken with urgency.
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7
I 1 New analytical techniques for measuri ng key components
are bei ng devel oped at GR&DC, and it i s envi saged that in
the subsequent phases of the Brazilian Programme there
will be greater need for use of scan techniques. There
remains, however, the acute problem of obtaining Government
authority to import the necessary scientific equipment.
1 2 A brief report was given of recent German work in which
applied chemical analysis has led to improvements in two
commercial processes (St Pauli and vertical lamina air
dryer).
(by Physical Changes in ProcessiL2
1 3 There was also good support for the GR&DC programme to
obtain and interpret basic data on the ef of temperature,
moisture, time and size reduction on the physical properties
of tobacco. The programme is now well underway.
14. The aim is to develop predictive models that link certain
physical properties of both tobacco leaf and tobacco strands
(elastic moduli, tensile strength, density, shape etc)
with the bulk properties of the final cigarette. During
the year a preliminary study of cellulose acetate fibres,
and made up filter rods, has proved useful in providing
ideas for the formulation of the above programme. As soon
as possible the models should be tested in one or more
real-life situations.
15. An important requirement of this programme is to develop
reliable techniques for characteri sing the relevant
physical properties, and the progress that has been made
by Germany will be incorporated into Tu GR&DC work.
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SMO C07!DENSATION AND MACHINE TEST PROCEDURES
16. Compensation is now attracting the interest of Government
and medi cal authorities in many parts of the world. Thi s i s
based on the increasing number of new studies and, in part,
by the evidence submitted by the industry to the FTC in the
Barc lay i nvesti gat ion - much of wh i ch has already been
communicated to Government authorities in Australia, Belgium,
Fi nland , Ho I land , Svii tzerl and and the UK.
17. There is now an urgent need to assess whether there are
ways in which the industry can ei ther counter the situation
or alternatively turn it into a commercial advantage,
18. A direct consequence of this growing interest in compensation
is tile possibility that the FTC, and other authorities, may
call for a change in the standard smoking machine test
procedure for all products. If this were simply to be a
modification to the existing standard procedure (increased
puff volume, duration or interval) the effect would be to
increase delivery levels but it would probably have
little effect on League Table rankings. A more extreme
possibility is that, an entirely new test procedure could
be developed, eg a biological index or a Herzfeld-type
multiple delivery index.
19. Either move would weaken the concept of I Ott tar and would
both confuse and concern the smoker. Operat i ng Companies
around the Group should, therefore, do everything possible
to defend and maintain the present standard test procedure.
If, however, the FTC or any other authority takes action
to change the procedure the strategy should then be to
stretch out any discussions (both with the authorities
and later at ISO) until exhaustive stidies have established
that an alternative procedure is in fact more relevant.
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9
20. In the meanwhile it is essential that we should increase
our own research into how and why people smoke: eg what
the smoker needs or gets from the cigarette in terms of
nicotine and other sources of satisfaction. Until we have
s uch knowl ed ge we s h al 1 n at be i n a pos i t i on to judge what
would be best for the industry in the longer term.
21. In the 1977 BAT Smoking Behaviour Conference it was openly
stated (and later published) that, while the standard
machine deliveries were based on arbitrary machine settings,
there is experimental evidence to show that the smoke
uptake of the average human smoker is not widely different
from the standard machine delivery. Thus we have a good
basis to engage in open dialogue with authorities - with
the aim of encouraging a joint approach if a new test
method is demanded.
22. In such dialogue, the opportunity should be taken to inform
-authorities that contrary to the widely held belief that the
average smoker gets more smoke in the later puffs, smokers
in fact tend to do the opposite. Thus the smoke delivery
profile of successive puffs differs from that of a standard
smoking machine, which produces an increasing amount of
smoke in the later puffs. Much of this information has
come from more recent ITL results on puff-by-puff analysis
using a 4 - duplicator used in a modified mode.
23. It was thought particularly timely and relevant that ITL
should attempt to influence the protocol and techniques to
be used by Or Rickert (Labstat, Ontario) in his proposed
major compensation study on 3000 Canadian smokers.
24. Whatever the outcome of the various publ ic debates on
compensation and test procedures, we must aim to use our
knowledge to develop products that give improved smoker
satisfaction. The Concept of 'smoke elasticity' can be
Cx f)e CL ed tu play an important role.
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INHALATION AND PRODUCT IMPROVEMENT
2 5 There are two potential ways of modi fyi ng the cigarette
for product improvement:
(i) reduced retention of smoke in the lung
(ii increase of the level of irritation to
reduce depth of inhalation.
96. Although it was appreciated that irritation may be changed
to give a product advantage, it was agreed that the
research should concentrate on the first route, ie the
modification of the smoke aerosol to decrease the amount
of smoke retained in the lung. An intpo rt. ant criterion is
that any changes made to the product must not damage
smoker acceptability - indeed the aim must be to increase
it.
27. The basic assumption is that nicotine, which is almost
certainly the key smoke component for satisfaction, is
fully released to the body system before exhalation takes
place. It is essential, therefore, to attempt to quantify
tile change in chemical composition between inhaled and
exhaled smoke under different conditions of smoking, ie
shallow, medium and deep inhalation. The absorption of
nicotine via the nasal cavity should also be investigated.
[See also later section on Nicotine, paragraphs 33-35.]
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BENEFITS OF SMOKING
28. The draft report by tir Ferris on the significance of
smoking in every day life was thought to represent a
major response to the CAC directive. It was agreed that
when the report is formally issued, CAC Companies should
consider whether the information already reviewed is
summarised in a form suitable for use by Public Affairs
to support the practice of Smoking.
2 9 .Any decision to Increase research effort will be decided
only when the responses of the CAC Companies, and of
BATCo Public Affairs, have been collated.
3 0 .It was felt that we should not use the expression "Benefit
of Smoking" - particularly in external circles - but
should substitute something like "The Significance of
Smoking to the Smoker".
3 1. The possibility that BAT Industries might provide some
financial support to the com pro liens research project
of Prof Ivor Mills at Cambridge into compulsive excessive
behaviour (eating, drinking, smoking) was discussed.
Although the results are unlikely to have relevance to
normal smoking (since much of the work has a psychiatric
base) it was agreed that, subject to lawyer approval,
there was public relations merit in supporting the project.
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EUGENOL
32. Recogn i z i ng t he pot ent i al f o r eu ge n ol - f I a voured c i ga rettes.
in countries outside Indonesia (eg Australia, Malaysia,
USA), support was given for the proposed limited GR&DC
programme to assess the pharmacology, biochemistry and
toxicology of eugenol and its smoke products. The study
will include the possible interaction of nicotine as a
stimulant with eugenol as a depressant. Significant
progress can be expected on this project within one year.
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P A R T I I
OTHER GENERAL ISSUES
NICOTINE
33. Th e growi nq co ncern a b ou t c om pe ns a t i o n i s f o cu s s i ng a tt en t i on
on the r o I e of n i c ot i n e i n t he smo k i n g pr oces s .It was agreed
t hat we in u st know a s much a s pos s i b 1 e about :
- f acto rs that af f ect the tra ns f er of n i cot i ne
from leaf to smoke aerosol
- f acto rs that i n f I uence the rate of t ra ns f e r
of nicotine from particulate matter to the
vapour phase
- the contribution of nicotine to smoke sensory
characteristics (including harshness and
irritation)
- the site and mechanisms of absorption of
nicotine within the human system
- the way nicotine stimulates both the central
nervous system and the peripheral organs
(eg heart and lung)
- the me tabol of nicotine within the body,
including rates and equilibrium levels.
34. The developing programme of research at Southampton was
supported, albeit th at greater emphasis should be placed
on direct human studies rather than'o'@ .an im a I - particularly
in view of recent major advances in brain pharmacology. It
is envisaged that much of such work will be undertaken under
contract. -Chw
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35. It was proposed that a senior person at Southampton should
be responsible for coordinating all the relevant interest
and work throughout the Grotip . There is an urgent need
to prepare a status review on all major aspects of the
plia rma c o I o g i ca I i n f 1 uenc es o f n i c ot i ne i n t he smoki ng
process.
INTE R Or TECHNOLOGY
36. While-the underlying principle of the open-door policy
was fully supported, it was felt that guidelines for the
interchange of product and process innovations should be
agreed and circulated. These guidelines should cover the
security of information, and also the need to limit the
du pl of applied development.
37. For product innovations this should be ensured by the
is-SC and by the proposed meetings of CAC Marketing
Directors with Heads of R&D. The Production Conference
is a relevant vehicle to cover process innovations.
Dr Blackman should discuss the need for guidelines with
Mr Pritchard.
RECENT GERMAN DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS
Pursuant to the new open-door policy, details were given on the
following:
(a) Filter Variants
38. A description was given of a nu mb of filter designs
capable of directing smuke to specific areas of the mouth.
This technology has led to patent applications. Results
with other novel filters wh make use of the principles C=)
of I elasticity' ticr,-, ,ji von .
C71%.
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39 The who le area of f i I ter dev elopment based on the use of
filters to influence smoke dynarni cs in the mouth is
regarded as pot en ti a II y of great importance to the Group.
(b) Reduction of Smoke Irritation
40. Details were given of a study of the effect of cigarette
design parameters and blend composition on smoke irritation
us technique of headspace analysis and vapour
phase scan to follow the important chemical changes.
This work had indicated directions in which smoke chemistry
should be modified in order to change the level of smoke
irritation.
(c) Pyrazine Flavourants
41. It was described how a combi ned approach of the flavourist
and the chemi st had led to an improvement in the taste and
flavour of a commercial cigarette. These studies were
particularly concerned with the distribution of different
pyrazines in the individual components of the blend.
JUBIOUS PAST RESEARCHES
42. The underlying principle was understood, but it was agreed
that Dr Blackman should talk further with Herr von specht
and Dr AdIkofer to ascertain what positive action might be
appropriate. Qualified third-party comment was thought
necessary to make any real advance at this late stage.
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INTERBAT
43. With the growing interest and use of INTERBATO CAC Companies
should be reminded that facilities are available to limit or
block access to sensitive reports or information.
CONFERENCES/TECHNICAL EXCHANGE MEETINGS
44. The following technical meetings have been held in the
past year:
September 1982 Research Conference Canada
November 1982 Production Conference UK
December 1982 Combustion Conference UK
March 1983 Environmental Smoke Meeting U 11%
March 1983 INTERBAT Meeting UK
A p r i 1 1983 Sinoki ng Behaviour Conference USA
May 1983 Tobacco Processing Meeting Germany
May 1983 Biol ogical Meeti ng UK
May 1983 Review of GR5DC Programme UK
June 1983 Flavourist Conference Germany
July 1983 Computer Modelling Conference UK
August 1983 Research Conference Brazil
45. It was agreed that tile in had been a highly effective
means of exchaoiging technology throughout the Group, and
that a similar level should be maintained in tile future.
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46. The fol I owing were thought to be appropriate at this
stage:
Flavourist Conference Baw Late 1983
Biological GR&DC Spring 1984
Programme Review GR&DC May 1984
Smoking Be h a vi our
(with Marketing) Canada July 1984
Flavour Research ? Late 1984
Nicotine GR&DC Sometime 1984
Subjective Testing ? (LCFB discuss with Mr A M Heath)
Research Conference Australia August 1984
GROUP PRIORITIES FOR CENTRAL R&D
47. The draft statement prepared in response to the CAC
.rcquest for a simplified statement of priorities within
the Group R&D Programme was supported - albeit that the
statements for 1984/6 should emphasise how the longer-
term researches underpin the shoritcr-term work of oper at
companies.
It was also felt that the document for the 1984/6 Group
R&D Programme should more clearly indicate the anticipated
key a chievements and timescales while continuing to
give full details of budgets and staff allocation.
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P A R T III
GROUP R&D PROGRAMME 1984-6
Th organisational changes proposed for the activities at
Southampton (greater se p a rat ion of 1 onger-term basic research
and the more rapid application of current technology) will
have a bearing on the overall shape of the Group R&D Programme.
The ch an ges sh au l d st re ng then the Group R&D programme - which
will be formulated in the light of the Conference discussions.
In ad di ti on to the poi nts recorded in Parts I and II, t tie fol lowing
speci f ic rcconimend a ti on s were made. (These recommendations
related to the Work Areas as numbered in the current Programme
document. The proposed re-organisation of programmes will
result in a new set of Work Areas and nu tab for 1984-6.)
01. BIOLOGICAL
The relatively limited specific resources must be directed
prima at Project RIO. The timescales for the key
stages in the two approaches outlined in Para 1 (Part I)
should be indicated. They are of equal priority.
Care should be exercised in respect of over-dependence on
the Ames test for mutagen as being a marker for
carcinogenicity. Other more direct tests should be
included if at all possible.
02. FILTERS
The main emph as is should be on fundamental studies of the
we ch an sm of parti cl e capture , and on the i nrl ucnce of f i Iter
construction on sensory response;
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There should be a major review by the end of 1983 of the
probability of success in continuing research into
selective filtration. It is anticipated that there will
be a reduction of effort in 1984 - though contract research
at universities may be attractive. The priority gas phase
chemicals to be removed were agreed to be oxides of
nitrogen, al dehydes , hydrogen cyanide and nitrosamines.
Fundamental research on filters will no longer be a
separate Work Area, but will become a sub-section of a
new and cnlarged Work Area to be Headed by Dr Baker.
03 N I
Similarly, nitrosamine research will no longer form a
separate Work Area but will also be a sub-section o's
'Dr Baker's new Work Area.
Research should continue to be directed at both the
origin of nitrosamines from tobacco nitrogen compounds
and combustion, and the possibility of reduction by
selective filtration.
Th programme of work might well be influenced by the
outcome of the nitrosamine conference in Banff, Canada,
in September 1983.
04 I TEC II 1101-OG I ES
While recognising the overwhelming nmed to identify and
develop radically nevs products and processes, Future
Technologies will no longer be a separate Work Area.
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It was thought es sent i a l that one t ru I y imagi native
scientist should be free from project work to devote his
thinking to the future forms of products and processes.
05 COMBUSTION
Thi s Work Area will be broadened to cover other aspects
relevant to the burning cigarette viz t h e mechanics of
aerosol formation, the generation and control of sidestream
and nitrosamines and fundamental filter research. There
will be a change of title probably Smoke Research.
06 SIDES TV EA14
Basic research into the generation and control of sidestream
will be covered by the above new Work Area headed by
Dr Baker.
The development and consumer research of products based
on new designs of cigarette and new papers will be the
responsibility of the proposed Product Technology group
which is most likely to be headed by Mr Heard. There
should be close interaction between Marketing, Public
Affairs and the research and development on reduced
sidestream carried out in GR&DC and CAC laboratories.
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07 HUMAN SMOK ING/SMOK AEROSOL
08 PSYCHOLOGY MU SENSORY TESTING
The pro gr anime of work on human smoking, psychology and
sensory testing should be brought together to reflect
the urgent need of the Group to respond to the pressures
outlined in Paras 16-24 (Part 1).
09 SMOKE TASTE AND FLAVOUR IMPROVEMENT
Although a broad approach was agreed necessary at tire
start of the programme, it was felt that effort should
now be concentrated on selected areas thought most likely
to lead either to commercial application or to advances in
sc understanding.
Again, although the origin of the work was to au green the
taste and flavour of low delivery products, the need to
enhance taste and flavour of 10-15 mg products was also
stressed.
Mouth sensation is a very important aspect of the work.
LCAF AN[) BIOTECHNOLOGY
The work. for the Leaf Steering Committee, and the
development of scientific descriptions of leaf to improve
tobacco blending and utilisation, were regarded as the
priority areas. Work on the microbiological route to
smoke flavourants should be determined by Work Area 09.
CON
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11. TOBACCO PROCESSING
In the proposed reorganisation of activities in the
Process R&D group, effort should be concentrated on
basic research into the chemical arid physical properties
of tobacco and cigarettes.
12. TOBACCO EXPANSION
Although the prospects of developing a new expansion
process novel to BAT are poor, the most promising approach
(superheated steam plus solvent) should conti nu to the
stage of a major review in Pt
13. NOVEL CIGARETTE MAKING TECHNOLOGY
Work should concentrate on the three developments involving
thermoformable paper which are regarded by the MPUC of
potential commercial interest, viz
i a new filter/product, possibly using
spin moul di ng , of high taste:tar ratio
i i novel products in which smoke distribution
in the mouth may enhance smoker preference
(M) exploration of the CSF/ I filter concept
developed for low CO products.
Research shoul continue into radically new product
concepts as ideas permit - guided in part by the outcome
of the discussion on Future Technologies.
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14. PROCESS CONTROL AND PIIYSICAL TEST METHOD DEVELOPMENT
While recognising the considerable past contributions
from GR&DC in the general area of control instrumentation,
much equipment is now provided by machinery and instrument
manufacturers. It was agreed, therefore, that there
should be a major reappraisal (most probably a significant
reduction) of work in this area, subject to suggestions
froin the CAC Companies as to future key needs.
Expertise and facilities will continue to be available
to nice such needs. The work will, however, be integrated
with Work A 15 under the new general title Test Method
Development.
15. C11@1-11CAL TEST 14ETIIOD nEVELOPMENT & ANALYTICAL PROJECTS
New methods VI continue to be developed as appropriate.
The analysis of ambient smoke was regarded as a priority
need - to provide firm data to counter misleading statements
in the literature and the media.
LCF B
1 3 . 1 0. 8 3
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