47-
O!SCUSSZON taken by P.~. Ounn)
7)1,s presentatIcn. a~for.-~! the oppzc~'tunlty
f:r Marxetlnq to become aware 3,
tne longer term ',:7:l1c_-:ions of Pro.ect Rio.
There was general agreerre,~-
t.~Is presentatIcn. :Iacee~ In pers;ectIve tle
:cssIbIlIty of league table
ank~ng -..ec~Wsm~ teln; available to go~ern7ent
bodies to be
I:n;ose~ ulon t~e !ntuStry. however, there .as
some debate concerninc ~ne
vall.dIty of usInS :ne Ames test f~;r tfte
pur-,.-se of rankIng brands. More
cznf%dence was gt,-,en to rankIng uslmg total
smoke conCensate rather tnzn
s;ec!f1c b1olo^,t_z'
was '-It' tha- A7es m-_--_,qenIc1ty should be ,sed
t: g1ve poslt~~e or ne;2-1.ve
revulits as o;posec to league table rankIng, as no
one outside the totaz::
4'.1tustry uses Ames, as a rankling base.
-.t was felt that 1% is our res,,crsIbIIIty t.-
rea:uce the total dose of
the mcker.
:t was a,,~rectatec that humar. smc,~'.ng
behav'--ral data lemons::-atec c~an~!s In
t'clog~cal act,,0:1. In tne fut-.:re, product
--as',gn features shculc ~e
:nf '. -
me~ uslng ~-_!tan s=K4,r.G behavIcural es;)ec,ally
'.tn r~~:z-t
tz
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BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 3
November 1999


-85-
T~,,s ou :lines tne -,,et~ods and Cata analysis
utlllse~ anc
Aec These result: acpe!.- to lr.,.Ica:a tne
tnz: i-iman vno~king does influence biological
actllylty rela:*,~e to
c!r~aln as:ec:s of hL:ftZn siroking behaviour
affect tne bloc;cal
ac-ilty --- tne smolke condensate mcre than
otners.
%rtner s: *~,:Ies iIIII reils~t tnls area and
Investigate ir. -e-al!
I t~zsz as;ec-s of hwr.-,n smoking bemaylour that
ac:ear to be 7n~asc
wIn regards to biological actlyity.
~.ne'~er t~tsa can be -rcVfied tnr3ugn
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BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 3
November 1999


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POS3'~Lr- OF SMOrT4G BE'AVTOUR CH RELA-:VE
210LC~i7CAL ACT!Yr-,Y
c. mcsRrOE
SUNMARY
TradIticnally, SKI:% paln:'.ng has beer! used as
an lrd"cz:or Of bio.,-q!cal
actlylty. Rec!ntli,, ter.- tes-, such as tne Ames
~-.Utaqeliclty test hake
also teer -~se~ t: 1.e:e-7!ne b1clogical Wlt~ t~e
increases use of
short te." te,:T, tnere ~as been, w!,.iln t~e !AT
Sr-.L:p, d1scusslons
on the of lectslatlve bWes uslng lt~e Ames or
o-ner short term
tests to asSess 'tar or arrIving at tloloqlcal
league tables.
Project R!O is an exar,.-'e of 5A7's res:cnse to a
potential need for a re~,.;-.!d
b1 ologIcally actlye ~roc~.,t.
DescrIbed In tnl., 'IS a .he:ner
the way 1.,n a clgare-te is smoxe~ lnfl~;ences Ine
acVylty of
t.~e s.Tce actl,~Ity t~ls st~;~y was
determlne! as A.--es In all cases, t.~e
~.Iclogllcal act.v~ty of t~.e
human gene%:-z~ s7zxe --::,--ensata was cv-.Care:
to s:an:2r: 7.a:n',.-.e
condensate . 7~ 1. s ~.as t-.:!e for tne fa I I
cw11 rg r!asons
t: 1.7:r:,,e an reference -.1,nt
to tee: tne /z*!C1ty of standard c.-nd1,t!--is
-!`dtlye to hLr--al
S;:ox1.nq.
~aye bee.- ralse.~ corcernIng tne relevarce of
mac~ilne srro~,.ng
to deter7.ne tar a!!: values f:r lea;--,e tanles.
It fo~',ows '~at
:7 a, t! -!'.sec .'t.1 res.-ect acVvity.
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November 1999


,he brear cz.n of Cana.11an smokerss tntz ~nese In
a
pr:be were:
canscnar- 12%
C_-nscna--
Mr. Huelmann askec wne::~er tnere as an,, tNat
C-.Uld Iell; ~.,s
uncerstana .,'at c~arac:er*,s-.cs '.ncreasa~ :ne
tnat a would
te suc:ess--~I. There -as nct.
Mr. WernIt.- askec .Me:-e!* tnere -as, any :~at
quitters tzn:e~: t::
come fr-.m --ertain age ;r-,uzs. :' .as he
sug;es-,!d teat sm,:Kers
neets for tne effects Smoking ntgnt te 1c,e- at
certaln ages or ttmes In
tneIr smok'n-, career thereby fac1.7:!tat'nq Mr.
Uniacke sa'.a tnat
C-_,!tters In :anada V., nc come f.,=. aiy one
de,.noq%:nIc
3 r _-u 2 .
Mr. Pentry asked wne:rer on s:nck!7~g ar.C hea,:'
-.as
really o~ a:7! cc=er:!a1. use an.- wne~ner
:na,relln; act',ons ~a-_ .1een
taxen or, It. Bct~ he anc Mr. Unla:!ke tna- ~_-
Cate few s:ec,4!c
rr.arxe:1,r.q actlons ~ac :=.,rrec but tnal- 1:
-.a: -useful ~ack;rourd 11 n 7z on
for many lec,s,cris. 4-. U.11acke S.;::!S:e~ tna-
t.~e
ln-crmat'.cn ould Increase as te~:!n t-- tL;r-~
'_-,ar: t.)e o,,e-a
r,.t iens fa:!nq tne
Mr. Unlacke ccnclu~e~ -.y V~e Cle-211s a st~.,Cy
^n attlt~;t!s tc.Warls
tne Industry that ~e In
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


A -- : -'.'C --- S
- 7.-1, c~ Canadlan s;norers a5ree tle statemen-
teat Srlok,rg is darq!raus
fnr any:ne -- 17% tnat Is only danqer:~~' ',-.r
he!,, smckers and 81. tha: '.: Is
rc- ~an:!rous at all.
- !.I-enc t-- qutt - an
- :nten: to sr-o~e -ne sarne - a Sta."le 2:. of
S=cxer~.
- jnt!n~- to cut d.-,..n - a dec. 22~, ^.~ smckers
.
to to a nll~er branC - a declllnt~'.g 2% ~f
S,-,-.xers.
A-77--D'rS 70 OU17 VS. 1~lj!77:4G
AC% c- Canadian s,-.cKers haye trled '..- zjlt.
T)e act-.al rate of C*j't':'..-,g
1,awe~er Mr. UnlacXe OcIntet cut, ,--as 2.9% t:Ie
;ast year. The
of-the Canallan ;cpulatton t!~at are ;-.;ltterS Is
presently a
1-ncreas'.ng
:-I s:t:! of the `ac~ tna': 22~' of s.~:X!..:
cla":n -.%': they "nt!nd t-. c-it
Mr. Un'z~,ke pc',n':eC C,-,~ -~a,: tote, t~e 1-:
rate cf -.a~jy
usa;e 21.6 arc ~a-'e "tn:~ t~e lrl--ccL;ct'Cn of
OISSCYANCL-
Mr. Lln'acke desc:,.1ed tnese terms as a ieans c
cnarac-ar',Sln; simokers
to smoklng. They are defl.:%e: as
WE'LL 5--R'C'-'SLY I VERY
TRY Cu:-; I Fa:;Ly
407 VERY
4 C- 47
~,v;E TR!E3 TO QUIT
H ' -, ], ~S - NO
-Y
I OISS04AN7
CZ.,,S,-.4-4T I KIGHLY
1 1 C04SONANT
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BATCO doCUment for Province of BritiSh Columbia 3
November 1999


m--~THOO FOR YCNITOR:NG ASO OF
C:~SUMER AWAPERESS OF SMOKINC 140 HEALTH
UN:,CKE
Mr. Un'acke ,e,,ar. by t~e basic listrumen-: Ii
C.,~.,ca r,,c,-.Itzr
an-, nealln ar: ~ncustry issues. T'hey are:
1. -:-v%'~ mcn,.tc, - a ran:--rr. na:',cnal,
cnnl.t~;s *.-,.;dy used t: tracr.
-cl~ence usage and arncnq ^.an-Wa.-s o~e, the ae
of 1!.
2. C~A - a monthly quota sam:;1e of 1501, CanaVan
smokers over V~e age cf
1! used'to track attitL;des t.-warls .',qarett~
s7ncxIng, intentions w1n,
res--ect to f=..-e srck1n: tenaY1,:L;:, .2nt
atte-:ts to mo.~t~y be.~dylc-~.
1 :n2c- - a new st,--'-,f wn1c.i a7ncn; a:-e,
g,
c-.n,,:ianc! and :'.sscnance, In a rar:vn sa:n:'!
o' S:-,,:Ker-, o,,er tn? 2-'e
Mr. Un'a:,~e en: on t: :o,-rent cn t~e zVn :o*,
lo,.s
4 C EN--
Oecllnln; wlt~, a recent s.11.1t In away f---7
str,.Ct
fact.,,--! uce usage lz,arls co=!ned (Factor.,
rna~e a.--. roll yo,.,:- cvn) and ro',l
your Own ~.Szqe.
S7 A;' 7: NG
After r,!c!r: growth a ,ec 1 1 Ing tren,~ for t~e
;ast ye3r-, c~;r-eqt-', at il,
of S:ncrerl.
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 3
November 1999


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Smoking is psycholopically
good for. you
BUT.
SI1OLdd we continue to reseamh'benefits'in light
of the cost and Iac* of credible third pqrty
endorsemen
1 ?
Is benefits.research actionable in a marketing
context?
SI1QL1ICI hOnOfit,-3 W'Se,-U-Cll be ifICILIS11-Y
Wilde&
What freedom do wohave to commi-micale Ilm
benefits of smoking to smoking and non
Smoking COIISLIrners?
91 ~001TCS


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November 1999


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November 1999


Uk- -,R-7 %E-
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Z.
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14 C
no.-,O Cali] azt,--.q~Jrm Q-,EOt~hens
09
7 :
2 abbui -e e-- rz n
::end e: :--r. 7-7 1' eC S
O~strac:4on nd a challence in new ac:4vit-r-,-
-0-7Z
.2 L;Sy yzurse!7 Ir. work 5 7
7 ak~e on -scme new work or ac:iyi-:-,,
S.>'1V C- zmaz penzcn'
^-=.acre
e- dcc=r or c:ner ;r:7-2sz7zna1 ,,elp'e- a
p a S S
7- k e ~:a'--7:ezz
-r2 prob7_M
g
n,
Self- S:end mnonev c7,
7
C ons a-: on Seek war-.
Zn 5i
1,4s-~en to rr.,-,s~z 54
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November 1999


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November 1999


Frequency of smoking act.-s d-ur-j"ne"
kjro~ solvina
oa- Frcbleim Input.
LF
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2 4 5 6 7.S
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


spc-=-q 0-, ra-cnonse durina
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999
Ncm ~-ecr~,,et~ S-moxers'
~er:
4 c."-,-


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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


h"ec-rt.Rat's FrSfiales durina p,-I-%d6JIC-1-n
solving.-
9-- Problem hiput
C--
Male
nM 0 K ers
Fernale
0 e;r:vec smckers- Male
Female
male
Fernale
E4-
E 2
77-1
74
73-
7
71-
7 C
T rr, e L 4
-2 0 2 6 E 10 12 1,1 16 18 22% 2-1 24 -75,2= 30 CD
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BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 3
November 1999


Mean
Hear-,
Heart R2t=.,.. Profife during
problem solving
Problem input Av. response time
2
212
1 ~ 1'2 1'4 166 I'S
2'=-
2 e
2 =-
20
seccnds.
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


S t res
Manacement
Explanations In tern-is or'
social effectiveness and wellbeina
F-hari-nacclogy
Explanations in terms of
behaviour and per-flormance C...)
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


Licht A; - :: cestures Indices c.
Eye gaze social
Soc,~al encacer7ent/wilh"rawal ccpinq
S an fta o k I n
Nicotine deilver/ Indices ci
Hear', rate central
Alpha activity physic1cclic-al
Skin arcusa!
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


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-ellemical Stressor
mild NO
mil(l exo~,rdse analog
lAicoline as Stre
~SS jj1OCL11-'-1tOr
rests' effect
Gomerating effort after S1
- RTFA:
olkers (EXTRAV
For Preparatoi-V Sm stationary
"Smoking fUnctions as a kind of POrt-,11310~,,
qenerator indUcing tile effects of -1clivily on
the
CNS WithOLIt tile U~Ual requirement of
Weve thOse effects~'
activity to "lc
kers (jNTtjOVj-:V1TS):
For Attenti.onal SMO
functions to alleviate minor decision
,tr,,jCjjo11 ClUring
conflict induCCCl J)y f.'AtigLIO.or d
_ _ 1, ( j s) e c
'al leve
;i0jo&-
v1 qil,.jj-jcp,. At a P1'YF
(in t1lis case Smoking actions) 1-n,-Iy
-,1CtL1,-111Y
other irrelevant ,cjctjons~'


CONCLUSIONS:
"Introverts smoked when they reqUired line sensoty
motor adiLlStment as in the sl(ill(-,.cl tasl~ and
relied
on the more intricate regUlation of the motor
aspect of smoking, rather than nicotine, to
achieve.
the effect ... this was reflected in the increased
motor potentials recorded preceding smoking"
"Fzxtraverts relied principally on nicotine and
clid not
pay attention to tile motor aspects of smoking
except to qaiq nicotine and so did not show vvell
developed rqotor potentizals preceding the motor
act
I-lowevQr, the effect of nicotine is to enhance
the
extrave'rt's molivation to aqt,"'6ncl this
increases
motor activity rate after sffioj~inq (as was shown
in
the tapping rate record6d for' extraverts after
smoking)


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EXPERIMENT:
Ropelitive tapping
3 Conditions Skilled task
Rest
Sham smoking followed by 're,-il' smoking
RESULTS:
1. ActUal ejectror-cortical motor responses
cluring
sharn ~rn*oking prior to'real' smol(ing showed an
inerpase for introverts an~! no effect for
eNtraverts
2. Elect ro-cort ica I motor, re'sponses for
extraverls
4
increase after real'-~mqking
3. Introvert motor respQnses (Wring sharn smoking
were greatest preceding the skilled task


OBSERVATIONS:
-1. Introverls do not inhaleas much as extraverls
Introvert's inhalation rate did not relate to
variables manipUlated in the experiments
HYPOTHESES:
1 - Extraverts do rely on nicotine, which they Use
to
enhance 'preparation to act'
2. Introverts rely on actual motor acts involved
in
smoking as a kind of sensot-y-niotor regUlatiOll
mechanism to reCILIce inhibition and regUlate
skilled task performance
3. Smol(ing ShOLIld enhance electro-cortical motor
potentials preceding a motor act in extraverls
Physical actions '-ISSQCjated with smoking
ShOLIl(l
enhance electro-cortlc'-al'motor potentials in
introverts
j i r C~


O'C onnor. ,neaction tinne and signal
detection experiments
1-:7)(TRAVERTS
INTROVERTS
IILZO-ZM-AQ
Moro pronounced fdow ne(pilive wav(.,
(Increases response facililalion)
Smoldn(
.1 increase-s slow neclalive w-avc
(Greater defection rate, more false positives)
More nicotine ingestecl (Puff inlIalation)
Ptiffing intensity negatively correlated to ,flpha
"To relieve boredom and enhance readiness
to act"
Morn pronotinced slow ponitive. wave
(Increases inlAbItion In decision conflicts)
Smoking decreased slow positivity or
electro-corlical Inhihition
(Grealer;corjainly/acctiracy of delerlion)
Less nicotine ingested (PLIff inhalalion)
"To inhibit (listraction and
maintain a complex atlentional set"


-1-ow attentiow-il -ICIiVily SiILI,-ItiOII smoking
Smokingasa main activity
I-EXTRAVERTS I FrLIStrated inac-livity
Higher self reporled inlizilation
"Preparation Smokers"
Negatively
correlated
,actors
--l-ligh attentional '.ICtiVity SitUatiOn SMOI(ing
Smoking ns -in nccotflp,,myinq activity
[INTROVERT,51 Task orientation
Lower self repprted inhalation
"ConcentratiQh Smokers"


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RAEAN PERSONALITY SCORES AND AGE AT
s,rARTING TO SMOKE CIGARE
TTES
AGE AT MEN WOMEN
STARTING NEUROT-' EXTRA- NUMBER NEUnOT- EXTRA-
NUMBER
TO SMOKE ICISM VERSION IN ICISM
SAMPLE VERSION IN
SAMPLE
STARTED
BY 5.7 8.4 399 7.6 8.2 282
AGE 16
STARTED
AFTER 5.0 8.2 364 7.3 7.9 427
AGE 16
NOT
S~Jpl(~D 4.7 7.8 525 6.6 7.3 746
BY AGE 25
Source: Cherry and l(leman, 1970


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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


MEAN PERSONAUTY SCORES BY DEPTH OF
INHALATION AT 25 YEARS MEN ONLY
"U
0
DEPTH OF NUMBERIN
0 NEUROTICISM
INHALATION EXTRAVERSION
SAMPLE
SLIGHT 4.6 8.7 74
MODERATE 5.1 8.3 347
z
0 D E~ I- P 6.7 7.9 172
Sotirce: Cherry and Kiernan, 1976


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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


.-7ftESPONSE STRENGTH OF EXTRAVERTS AND iNTROVERTS
V
ddlanKm WMMAFMIM_-:Z~,~
4.
M;
P
INTROVEV-5-
P ---.R AN T
N
0 1 Z, 3. 5 6 7 8 S. 10 11 12.",3. %A-_15
TiME IN WINUTa
15 WSAW SENSICIRT :SVUL~ATION
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November 1999


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November 1999


EXTRAVERSION My SMOKER 14N0 -NO+SWOKER TYPE
vv;;
AWY, 7
fu~ -
JED
L I Giri` 7--
N 0 N M 0 x 7r 071
zz
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EA-Z"" NGL-r RSPRESEN75 A RANGE OF SCCRZ~'-
A Cx
PCV 'I MA77-L" 70-PER CE'N7 Cz- 7',Z,=-* EAC-H
G.R~D,-F: 7-;=,* CT-N7,~AL UNE M=-",XN SCCF.-c OF,
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A-' A WHGI~Z
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November 1999


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In 'm
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'q 1070)
urcater anI1640 &po'le~ (~;r -I
kliahor Mqqn~,'q- 1 rsion raliog TRI)i 1 f)~O)
m
P00for MOAVA .'qlth (S ith, 197
Lauo rigicl, 00$ efdwly, more irriptll~lva
(Smilli,
OroAter f6l 9n "external" Illon on "intornal"
0 MI'th,
900,hrest,
1970)
controls
1.963)
Oro MIAM
Smith, 1967)
Oro. Q1060611 ell
4 MIMith, 196'9')
-i 00118lity (morp, tj~A-jVonpoloijs,
couripotitivo,
'~i~ YA Jq WLIMI uIlld
K
Ago. Of 6haracter"
lavbl Walker, N1601AV, I<Itjcziiy and Reided,
HiPar Anio
Wow). i 0 1066)
Thomas,


P
individlual Tra,;-;,Is and Group
Ch.2-i2cite."ristics by which a Group of.
can b,= distinauisherl from a
Gro-Up of Non-Smokers
Life-Style Characteristics
More busine-z-c-orien~L'e,--4 171 OM-''Cattion
(Sell[zer, 1964)
Foore,r academ, ic p-ertormiance (Veldman and
Brown, 1
Pummy, 1967; Salber, MacMahon and Welsh, 1962)
More userS of alcohol (,Hiccins. Kielsberc aad
Me~tzner
1 C'7 .4 9;~ a)
C I '- L I'l i er, -1e:: d, I - -
Rez-kcicus a','t'endance le-z-,-z frequen"L,
(CaL-L---zll and
1967; and S=rhrezt, 11963)
Fropctonate!,v higher frequence of marriages and
job
cnang-e-s (Liiie~-,feld, 1950)
Hicl~-Ier incid-4enCe ol,prior
hospi'L'alisp-IL-ions (Lilienfeld, 195-0-
Hicher inclde,nce of smck'.~ng among paren'L's
(Salber and
A ~'e! i n, 1 9c7:7)
More acL'ive pa-`L-icipa`L-~on I,-. Spor-LS
(Lilienfeld '. 1959)
M o re-' au -;L- o a c c: de n IL san r 1 2- n C'
--- 0 e P~ 19 5 8
users cT -07-ee a 7, de L 7, d' 19 -;7 9
Nlcrz- divcr.---=.. t'Fa-ffic
S a S;
LJ
L
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


Individtial Traits anti Carotip
C h a racteri sties 1311 which a Grotip of
Smokers can he distingtoished from a
Grotip of Mon-Smolcers
Demographic Characteristics
Mni-(, men (U.S. Pulilic Health Service, 1970)
hoportionniely more 25- to 15-yoar-old,-) Puhlic
Hoallh Sei-vice., 1970)
Lower mean socioeconomic class (Salber and
MacMahon,
Proportionately fewer college men (1-liggins et
a/., 1967;
1-ilienfeld, 1Q,59)
More urixiP resideni's (1-licigins ot p!-,,'1
9r)7)
I f rTT-
V~r'-OO!C,Uos


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0
11
0
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0
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0
0
0
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0
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3
cr
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c0
CD
(D
CONCLUSIONS
COMPENSATION IN TERMS- OF INTENSrry oi--
SMOKING PATTERN WAS OBSERVED
IN THIS CASE, -DOWNWAR D'COMPENSATION WAS
MORE COMPLETE THAN lJPWARU COMPENSATION
j c n r)


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0
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0
CD
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0
-0
1
0
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0
IN
0
0
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3
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CD
to
JAH. Niff Freqtiency and Dtaration
cq). III 0 1 1 pulf (111mlioll Wall p[III
(11milion I 1"I
x Cio. olit
in Seconds Mean inle(pull interval 55.G sec!~
1.9 1.5 5 1.5 2.4 1.7 1 0
t r1 P2 r3 01
P4 P5 PG P1 rl
Ciaven A x
OA 11.6 1. 4 1. G 1.7 1.3 1.-11 1. 1
2
1
r r -
Mean pull dur,111on 1.51 secs
r
1
'1 5 7
fj
9
r, 0 Mean interpidl interval 23A secs
!"Illk CIII I'lo.3 x
,
In Mean puff duration 1.52 socs
r
P
, () Mean Interpull iffleival :)G.7 swc,;
I
~)
ri
Silk (,'III No. 3 x
60 .1 2n 180
240 1 G 0 '1:' 0
4 6
-
Time
sii)ce'sllart of %moldnq
F--;wh reclarifIle represents one ptiff; tile puff
duration if, given above In seconds.
N 'I lie interval between puffs is sl)own by file
dislance hetween 11he m inihered
vorlical lines, me asured along the bottom scale.
C
S
tjhject smoked
raven /~ 1-~ rpg nicotine, and Silk Cut No. 3, 0.7
ing.
,)oijr(-(,: AshlQn el at (1979a)


-,cted and observe..., nicot-III'le
intake in a brand-suritching
experiment
flise in blood
plasma nicotine,
nanogranis per millifilre
26-
24-
22-
20-
18-
0 -
mcl ni(,nfine 1.8 1.4 0.6)
Wand I lioll Owl) Low
Achial valties
"ouic
S
Ashlon. Stepney, and Thonipspn (19791))
I linh Own Low
Expected values


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3
cr
CONTROI-I-ED.
THE SMOKING
35 nil 1 PLIff
second
MACHINE
puf f per minute
(ALL SMOKE RETAINFD)
(hration
VARIABLE
THE HUMAN puf f number butt length
BEING PLIff dUration (drawn smoke part-
III& VOILIMe ially retained de-
PtIff Spacing pendinq on timinq
inter-puff interval and depth of
PLIff pressure inhalation)


INCREASED CONSUMPTION IS RELATED TO REDUCED
NICOTINE
BUTON THIS BASIS:
10%. reduction in nic 1 /. rise in consunr)ption
0
0
F
3
z
0
3
Cr
(D
507. reCILICtio.n in nic 10 X. rise in consumption
MOST COMPENSATION MUST OCCUR AT THE
INDIVIDUAL CIGARETTE LEVEL
'M*


L
Salesweiah'ed nicotine delive
and annual consumption
of cicarettes 19165-75
Men
Men
Annual
consumption
of cigarettLes
per smoker
1000S
women
Nicotine
delivery
ma/cig
6 7 e 711 3 75
Year
t'e- S 7, L J
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


~-;-i veliale-j
to change in nicotine Vields:;
data from experiments
25 -
Increase in
Cigarette 20-
Constimption
15-
V = -1 .03 + .206x
r = .59 p < .01
63
69
01-7
10-
5-
0-
-5
0
06
014
10 2b -Ib 1'0 5'0 Gb 7'0 10 '0
3 1)
Redtiction in Nicotine Yield %
I coefficient Pf Correlation; the re( e
gression equation defines the slope and position
of ilie iiu-.
?.,hich best lils the e Xpel imen 1,11 dala. Ihe
min'ibered points refer to me fouowiliq sill(lies:
1,111negall, I arson, and I I'm(] (1945) 12 F() I
be'; 1! 1 i 11. (19 / G)
C ,
flussell et al. (1973) 13 -Whachler (1977)
"I tirner, Sillell, and Rall (1974) I'l Manqanand
Goldinq
(1978)
1 A 4 T(irner, Sillell, and Ball (1974) 15
Creighton and Lewis (I 978h)
Gmillerni Pt X (1974) 16. Adams (1978)
G Fieednian and F letcher (1976) 17 Ashlon,
Slenney, 'Md Thoml)~,on (19711c)
-1 11 Goldfarb of al. (1916)


J U __j __a -1 __j --I
REPLACEMENT MOM OTHER SOURCES ?
LUCCHESI,SCHUSTER INTRAVENOUS SALINE OR NICOTINE :
during a task.
& EMLEY 6mg = no effect. 22m9 (17 M.I. cigs)
produces 30
irfrop in smoking during Iasi( + longer [)ut Is
0
0
z
0
(D
3
Cr
(D
JARVIK GLICK &
NAKAMURA
NICOTINE TADLETS: 50mg daily. no effect
(buccal absorption
RUSSELL
NICOTINE. GUM: 37% reduced smokingwith gurn,
31% reduction with placeho
Islen-em-mil
r-cc,


Absorption of -N.Jeotine (as mc -isured
by the rise in'blood leirels) mrith
different me-thods of nicotine
administration
so-
Concentration
of nicotine jo-
in blood
plasma
110-
20-
(H~mograms per
10-
plasma nicoline levels following
lite inhalation of sticcessive ptiffs
o,cigarelle smoke, or ptilsed
intravenotis injection of mcoline.
nicoline levels lotind wilh bticcal
absorption o( nicollne hom
cliewing 9tim, and lhose expecled
Willi non-ifilialed cigar smoke.
Ilicoline levels Willi nowililialed
c1 galolto smoke.
0--i I
0
Hotirs
2
-4 t,
-4 0
non-deleclable plasma levels
11) llowillo ofal Ingestion of 111collm!
in gelall'n capstties.
3
Gigarelles of- nicoline, injections
G- 11 1 ITI
;111(1 11,111d 1969, 1972; 1 Laines et ill. 1974;
Armilit(le (,-( id. 1915;
iiissell, Foyerahend, and Cole I 976h; Armilage of
af 1978; 1 ItIssell and
Feyembend 1980.
ec~jzo
~SCINGINS


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%
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3
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--j - J LJ ---J -a
REPLACEMENT MOM OT1-1ER SOURCES ?
INTRAVENOUS SALINE OR NICOTINE during a task.
I-M-Cl IESI,SCI IUSTER
()rng = no effect. 22mg (17 un.t. ciqs
& EMLEY , ) produces 30
drop in smoking (Itiring task + longer Ijut t s
JARVIK GLICK &
NAKAMURA
RIJSSEI-1-
11'lzo-em-mu
NICOTINE TABLETS: 50niq dailv. no effect
btircal absorplion
NICOTINE GUM: 37% redticed S11101(ij](1willi
q11111,
31'/. redtiction will, pj~jcel)o


ROLE OF NICOTINE: HYPOTHESES
IF smokers are ADDICTED to nicotine then:
1. The nicotine smokers get from cigarettes may be
replaced by nicotine from alternative so"rces
2. Cigarettes of different strengths sli%jld be
Smoked
0
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z
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Q
Cr
differently e.g. smokers given a low/redUCed
deliverV
c
i9 arette should smoke il; more intensively(and
vice
versa)
r- rry- r- r-


0
0
0 FULL COMPENSATION - when daily intake of smoke
constituents is independent of
0
1 stanoard delivery of product
T
0 smoked
V
NO COMPENSATION when a smol(Qrs behaviOUr(inch(le-
ing conSLIMption, puffing ancl in -
0
0
halatim) is tile same regardless of
llj~'OrOOLICt,ancl smoke uptake
depqnds on the standard delivery
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ILO


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COMPENSATION'
The tendencV for a smoker to obtain a similar
delivery, intai(e and uptake of smoke
constituents,
on a daily basis, from a varietV of prodLiCtS With
differing stp9dard (machine-smoked) deliveries


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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


I
The reaction time of hiah- and low-~
=-rouss-I smokers
120 - Low-arousal situation
.1001
I
801
Reaction time in I Cia 1 Cig 2
smoking session
eo~
in percent of non- 0 40 60 80 100
smoking value
104 Hich-arousal situation
100i
96-
- Cia 1 Cia 2 L
C- 2 ! , '. ' ' -
0 4 0 6b ' s'o 6o L
Time (minutesl-
arousa.* sr7-,ck,ers
CD
arous:~:,s c -=rs
L
CD
C-D
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


Deviation from basmijane alpha
activity in three.. groups under
conditions of (a) relaxation 4and
(b) stress --o*- Real C:garette
--.w- Activi~ Control
RELAXATION
Situation Control
Deviation
of 0,10 0-
from
baseline
-20-
-30 -
-2 0 2
r C kil r, c
STRESS
'20
+10--
Deviation
of %'d' 0-
from
baseline
-10-
-20 . . . . . .
C 2-
S::Z -7
Scurc-=:
-Z Goidl,:7c: (" ~Z-78) q ~7 .-- ` I :-~ C
6 1 '0 '2~
F i,s.lh (Time in-
SMOKinc: minutes
Real Cigarette
Activity Control
situation Control
4 6
Fr's,~
1,.i-
'~,' - -
1171 C
8 10
(Ti m q in
i--
minuLes
CD
CD
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


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Pleasant
RELAXATION EXCITEMENT
HEDONIC
TONE
BOREDOM AN)(IETY
Unpleasant
Low -4- AROUSAL ligil
At)XIETY AVOIDANCE (TELIC)
- - - - EXCITEME-Ull' SI-EKING (PARATI-1 IC)
1, V 1,'0 eA All
e 0


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BATCO document for Province of British Columbig 3
November 1999


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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


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Horedom Interest Excilemenf-
Sleep
Drowsiness 11 e ki xa I i 0 nAlertness
Hyperaclivity
Stimulant DrUf
S
Depressant Dnigs
"Yerkes-Dodson" Law
Good
Performance ---
Poor
al 1 "If'otisal 21
Low t High
Arotisal


-21
IM
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C ~~U
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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999


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BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 3
November 1999