CIGARETTE SMOKING, HEALTH, AND DISSONANCE
(PROJECT LIBRA)
II: TOP-LINE ANALYSIS
REPORT NO. RD.1697-C
18.10.1979
AUTHOR: M. Oldman
ISSUED BY: D.J. Wood PROG. REF.: 13.02.05
DISTRIBUTION:
Dr. L.C.F. Blackman Copy No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Dr. I.W. Hughes 6
Dr. R.A. Sanford 7, 8
R.M. Gibb, Esq. 9
R.S. Wade, Esq. 10, 11, 12
R.G. Nicholls, Esq. 13, 14
Herr E. Rittershaus 15
Dr. F. Seehofer 16
Mr. A.J. Kruszynski 17
Dr. C.J.P. de Siqueira 18
Dr. D.G. Felton 19
Library 20, 21 COPY NO.:
c0
110
C:D
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


Group Research & Development Centre,
British-American Tobacco Co. Ltd.,
SOUTHAMPTON.
MO/CAL/46J 18th October 1979.
CIGARETTE SMOKING, HEALTH, AND DISSONANCE
(PROJECT LIBRA):
II: TOP-LINE ANALYSIS
(Report No. RD.1697-C)
SUMMARY
A comprE~iensive presentation of the responses
given by 2018
respondents t_- the Project LIBRA questionnaire is
made. Smokers are
differentiated according to the degree of
consonance /dissonance admitted
to and recent and established ex-smokers are
distinguished.
The data support the conclusion that within the
smoker category,
the intention to quit and the past history of
attempts to do so are
influential ;_2 determining an individual's
disposition to smoking and
health issues and to attitudes and behaviours
related to health in
general. WhiLst the present level of analysis does
not allow firm
conclusions ti be reached, subsequent treatment of
the data will be
aimed at more precisely differentiating between
and within the sub-
classifications of smokers and ex-smokers adopted
here.
CC)
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


I . I-I'
CD
I -I
I
~-p
co
\-C
CIN
I-
Q1-j
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION
Questionnaire Administration 2
Data Analysis 4
Demographic Analysis 6
ATTITUDES TO HEALTH
Visits to Doctor 10
Beliefs About Own Health 12
Use of Drugs 23
THE SMOKER
Smoking Behaviour 30
Smoking Motivation 38
Attempts to Quit 61
Attitudes to Smoking and Health 76
Social Acceptability of Smoking 90
IV. THE EX-SMOKER
Previous Smoking Behaviour 95
Previous Smoking Motivation 102
Quitting Behaviour 117
Attitudes to Smoking and Health 127
Social Acceptability of Smoking 133
V. SMOKING AND HEALTH CONCERN
Substances in Cigarettes 136
Effects of Smoking on Health 142
VI. CONCLUSION 155
REFERENCES 157
CC)
Z!,
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


C:D
Q-71
(-n
co
ON
(-M
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


I. INTRODUCTION
This report is a commentary on an initial
inspection of the Project
LIBRA data and is based upon the set of computer
generated tabulations
supplied by England, Grosse and Associates
Limited. Detailed analysis,
including sub-group profiling and factor analytic
studies, and consideration
of the psychographic data, will be presented in
subsequent reports. The
presentation which follows is based upon the
top-line analysis only and
should be regarded as a preliminary examination
rather. than a definitive
interpretation of the LIBRA data.
Following discussions with E.G.A. Ltd. , it was
decided that, rather
than setting the top-line sorts on the traditional
demographic bases,
the majority of the classifications would be
derived from categories
pertinent to the overall objectives of the study.
Thus, the principal
categories used for analysis at this stage
included, for smokers, degree
of consonance/dissonance; for ex-smokers, recent
and more established
ex-smokers are differentiated.
Questionnaire Administration
Details of the questionnaire content and structure
were described
in an earlier report (1). The target quotas for
Project LIBRA were derived
from the recent Operation AQUARIUS (2) and a
comparison of the target with
the achieved sample distributions is shown in
Table 1.
Interviewing was conducted in 100 sampling points
spread throughout
the U.K. and selected on a representative basis
proportional to the
population.
0 _1
ON
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


TABLE I
QUOTA AND TARGET COMPARISON
Current Smokers
of Manufactured
Cigarettes
Target Achieved
Total 740 746
by Sex
M.ale 48 47
F e---ia I e 52 53
Z by Age
16-44 Years 52 54
43-75 Years 48 46
X by Class
A, B, Cl 29 30
C2 38 37
D ,E 33 33
Ex-Smokers of
Manufactured
Cigarettes
Target Achieved
520 525
Male Female
T A T A
65 65 35 35
33 35 41 42
67 65 59 58
41 41
34 34
25 25
Never Smokers
of Manufactured
Cigarettes
Target Achieved
740 747
Male Female
T A T A
36 36 64 64
65 64 49 51
35 36 51 49
42 41
32 32
26 27
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


The length of interview varied by sub-group but
respondents
qualifying for the longer interview (current and
ex-smokers of manufactured
cigarettes) were given a voucher to the value of
E1.10 as an incentive.
In the event, 77% of current smokers completed
within 60 minutes, compared
with 83% of ex-smokers and 92% of never smokers.
Data Analysis
For the first part of this report, attention is
focussed on differences
between smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers and,
within the ex-smokers,
according to the length of time they had been an
ex-smoker. Smokers
were assigned to one of four categories according
to their degree of
consonance/dissonance as defined by their
responses to two questions:
Have you ever tried
t 0 to give up smoking
manufactured cigarettes
altogether?
How seriously would you
like to give up smoking
manufactured cigarettes
altogether? (Show card)
I I
NOT VERY FAIRLY SERIOUSLY/
SERIOUSLY/ VERY SERIOUSLY
NOT AT ALL
SERIOUSLY
I
HIGHLY
CONSONANT DISSONANT
YES
How seriously would you
like to give up smoking
manufactured cigarettes
altogether? (Show card)
I I
NOT VERY FAIRLY SERIOUSLY/
SERIOUSLY/ VERY SERIOUSLY
NOT AT ALL
SERIOUSLY
I
CONSONANT DISSONANT
It should be noted that degree of
consonance/dissonance thus defined
is not the same as that used in Operation
AQUARIUS.
The primary top-line.categories are described in
Table 2.
CC)
\-0
c0
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


xx ~
V
I
C----)
(-rl
(-n
co
011
1-0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


TABLE 2
PRIMARY TOP-LINE CATEGORIES
Number Description Abbreviation
1. TOTAL SAMPLE TOT
2. SMOKERS OF PACKETED CIGARETTES SMO
Degree of Consonance/Dissonance
3. Highly consonant - have not tried to give
up smoking cigarettes,
nor seriously want to. HIC
4. Consonant -have tried to give up
smoking cigarettes,
but do not seriously
want to. CON
5. Dissonant -have not tried to give
up smoking cigarettes,
but seriously want to. DIS
6. Highly dissonant - have tried to give up
smoking cigarettes,
and seriously want to. HID
7. EX-SMOKERS OF PACKETED CIGARETTES EXS
When Quit Smoking Packeted Cigarettes
8. Up to two years. <2Y
9. Over two years ago. >2Y
10. NEVER SMOKERS OF PACKETED CIGARETTES NEV
00
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh ColUrnbia
29 October 1999


C=)
(-n
(-n
CC)
1 ~0
CDIN
(-.n
r,-)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


Demographic Analysis
The distribution of the total sample according to
the ten primary
top-line categories is shown in Table 3 which also
records the distributions
according to sex, age and socioeconomic class.
Segmenting the market according to degree of
consonance/dissonance
yields a difference in the present data compared
with the Operation
AQUARIUS results:
AQUARIUS LIBRA
(7.) M
Highly Consonant 20 21
Consonant 16 29
Dissonant 13 8
Highly Dissonant 50 43
The difference is probably due in most part to the
changed wording
of the second differentiating question which, in
the case of AQUARIUS,
was: "Would you like to give up smoking altogether
if you could do so
easily?" The stability of the highly consonant
segment and the apparent
drift from the two dissonant groups towards the
consonant category support
our contention that the present definition is more
realistic.
Highly dissonant smokers tend to be younger, being
most represented
in the 25 to 34 year age band, whereas highly
consonant smokers are most
likely to be aged between 45 and 54 years. A
greater proportion of
ex-smokers and never smokers than current smokers
are to be found in
classes A and B.
co
\..0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


TABLE 3
BASIC CLASSIFICATION (BY SEX, AGE, SOCIOECONOMIC
CLASS)
ALL
SMOKERS
EX-SMOKERS NEVER
SMOKERS
CONSONANCE/DISSONANCE WHEN QUIT
TOT SMO HIC CON DIS HID EXS <2Y >2Y NEV
TOTAL 2018 746 154 213 56 323 525 150 371 747
As Z of Total 100 37.0 7.6 10.5 2.8 16.0 26.0 7.4
18.4 37.0
As % of Class - 100 20.6 28.6 7.5 43.3 100 28.6
70.7 100
Z BY SEX
Male 48 47 45 55 39 45 65 59 67 36
Female 52 53 55 45 61 55 35 41 33 64
: BY AGE
16-24 14 14 16 13 7 15 6 12 4 19
25-34 21 22 9 23 16 28 17 24 15 22
35-44 16 18 16 19 20 18 14 17 13 14
45-54 19 18 23 15 23 17 23 19 24 17
35-64 15 15 18 13 23 14 20 19 20 11
65+ 16 13 19 17 11 8 20 9 24 16
BY S.E. CLASS
A, B 11 6 6 4 9 8 13 15 12 15
Cl 26 24 25 25 18 23 28 31 27 26
C2 35 37 36 35 39 38 34 28 37 33
D, E 28 33 32 36 34 31 25 25 24 27
CZ)
c0
110
011
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


Further demographic data, in respect of marital
status and age
finished full time education, is presented in
Table 4.
Proportionally, more highly dissonant smokers are
married and less
are single. The influence of family pressure on
motivation to quit will
be discussed later, but the progression from
highly consonant through
highly dissonant to ex-smoker in respect of
percent married is worth
noting.
CD
CC)
\~o
ON
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


J.
ci>
Q~Fi
(-n
CC)
\_0
C7 \
(-M
CC)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


TABLE 4
BASIC CLASSIFICATION (BY MARITAL STATUS,
A.F.F.T.E.*)
NEVER
ALL SMOKERS EX -SMOKERS
SMOKERS
CONSONANCE/D ISSONANCE WF--N QUIT
TOT SMO HIC CON DIS HID EXS <2Y >2Y NEV
TOTAL 2018 746 154 213 56 323 525 150 371 747
As % of Total 100 37.0 7.6 10.5 2.8 16.0 26.0 7.4
18.4 37.0
As % of Class - 100 20.6 28.6 7.5 43.3 100 28.6
70.7 100
',Y MARITAL STATUS
Married 75 76 69 74 79 80 82 74 86 70
Single 13 11 14 12 13 8 7 12 4 19
Wid./Sep./Div. 12 14 17 14 9 12 11 14 10 11
% BY A.F.F.T.E.*
13-14 Years 33 33 41 34 45 26 38 31 40 30
15 Years 31 33 28 34 23 36 32 34 31 28
16 Years 20 20 22 19 18 20 18 20 17 21
17+ Years 16 15 9 12 15 19 12 16 12 20
*A.F.F.T .E. - Age Finished Full Time Educa tion.
LJI
(-r1
co
\-0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


_10-
II. ATTITUDES TO HEALTH
The first section of the questionnaire to be
discussed comprised
items designed to gauge individuals' general
attitudes to health. The
same questions were asked of all respondents and
before any mention of
health related to smoking.
Visits to Doctor
Respondents were asked about the number of times
during the preceding
twelve months they had visited their doctor with
an ailment. Sixty-five
percent of all smokers had made at least one such
visit and within the
sub-classification of smokers, a trend is apparent
(Figure la). It would
appear that the highly dissonant smoker is most
likely to have visited
his doctor, and the highly consonant least likely.
The ex-smoker,
particularly the recent ex-smoker, has the highest
average number of visits.
When questioned about the reasons for visiting the
doctor, only 2%
of all respondents refused to give information.
Mentions of " chest/
bronchitis/bad chest/pleurisy" (Figure 1b) were
highest for the highly
dissonant smoker. The relatively high percentage
of similar mentions
by ex-smokers appears to be unrelated to the
length of time since quitting.
The dissonant smoker seems to be more susceptible
to sore throats (Figure 1c)
than any other group. Mentions of "angina/heart"
were made by only 3% of
never smokers, 4% of smokers and 5% of ex-smokers.
"Depression/nervous
trouble/nervous tension" was reported by 4% of
never smokers, 6% of
ex-smokers and 7% of smokers.
In response to the question: "How many times have
you been in
hospital during the past five years?"no clearly
apparent differences
between the primary groups emerged.
Ln
c0
1 _0
0 N
0111
CZD
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


KEY
HIC. = HIGHLY CONSONANT
CON.= CONSONANT SMOKERS
015. = DISSONANT
HID. = HIGHLY DIS50NANT
E XS. = EX- SMOKERS
(< 2 yr. LEFT.> 2 yr RIGHT)
NEV. = NEVER SMOKERS
0 FIGURE 1b
20 0
MENTIONS OF CHEST/
. BRONCHITIS/BAD CHEST/
- PLEURISY
15-
10-
5-
0
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV
FIGURE la
0
;Y.
'Do- MADE AT LEAST ONE VISIT TO
90- DOCTOR IN LAST 12 MONTHS
80-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
20-
10.
0 HIC CON 015 HID EXS NEV
0 FIGURE 1c
20
MENTIONS OF SORE THROAT
15-
10-
0
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV
co
ON
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


x
L
QIn
Q-n
co
CrN
ON
r,,-)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-12-
Beliefs About Own Health
There followed a series of statements for which
respondents were
required to indicate their agreement/disagreement
by selecting from one of
the following five responses:
STRONGLY AGREE AGREE NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
DISAGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY
The statements were presented in the following
order:
"I consider myself to be a very healthy person"
"I eat more than I should"
"I am in very good physical condition"
"I exercise regularly"
"I eat more sweets than I should"
"I am careful to eat a balanced diet"
"I think about my physical condition a lot"
"There is too much fuss about what one should and
should not eat"
"I am overweight"
"I get out of breath easily"
"I often feel tense"
"I am very health conscious"
"I am very weight conscious"
"I am generally a very relaxed person"
In Figures 2a-2n the percentage of each group who
responded strongly
agree or agree is represented.
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


A/ ~I C (. ejo-
( I
% :,'. f - , - '. " ,
CD
U-I
(-.n
cc
110
CN
ON
XI'
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


(-rl
(-rI
co
1-0
ON
G-1
Q-n
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


FIGURE 2a
'00 "1 CONSIDER MYSELF TO BE
go- A VERY HEALTHY PERSON"
80-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
0
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
-13-
FIGURE 2 b
I THINK ABOUT MY
PHYSICAL CONDITION A I-Of
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
(:D
Q.ii
(-n
co
\-0
Cr\
011
Cr\
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-13-
FIGURE 2a FIGURE 2 b
"0 "1 CONSIDER MYSELF TO BE I THINK ABOUT MY
go- A VERY HEALTHY PERSON" PHYSICAL CONDITION A
I-Oi
80-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
0
HIC CON 015 HID EX5 NEV HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
Belief in themselves as healthy persons is most
exemplified by
highly consonant smokers and those who have never
smoked (Figure 2a).
The overall high level of agreement with this
statement is perhaps a
little surprising but the relatively low level of
agreement in the
dissonant and highly dissonant groups is
consistent with expectation.
Similarly, it is reasonable to find the highly
dissonant smokers most
likely to think about their physical condition a
lot (Figure 2b). There
appears to be an almost reciprocal relationship
between the responses
given to these two statements with the highly
dissonant smoker least
absorbed in introspection.
cz:)
co
1 ~0
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


-14-
FIGURE 2c
100 0/0 '~ AM IN VERY GOOD
go- PHYSICAL CONDITIOq
80-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
0
HIC CON 015 HID EXS NF-11
FIGURE 2d
EXERCISE REGULARLi
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEY
The statement regarding physical condition (Figure
2c) yielded a
similar U-shaped pattern of responses to that seen
in Figure 2a, although
the proportions of each group agreeing are
smaller. The highly consonant
smoker is most likely to believe that he is in
good physical condition
and the dissonant smoker least likely. Length of
time since quitting
marginally differentiates within the ex-smoker
category in the expected
direction.
Responses to the statement regarding exercise
(Figure 20) seem to
be correlated with those regarding physical
condition. Less than fifty
percent of the overall sample agreed with this
statement.
CX:)
I'D
GN
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


iI
Q,71
Un
CC)
\.0
01,
--j
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-15-
% FIGURE 2 e FIGURE 2f
100- AM VERY HEALTH CONSCK)U~ AM VERY WEIGHT
CON5CUZ
90-
80-
70"
6 o-
so-
40-
30-
20-
10.
0
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEY
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0 FIGURE 2 e FIGURE 2f
X. - 1. 11
'0 0 AM VERY HEALTH CONSCIOU~ I AM VERY WE!GHT
CONSCIOUS
90-
80-
70-
60-
50--
40-
30-
20-
10-
0
HIC C'~*i D15 HID EXS NEV HIC CON DIS HIC EXS NEV
Ex-smok.-:rs are the most heal th-cons c ious
group (Figure 2e). Eighly
consonant suckers and highly dissonant smokers are
similarly represenced
with the cor-:-onant smokers least health
conscious. Overall, 31% of
smokers agrE--d with this statement (cf. 41% all
ex-smokers and 37:
never smoke7s).
Weight zonsciousness (Figure 2f) distinguishes
between the two
dissonant a=:- the two consonant groups, the
former aligning with t---e
non-smoker g--oups. Established ex-smokers (>2
years) are proport-;Znately
the most we;-zht conscious.
(_n
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


16-
o/ FIGURE 2 g
0
100 -
I AM OVERWEIGHi
90-
80-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
0
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV
FIGURE 2h
I EAT MORE THAN I SHOULD"
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
C;0
110
CD-1
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-16-
100 0/0 FIGURE 2g
I AM OVERWEIGHi
90-
80 -
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
0
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
FIGURE 2h
EAT MORE THAN I SHOULD"
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV
The highly consonant smoker is the least likely to
be - or at least
admit to being - overweight (Figure 2g).
Conversely, ex-smokers are
most likely to agree with this statement.
A disparity between responses to "I am very weight
conscious"
(Figure 2f) and "I am overweight" is evident for
both highly consonant
and consonant smokers, particularly the latter.
Recent ex-smokers are most likely to admit to
eating more than they
should (Figure 2h). Consonant and highly dissonant
smokers and never
smokers appear to be differentiated from the other
two smoker groups.
00
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


5
z
QJ-1
U-I
co
I'D
CN
-,j
U-I
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


FIGURE 2 i
0
100 Y.
I AM CAREFUL TO EAT
90- A BALANCED DlEf
80.
70
60-
50-
40-
30-
20-
10"
0
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV
FIGURE 2j
-
I EAT MORE SWEETS
THAN I SHOULD"
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV
CZ)
U-I
(-n
c0
CrIN
----j
CrI,
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-17-
100 0/0 FIGURE 2 i FIGURE 2j
I AM CAREFUL TO EAT I EAT MORE SWEETS
90- A BALANCED. DIED' THAN I SH.OUL6'
so-
70-
60-
50 -
40-
30-
20 -
10-
0
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEY
Care in eating a balanced diet distinguishes
between dissonant smokers,
ex-smokers and never smokers and the two consonant
groups and the highly
dissonant smoker (Figure 2i).
The position of the dissonant group in this regard
is reinforced by
reference to Figure 2j where this group is seen to
be least likely to eat
more sweets than they should. Recent and more
established ex-smokers are
clearly differentiated by this statement with
over-consumption being most
prevalent amongst those who have quit within the
past two years.
Excessive sweet consumption is more prevalent
amongst never smokers than
amongst current smokers.
Un
c0
110
cr\
---_j
CC)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0 FIGURE 2k
1130
THERE IS TOO MUCH FUSS
90- ABOUT WHAT ONE SHOULD
AND SHOULD NOT EAT"
80-
70-
60-
50-
FIGURE 21.
I GET OUT OF BREATH EASIL~
40-
30-
20 -
10-
0
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
CD
c0
\j-,
t7 \
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-18-
0
Y FIGURE 2k
10
100
THERE IS TOO
MUCH FUSS
90- ABOUT WHAT. ONE SHOULD
AND SHOULD NOT EAT"
so-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
20 -
10-
0
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV
FIGURE 2L
I GET OUT OF BREATH EASILY
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
There is almost uniform agreement that there is
too much fuss about
what one should and should not eat (Figure 2k)
with only recent ex-smokers
and never smokers being slightly less likely to
agree with the statement.
The highly dissonant smoker is most likely to get
out of breath
easily and the never smoker least (Figure 2t).
Time since quitting appears
to differentiate slightly within the ex-smoker
category and in the direction
which might be expected. The highly consonant
smoker is again distinguished
from other smokers in this regard.
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0 FIGURE 2m
1/0
'00- 1 OFTEN FEEL TENSE
90-
80-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
0 HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
FIGURE 2n
0/0..
I AM GENERALLY A VERY
RELAXED PERSON"
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
co
,-~D
cr\
CXD
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-19-
FIGURE 2 m
"'o I OFTEN FEEL TENSE"
90-
80-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
2 0
10-
0 HIC CO~ DIS HID EX5 NEV
0%. FIGURE 2n
I AM GENERALLY A VERY
- RELAXED PERSON"
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
Figures 2m and 2n relate the data concerning the
two statements
referring to tenseness/relaxation. It is not
surprising, perhaps, that
the highly dissonant smoker is most prone to
frequent feelings of
tenseness and least likely to agree to being a
(generally) very relaxed
person. Length of time since quitting again
distinguishes marginally
between recent and established ex-smokers in both
cases. It is interesting
to note the claim of highly consonant smokers and
consonant smokers to
being the most "relaxed" groupsi although the
latter category departs
from the highly consonant group in relation to
feeling tense.
co
011
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-20-
Simmarising the results from this battery of
items, several clear
differences between the seven defined groups can
be identified. In a
number of respects the differences within the
smoker sample are more
noteworthy than those between all smokers as a
group and the two categories
of non-smoker.
Considering first gross differences between all
smokers, all ex-smokers,
and never smokers (Table 5), it can be seen that
for several items an
apparent increase in percentage agreeing runs from
smoker through ex-smoker
to never smoker, (statements A, C and D). For
other items, the progression
runs in the opposite direction (H, J and K) .
Ex-smokers yield the highest
level of agreement on seven items (B, F, G, I, L,
M, and N) and the lowest
level on statement E (N.B., however, that 36% of
recent ex-smokers and
20% of established ex-smokers have been averaged
to yield this low level).
At this level of analysis, it would appear that:
1. Smokers, more than the other two groups,
believe that there
is too much fuss made about what one should and
should not
eat, get out of breath more easily and most often
feel tense.
2. Never smokers, more than the other two groups,
consider
themselves to be very healthy persons, believe
that they
are in very good physical condition, and are more
likely
to exercise regularly.
3. Ex-smokers fall midway between smokers and
never smokers
in respect of the statements referred to above. In
additionv more than the other two groups they eat
more
than they should, are more likely to be overweight
but
are nevertheless careful to eat a balanced diet.
They
think about their physical condition a lot and are
more
health conscious than the other two groups. They
are
the most weight conscious but are generally very
relaxed
persons.
cc
\~O
ON
CC)
(-M
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


A, ~., C X on
-I
CD
r-n
co
I'D
CrN
co
C",
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


TABLE 5
SL--MARY OF RESPONSES GIVEN TO GENERAL HEALTH
ITEMS
SMO EXS NEV
M M M
A. I cousider myself to be a very healthy
persan. 67 70 76
B. I eat more than I should. 40 48 45
C. I am in very good physical condition. 53 55 59
D. I exercise regularly. 39 46 48
E. I eat more sweets than I should. 25 24 29
F. I am careful to eat a balanced diet. 40 54 52
G. I think about my physical condition
a lot. 47 49 45
H. There is too much fuss made about what
one should and should not eat. 67 65 61
I . I am overweight. 35 45 38
J. I get out of breath easily. 34 26 20
K. I of:en feel tense. 46 39 37
L. I am very health conscious. 31 41 37
M. I am very weight conscious. 34 45 41
N. I am generally a very relaxed person. 63 67 62
C=)
0--
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


(-rl
(-n
c0
110
ON
c0
CC)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-22-
The closer examination of the smoker group
according to degree of
consonanceldis3onance (Figures 2a-2n) reveals ~the
following:
1. The 'aighly consonant smoker, relative to other
smoker groups,
is nost likely to consider himself a very healthy
person but
leas: likely to think about his physical condition
a lot.
He is most likely to believe that he is in very
good physical
con,iition and most likely to exercise regularly.
He is the
most healtb conscious, least likely to be
overweight and least
likeLy to eat more than he should, although he
shares with the
higl--:y dissonant smoker a tendency to eat more
sweets than he
should. He is the least likely to get out of
breath easily, to
oftEz- feel tense and is generally a very relaxed
person.
2. The :onsonant smoker is distinguished by being
the least
heal:h conscious and least weight conscious -
despite
tending to overweight and admitting to eating more
than
he s~iould.
3. The 4issonant smoker is least likely to
consider himself
to te a very healthy person and is the most weight
conscious.
More dissonant smokers admit to being overweight
although,
like the highly consonant smoker, do not tend to
eat more
thaz they should. They are most careful to eat a
balanced
diet and the least likely to eat more sweets than
they
should.
4. The ---ighly dissonant smoker is the one most
likely to think
abou: his physical condition a lot and to eat more
than he
shou:d, although he is least careful to eat a
balanced diet.
More than any other smoker group, he gets out of
breath
easily, often feels tense and is least likely to
be a very
relaxed person.
Ex-smokers who have quit within the past two years
arep relative
to ex-smokers :f longer standing, less likely to
feel themselves to be
in very good p'--ysical condition, less likely to
exercise regularly,
less health comscious, less weight conscious, more
likely to eat more
than they should and less careful to eat a
balanced diet. They are
particularly p7one to eating more sweets than they
should and are less
likely to beliEve that there is too much fuss made
about what one should
and should not Pat. Recent ex-smokers are more
likely to get out of
breath easily and more often feel tense.
Established ex-smokers are
generally more relaxed.
CO
011
CO
\-O
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


Use of Drugs
A further section of items within the general
health battery sought
information on respondents' use of drugs,
including caffeine and alcohol.
For each of four common ailments (headache, cold,
sore throat, indigestion)
respondents were asked whether they
always/usually/sometimes/rarely/never
take some medicine or a tablet. The percentages of
the primar-Y groups
'ho reported never suffering from these ailments
are recorded in Table 6.
TABLE 6
PERCENTAGE NEVER SUFFERING FOUR COMMON AILMENTS
ALL SMOKERS EX-SMOKERS NEVER
SMOKERS
CONSONANCE/DISSONANCE WHEN QUIT
TOT SMO HIC CON DIS HID EXS <2Y >2Y NEV
HEADACHE 10 9 10 13 9 7 12 8 13 10
COLD 3 3 3 2 - 4 2 2 2 4
SORE THROAT 13 12 14 10 7 13 17 15 17 12
INDIGESTION 43 40 44 38 29 43 39 40 39 48
co
011
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


'A/
~J,j it
L C, I
x / f, 1. 1
\1
Uri
Un
co
ON
1-0
Nj
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0
/ FIGURE 3a
.
luu ALWAYS/USUALLY TAKE
SOME MEDICINE OR A
90-
TABLET: HEADACHE
80-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
0
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV
% FIGURE 3 c
'0 0 ALWAYS/USUALLY TAKE
go- SOME MEDICINE OR A
TABLET 'SORE THROAT
80-
70-
60-
50-
40-
30-
20-
10-
0
HIC CON D15 HID EXS NEV
FIGURE 3 b
ALWAYS/USUALLY TAKE
50 ME MEDICINE OR A
TABLET: COLD
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
FIGURE 3 d
ALWAYS/USUALLY TAKE
SOME MEDICINE OR A
TABLET: INDIGESTION
co
110
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-25-
On the basis of the data presented in Table 6, the
dissonant smoker
is the person most likely to suffer any of the
four ailments referred to
and is particularly prone to indigestion. Almost
half of the group of
never smokers never suffer from indigestion,
although compared with other
non-smokers, appear more liable to sore throats.
Established ex-smokers
have a lower incidence of headaches which seem to
be a particular problem
for the highly dissonant smoker.
The percentages of each group who always or
usually take some medicine
or a tablet for each of these four common ailments
are shown in Figure 3.
The data have been adjusted to exclude those who
never suffer each
particular ailment.
Overall, ex-smokers appear to be most likely to
take medication,
particularly in respect of colds, sore throats and
indigestion. Consonant
and highly consonant smokers are those highly
represented in respect of
headache; dissonant smokers exhibit a particularly
low level of drug
utilization when suffering a cold.
Respondents were asked if they had ever been
prescribed one or more
of a variety of tranquillizers or hypnotic drugs.
The two most "popular"
prescriptions of those listed were Valium
(diazepam) and Mogadon (nitrazepam).
The former is usually prescribed for anxiety
states, the latter for insomnia
and sleep disturbances due to anxiety, worry,
tension, depression, etc.
Table 7 records those who have been prescribed
Valium and/or Mogadon
and those who are currently taking them.
c0
110
011
110
Xlt.
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


-26-
TABLE 7
PAST AND PRESENT USACE OF VALIUM AND MOGADON
ALL SMOKERS EX-SMOKERS NEVER
SMOKERS
CONSONANCE/DISSONANCE WHEN QUIT
TOT SMO RIC CON DIS HID EXS <2Y >2Y NEV
VALIUM
Ever 20 22 22 20 13 25 20 23 19 18
Currently 4 5 5 5 2 6 5 7 4 2
MOGADON
Ever 10 10 6 10 4 14 13 16 11 8
Currently 4 4 3 5 - 5 5 6 4 4
Whilst it is not possible, on the information thus
received, to
attribute cause to these data, some interesting
points arise from these
responses. The highly dissonant smoker is the most
likely person to have
used each of these drugs and the recent ex-smoker
is the most likely
current user. Conversely, the dissonant smoker has
least recourse to
such treatments. Sleep disturbance is apparently
most prevalent amongst
ex-smokers.
Again, it is interesting to note that only 2% of
the total sample
either did not knowv or refused to state, their
answers to these two
questions.
co
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


'N- I
~?..
(ZD
U-I
Uri
00
0-11
110
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


FIGURE 4a
7- TEA CONSUMPTION
6-
5-
W
IL
o 4'
a-
0
a: 3-
Uj
CC)
z
w
LD 2 -
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV
FIGURE Q
7- COFFEE CONSUMPTION
6.
5-
4"
3-
2-
f
0 HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
C=)
(-:I
U-1
c0
0-1
110
00
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-27-
Respondemts were asked how many cups of tea and/or
coffee they 6rink
in a typical --'ay. Eight percent of the total
sample never drink tea and
27 percent do aot drink coffee. The average level
of consumption,
adjusted to ta-ke account of non-consumers, for
each of the seven prizcipal
categories is shown in Figure 4.
FIGURE 4ci
7 - TEA CONSUMPTION
6-
5-
C3
ir
W
(L
0
3-
W
co
LU
2
LU
<
0
FIGURE 4b
7- COFFEE CONSUMPTION
6-
5 -
4-
3-
2
0
HIC CCN DIS HID EX5 NE'i HIC CON DIS HIC EXS NEV
The average daily consumption of alcohol is given
in Figure 5, excluding
those who never take an alcoholic drink (16% of
all smokers, 18% of all
ex-smokers an6 23% of all never smokers).
c0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


FIG. 5
ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
1-2 -
1-0-
0.8.
0
z
FIGURE 6a
20" REGULARLY VISIT
PUBLIC HOUSES
U
10-6-
0
_r
0 - 4
Uj
z
Ld 0-2
X
Uj
10.
5-
0
HIC CON D15 HID EXS NEV
% FIGURE 6b
DRINK AT LEAST
20, ONE PINT OF
BEER PER DAY
15-
10.
5'
0
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV
0
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
0/. FIGURE 6c
DRINK FOUR OR MORE
20- WHISKYS PER WEEK
15-
10.
5-
n
0
HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEV
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-29-
The higher consumption level of highly consonant
and consonant smokers
is reflected in the fact that they are more likely
to visit public houses
(Figure 6a), are more likely to drink at least one
pint of beer per day
(Figure 6b) and are more likely to drink four or
more whiskys per week
(Figure 6c). In all these instances it is the
consonant smoker who is
most highly represented and in every case it is
the never smoker who is
least likely to be involved with alcohol.
CD
CC)
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh COIUMbia 29
October 1999


-30-
III. THE SMOKER
Those respondents who were classified as current
smokers of manufactured
cigarettes answered questions in three areas
related to their own smoking:
Smoking behaviour (consumption, brand choice,
etc.)
Smoking motivation
Smoking and health.
In this section, the following additional
abbreviations are used in
the Tables and Figures.
SEX
Male M
Fe=ale F
AGE
16-24 years 16+
25-44 years 25+
45 or more years 45+
CLASS
A, 3, Cl I
C2 II
D, E III
Smoking Behaviour
Respondents were asked: "About how many years ago
did you start
smoking packeted cigarettes?" Resolution of any
significant differences
according to the consonance/dissonance criteria is
confounded by age and,
to a lesser extent, class factors, and therefore
no data on this aspect
will be presented at this stage.
c0
CD
U-4
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


FIGURE 7
20 % RESPONDENTS SMOKING LESS THAN 10
CIGARETTES/DAY
10
F1
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1[ Di
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


One third of all highly dissonant smokers come
from families where
both parents smoke whereas, for dissonant smokers,
the equivalent proportion
is only one fifth.
Detailed consumption figures for all groups are
available but, as
illustration, Figure 7 presents the percentage of
each category of smoker
who smokes less than ten cigarettes per day. It is
noteworthy that a
clear break between the consonant and dissonant
groups emerges which is
not so marked when the distribution for 20+ per
day is considered
(HIG = 62%, CON - 50%, DIS = 65%, HID - 59%).
FIGURE 7
20 % RESPONDENTS SMOKING LESS THAN 10
CIGARETTES/DAY
10
F]
HIC CON DIS HID
M F 16+ 25+- 45+ 1 R Iff
Comprehensive information on brand choice was
collected in respect
of current brand and most often previous brand.
For the purposes of this
report, brand choice data has been summarised in
Tables 8 (current) and
9 (previous), adopting a simple criterion. Only
those brands which overall,
or for any of the twelve respondent categories,
accounted for 5 percent or
more of that category's choice are shown.
C:D
Q-n
U-1
CC)
0-11
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-32-
M
O
S
T
P
O
P
UL
A T
R A B
B L
R E
AN 8
D
S
(
S
M
O
KE
R
S
)
S M O K E R S C O N S O N A N C E / D I S S O N AN
C E S E X A G E S. E. C LAS S
S M O H I C C O N D I S H I D M F 1 6 + 2 5 + 4 5
+ 1 1 1 1 1 1
B ENS O N H E D G E S K . S . 1 1 1 0 9 1 6 1 1 1
1 1 0 1 7 1 2 8 8 1 2 1 1
C ARL T O N L . S . I I - 5 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
D UNH I L L K . S . 5 6 4 2 5 5 5 5 5 4 6 5 4
E MBA S S Y N O . I F. T . 6 6 5 4 6 8 4 1 7 6 6 4
7
E MBA S S Y R E G A L F. T . 4 4 5 - 4 4 4 4 5 3 3
5 4
E MBA S S Y F . T . 3 3 3 9 3 4 3 1 4 4 4 4 3
J OHN P L A Y E R K . S. 5 5 8 5 4 7 4 8 6 4 4 6 6
J OHN P L A Y E R K . S. E . M. 3 3 3 5 2 1 4 1 2
4 5 1 2
M ARL B O R O 1 1 4 2 2 1 6 1 1 2 1
P LAY E R S N O . 6 F. T . 7 7 8 5 6 7 6 1 7 4 6 5
4 1 0
P LAY E R S N O . 6 K. S . 5 3 8 2 5 8 3 7 6 4 3 7
5
P LAY E R S N O . 6 PL A I N 1 - 1 5 - 1
R
S OTH
ILK M A
C N
U S
T K
K .
. S
S .
. 3
4 4
5 3
2 4
- 4
6 3
1 4
6 7
4 3
3 3
5 5
5 4
5 2
2
c
8 0 6 8 ~ J 0
0
0
CL
0
0
0
CD
0
h
W
0
0
cr
ro,
0
0
cr
CD
CD
co
co


It can be seen that some brands qualify for
inclusion "across the
board". For example, Benson & Hedges K.S. has the
largest market share
amongst all smokers and is particularly well
represented within the lower
age group. Dunhill K.S., Embassy No. I F.T., John
Player K.S. and Players
No. 6 (Regular F.T. and K.S.) similarly have a
wide appeal. Players No. 6
F.T. appears to be favoured by young, lower class
smokers, whereas
Rothmans K.S. qualifies for inclusion (5%+) only
because of its high
popularity amongst the youngest age group and the
A, B, Cl social classes.
Other brands have particular relevance only for
specific smoker
categories. For example, Carlton L.S. is smoked
predominantly by the
dissonant smoker. The same group also account for
the inclusion of
Players No. 6 Plain, which for the other
categories is a product of
minimal appeal.
Marlboro qualifies by virtue of its favour within
the 16-24 year old
group. Silk Cut K.S. is most popular amongst
highly dissonant and highly
consonant smokers and particularly amongst women.
Otherwise, sex
differences are most apparent in respect of
Embassy No. I F.T., John
Player K.S. and Players No. 6 K.S. Trends with age
are evident in respect
of Benson & Hedges K.S., John Player K.S., John
Player K.S. Extra Mild.
Adopting the same 5%+ criterion for previous
regular brand provides
the data presented in Table 9. Further analysis is
required before
specific switching patterns can be determined.
CX:)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


P
R
E
V
I
O
U
S T
B A
R B
A LE
ND 9
(
S
MO
KE
RS
)
S M O KE R S C O N S O N A N C E / D I S S O N AN
C E S E X A GE S. E. C L AS S
s mo H I C C O N D I S H I D M F 1 6+ 2 5+ 4 5 + 1
1 1 1 11
B E N SO N & HE DG E S K. S. 4 6 1 5 4 4 6 4 3 4 5
2
E M1 3 AS S Y No . 1 F . T. 3 3 5 3 2 4 7 3 2 3 3
4
E ~M AS S Y RE G AL F . T. 3 2 3 4 4 3 4 6 3 3 3 3
4
E M B AS S Y F. T . 1 0 7 8 5 1 3 1 1 9 2 1 4 9 11
1 2 7
P L A YE R S ME D I UM N AV Y C U T PL A I N 4 5 5
2 3 6 3 1 2 7 4 3 5
P L A YE R S NO . 6 F . T. 1 1 7 1 1 7 1 4 1 0 1 2
2 1 1 5 5 7 1 3 1 3
S E N IO R S ER V IC E P LA IN 5 8 3 7 4 6 4 - 3 8
7 6 2
W O O DB I NE P L AI N 4 6 4 1 1 2 6 3 - 2 8 3 3 7
O T H ER 3 2 2 7 3 3 3 1 3 3 3 2 3
TI PP E D
N O PR E VI OU S R E G U LA R B R AN D S M O KE D
1 4 1 8 1 6 1 4 1 1 1 6 1 2 2 8 1 0 1 4 13 1 2 1 8
II Z 6 6 S S O I
0
0
CL
0
0
T
0
0
(D
0
to
:r
0
0
cr
ii,
K)
to
0
0
r+
0
cr
0
-L
c0
co
to


,-- '. " - - : t ~ ~, -
, 1. r.
(ZD
(-n
U-1
c0
I--0
---j
rN-)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


% FIGURE 8
50- HOW LONG HAS BEEN YOUR MOST OFTEN BRAND ?
PERCENTAGE RESPONDING 12 MONTHS OR LESS
40 -
30
20
10.
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-35-
Respondents were asked how long they had been
smoking their current
brand. Figure 8 represents the distribution of
responses for those answering
twelve months or less. The highly dissonant female
young smoker appears to
be the most likely to switch, although these
variables are probably not
independent. It is important to note, however,
that 75% of the 16 to 24
year old group have been smoking for between 3 to
10 years and therefore
it seems likely that, as a group, they are most
prone to switching. This
view is reinforced by the observation (Table 9)
that 28% of this group
had no previous regular brand.
0/. FIGURE 8
50- HOW LONG HAS 13EEN YOUR MOST- OFTEN BRAND ?!
PERCENTAGE RESPONDING 12 MONTHS OR LESS
40 -
30
20
10-
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
The main reasons for changing to the current
regular brand are
summ,grised in Figures 9 and 10.
C:D
1-71
Q.n
c0
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


- - -I-
0 FIGURE 9
Y.
40- (a) THEY WERE CHEAPER
30-
20-
10-
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 M
30 - (b) THEY WERE MILDER
20
10
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16-* 25+ 45+ 1 11 M
0
3 0 (c) TRIED THEM AND PREFERRED THEM
20 -
10
U-11
(.-n
0 C-0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16-f 25+ 45+ in
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0 FIGURE 10
YO
50- MENTIONS OF HEALTH
40-
30 -
20-
10
0
HIC CCNI D15 HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 11 z
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


That the now current brand was cheaper (Figure 9a)
was particularly
cited by the highly consonant smoker. The slight
trend according to class
is perhaps in a direction opposite to that which
might be expected. The
dissonant smoker is least likely to be motivated
by cost consideration.
Relative mildness (Figure 9b) is most influential
in the case of the highly
dissonant smoker. Female more than male, older
rather than younger, and
lower class more than higher class respondents
cite mildness as a factor
in making a switch. Simple preference (Figure 9c)
is most often quoted
by the highly consonant smoker.
Other responses, not presented here, were recorded
and the total
response set was analysed to yield all mentions
related to health (Figure 10).
The apparent lack of differentiation by
consonance/dissonance and the low
level recorded for the youngest age group are
worthy of note.
0 FIGURE 10
0 Y
50 MENTIONS OF HEALTH
40-
F
30 -
20-
10-
0
HIC CON DIS HID
M F 16+ 25-4-- 45-4- H
CZ)
co
CC)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-38-
Smoking Motivation
The items in this section included those derived
in an earlier study,
Project VIRGO (3). In addition, questions
regarding the most enjoyable
cigarette of the day and specific occasions when
the respondent smoked
were asked. The responses recorded in this section
will be the subject
of further detailed analysis towards the evolution
of a contemporary smoker
typology. For the present, the distribution of
answers to the individual
items only will be discussed.
For all respondents the most enjoyable cigarette
was the one smoked
"first thing in the morning/when I get up" (Table
10). This response
appears to be favoured by all groups, but
particularly by the highly
consonant and consonant smokers. Fifty-nine
percent of all respondents
find the first cigarette of the day the most
enjoyable, although the time
of day when this is taken varies considerably.
There appears to be a
trend with increasing age and descending social
class.
The major part of this section of the
questionnaire comprised
statements to which respondents were required to
respond according to
the following five point scale:
STRONGLY AGREE
AGREE
NEITHER AGREE NOR DISAGREE
DISAGREE
DISAGREE STRONGLY
In Figures lla to liz, the percentage of each
group who responded
strongly agree or agree is presented.
co
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


CD
U7
Un
co
I'D
F\j
c=:)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


S.E. CLASS
1 11 111
53 61 64
-39-
TABLE 10
CIGARETTE OF THE DAY FOR YOU?
WHICH IS THE MOST ENJOYABLE
AGE
16+ 25+ 45+
50 54 65
F
CONSONANCE/DISSONANCE SEX
CON DIS HID m
HIC
SHO
9
8
8
4
1
2
32
7
6
8
6
4
4
2
7
13
6
6
8
1
3
24
11
9
5
4
4
2
3
8
6 6 14 8
8 7 7 7
8 8 6 8
6 8 4 6
- I 1 1
1 3 1 1
21 21 32 22
9 10 9 10
11 10 6 10
13 a 3 8
3 5 5 4
4 4 3 3
5 4 2. 4
6 2 1 3
9 7 10 11
10 11 9
8 5 8
7 6 8
7 6 5
1 1 1
2 2 2
24 26 26
10 10 9
9 a 9
7 5 9
5 4 5
3 5 3
4 4 3
1 3 2
7 9 8
THE FIRST ONE (ALL MENTIONS) 59 57 63 49
THE FIRST ONE
- AFTER BREAKFAST 10 11 9 9
- NID MORNING/COFFEE 7 4 9 2
- AFTER LUNCH 7 7 8 4
- AFTER DINNER 6 5 5 9
- IN EVENING 1 1 1 -
- UNSPECIFIED 2 2 3 2
- FIRST THING IN THE MORNING/WHEN I GET UP 26 29
28 23
AFTER MEALS (UNSPECIFIED) 9 8 8 13
AFTER DINNER/EVENING MEAL 8 7 8 11
AFTER WORVIN THE EVENING 7 6 8 7
WHEN RELAXING 5 5 4 5
LAST THING AT NIGHT 4 6 4 -
AFTER LUNCH 3 3 2 2
WITH A DRINK 2 6 3 -
NO PARTICULAR TIME 9 8 10 16
0
0
CL
0
CD
0
0
(D
0
U)
0
0
cr
ii,
K)
w
0
0
cr
CD
19
-L
w
CD
co


/I.
---
(-- n
(-M
Co
110
r,-)
r--)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0
100~-
50,
0
FIGURE 11 a
1. 11
I REALLY ENJOY SMOKING
HID CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 454
1 11 111
Q-T,
cc
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-40-
Enjoyment of smoking (Figure lla) shows a clear
relationship with
degree of con-zonance/ dissonance with nearly all
highly consonant smokers
and less than sixty percent of highly dissonant
smokers agreeing with
the statement. Enjoyment is also apparently
related to age, althoug~l
the highly diSsonant group has a younger mean age.
A very similar
pattern of reSponses is shown in Figure llb
relating to satisfaction.
Smoking =-s a reward after a task, appeals less to
the dissonant
smoker than t'--e other three sub-groups but is
marginally more likely
to be acknowledged by younger smokers (Figure
11c).
0 FIGURE 11 a
100
I REALLY ENJOY SMOKIN6'
50-
0
HID CZN DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 454 i 11
C-:)
co
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


K -
A
(Z:)
Q-TI
Q-n
CXD
1 ~0
---j
r\-)
Q~M
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


100
50-
-41-
FIGURE 11 b
"1 FIND SMOKING VERY SATISFYINd
0 HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25* 45+ 1
% FIGURE 11c
100" 1 SMOKE AS A REWARD AFTER A HARD OR BORING
TAS~
50-
0
HIC. CON DIS HID M F 16t 25+- 45+ 1
CD
cc
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


A 11 V,
C:D
(-rl
(-TI
CC)
I-D
FI-)
-_j
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0 FIGURE lid
A 1. 1.
100- 1 LIKE TO SMOKE WHEN I HAVE A DRINK
50-
0
HIC CON D15 HID
M F 16+ 2S+ 45+ 1 11 M
CZ:)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-42-
Smoking as an accompaniment to drinking appeals to
most smokers in
all groups but, again, the dissonant smoker is
relatively least likely to
agree with the statement (Figure lld). An age
trend, favouring the
younger smokers, is also apparent.
Figures lle and llf deal with the relationship
between smoking and
relaxation. In both cases, the pattern of
responses is broadly similar,
but the level of agreement in the first case -
when relaxing - is higher
than in the second - in order to relax. In both
cases, it is the highly
consonant smoker who is most likely to agree with
the statements. Use
of cigarettes in order to relax is more likely for
women smokers than for
men.
0
100-
50
0
FIGURE Ild
1 LIKE TO SMOKE WHEN I HAVE A DRIN~
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+
1 11
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-43-
0/0 FIGURE 11 e
60. 1 SMOKE WHEN RELAXING
50-
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 164- 25+ 454- 1 U M
FIGURE 11f
100
I SMOKE IN ORDER TO RELA~'
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
co
c::)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-W
j &U-
11 ~1
0
(-.7.
(-rI
cz)
\.-D
Q--j
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0 FIGURE lig
100 1 SMOKE IN ORDER TO BREAK THE ICE WITH OTHER
SMOKERS .
50-
0
HIC CON DIS HID
M F 16+ 25+ 45+
CC)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-44-
The statement presented in Figure 11g was one
which emerged as a
somewhat novel motivation for smoking from Project
VIRGO. The general
low level of agreement suggests that smoking as a
social ice-breaker is
not, in fact, a powerful reason for smoking.
Smoking to help concentration (Figure 11h) also
achieves a modest level
of agreement overall, but does differentiate
consonant and older smokers
from the rest. Again, the factors are probably not
independent, however.
A higher level of agreement has been achieved in
respect of Figure lli
and, again, it is the consonant smoker who is most
likely to find himself
smoking under the conditions of the statement.
Here, however, the higher
age group is the least likely to agree. Men more
than women agree with
this statement.
0 FIGURE 11g
100~ 'I SMOKE IN ORDER TO BREAK THE ICE wrfH OTHER
SMOKERS7
50-
0
HIC CON D15 HID
M F 16+ 25-1- 45t
I I IU
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


100,
50-
0
-45-
FIGURE Ilh
1 SMOKE IN ORDER TO HELP ME CONCENTRAT~'
HIC CON 015 HID
M F
16+ 25+ 45+ 1 ir M
100 0/. FIGURE Ili
I SMOKE WHEN WORKING BUT NOT DEEPLY ABSORBED IN
THE TASK
50-
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 75+ 45+ 1 11 Ili
ci~)
Q-rl
U-1
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


100 FIGURE Ili
'SMOKING IS ONE OF MY FEW INDULGENCE~'
50-
0
HID CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 U in
Q-n
c0
CIT"
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-46-
Women more than men perceive smoking to be one of
their few indulgences
(Figure 11j) and older rather than younger smokers
are more likely to agree.
The statement is relatively more appealing to
dissonant smokers.
It is the dissonant smoker also who most
acknowledges the pleasure of
cigarette handling (Figure Ilk) which is also
recognised more by men than
women, older rather than younger and by the lower
socio-economic class
members.
The most noticeable feature of the data relating
to cigarettes as
comforting is the marked age trend (Figure IIZ).
100 U/0 FIGURE Ili
SMOKING IS ONE OF MY FEW INDULGENCES
50-
0
HID CON DIS HID F 164 25+ 45+ 1
CC)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-47-
0 FIGURE 11k
10 YO
HANDLING A CIGARETTE IS PART OF THE JOY OF SMOKING
50 -
0 HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 11 IE
0 FIGURE 11 L
A 1.
100 CIGARETTES ARE COMFORTINd
50
0 co
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25t- 45+-
c0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


\1 ol Cp
c::)
(-711
Q-rI
co
\-0
Q'IJ
1-0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0 FIGURE 11m
YO .
100 1 SMOKE BECAUSE CIGARETTES ARE BEING HANDED
AROUNd
50
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 X M
c0
C-D
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-48-
Smakin.g because cigarettes are being handed
around (Figure 11m) is
admitted by less than half the sample and does not
markedly differentiate
between the smoker sub-groups. Trends with age and
socio-economic class
are apparen:, however. The role of habit in
cigarette smoking is most
strongly acknowledged in the dissonant and highly
dissonant smoker
(Figure lln, and perhaps reflects their relatively
lower level of enjoyment
(cf. Figure Ila). Overall, more than three
quarters of the smokers
questioned agreed or agreed strongly with this
statement and only 2%
disagreed s:rongly.
FIGURE 11 m
100- SMOKE 13ECAUSE CIGARETTES ARE BEING HANDED
AROUND"
50
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+
CXD
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


FIGURE 11n
10
0' THERE ARE TIMES WHEN I LIGHT UP A CIGARETTE
JUST OUT OF HA131T
50'
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+
CZ>
Un
cc
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-49-
0 FIGURE 11n
X...
'0 0 THERE ARE TIMES WHEN I LIGHT UP A CIGARETTE
JUST OUT OF HA13d
50-
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
The next four statements (Figures 11o, P, q, r)
relate to smoking in
relation to emotional states. In all cases it is
the highly dissonant
smoker who is most likely to agree with the
statements, which also appeal
more to women than to men.
The differences noted earlier in respect of
relaxation are again
evident in the case of feeling tense. That is,
smoking is more likely
to accompany feeling tense (Figure l1q) than to be
used as a means of
reducing tension (Figure l1r). The pattern of
responses is broadly
similar in both cases, however.
CXD
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


%
100"
50"
0 HIC CON DIS HIIJ
0
100
50-
0
-50-
FIGURE 11 o
1 SMOKE WHEN FEELING DOWN
M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
FIGURE 11p
SMOKE WHEN FEELING ALONE"
HIC CON DIS HID M F
16+ 25+- 45+
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-51-
FIGURE 1Iq
100, 1 SMOKE WHEN FEELING TENSE OR ANXIOU~
50-
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 11 M
100% FIGURE 11 r
I SMOKE IN ORDER TO FEEL LESS TENSE OR LESS
IRRITABLE
50-
C::)
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+. 45+-
CC)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


, (
J,
U-I
Cn
CC)
----j
r-
CC)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-X0 .. I FIGURE 11 5 11
0 1 SMOKE WHEN I M FEELING HUNGRY BUT I CAN'T OR
DON'T WANT TO EAT
50-
0
HIC CON DIS HID
M F 164- 25+ 45+ 1 U M
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-52-
Smoking as an inhibitor of appetite has often been
quoted as a reason
for not quitting. A low level of agreement with
the statement "I smoke
when I'm feeling hungry but I can't or don't want
to eat" (Figure lls) is
a little surprising. The food substitute
motivation is clearly strongest
in the highly dissonant smoker and, as expected,
noted more by women than
men. The trend with age is in a direction to be
expected with the younger
smokers most likely to agree with the statement.
Figure Ils refers to a statement specifically
mentioning hunger.
Ingestion, however, can be an activity unrelated
to such a basic drive.
Consumption level of sweets, peanuts, potato
crisps, etc., or even
chewing the end of a pencil, was tapped in the
statement given in Figure
lit. Here a higher level of agreement was reached
and the differentiations
within smoker sub-groups and age groups are less
marked.
07
0. FIGURE ii
'00' 1 SMOKE WHEN I'M FEELING HUNGRY BUT I CAN'T
OR DON'T WANT TO Ed
so -
0
HiC CON DIS HID F 164- 25+ 45+ 1 11 M
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


%
100'
50
0
FIGURE 11t
1 SMOKE INSTEAD OF NIBBLING SOMETHING
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+
1 U M
c0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-53-
FIGURE lit
100- 1 SMOKE INSTEAD OF NIBBLING SOMETHING
50
0 HIC CON Di5 HID M F 16+ 25+ 4 Si-
According to the analysis of the Project VIRGO
data, smoking in order
to relieve boredom appeared to be an important
factor in smoking. In boring
situations, smoking a cigarette gives the smoker
something to do.
The use of cigarettes as a self-administered
reward has already been
alluded to (Figure 11c). Allied to this reward
role of cigarette smoking,
cigarettes may be used to make a break in tasks.
As noted previously (3),
however, Project VIRGO respondents tended not to
smoke when doing
something interesting.
c_::)
QT1
(_T1
co
U-1
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


% FIGURE 11 u
100" 1 SMOKE WHEN FEELING BORE6'
50-
0
HIC CCN DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 11
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-54-
Smoking when feeling bored (Figure llu) is
particularly favoured by
the highly dissonant smoker, women more than men,
younger rather than older,
and more by the lower socio-economic groups.
Being deeply absorbed in an activity (Figure llv)
provokes a
differential attitude to smoking in men compared
with women and is more
relevant to older respondents.
Smoking in order to make a break in tasks (Figure
l1w) is least likely
to be found amongst the dissonant smoker who is
also the least likely to
smoke as a reward after a hard or boring task
(Figure 11c).
0/.
100
FIGURE I I u
SMOKE WHEN FEELING BORE6
50
0
HIC CON 015 HID
M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 11 R1
Q1 M
(-n
co
Q-n
(7 N
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


11
% FIGURE 11V
100- 1 SMOKE WHEN DEEPLY ABSORBED IN WHAT I M
DOING
50
0 HIC CON DIS HID
M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
100% .1 FIGURE 11w
I SMOKE IN ORDER TO MAKE A BREAK IN TASKS
50
0
HIC CON DIS HID
M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 n x
Q17
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0/6 FIGURE 11 x
'00' SMOKE AFTER RECEIVING BAD NEWS OR A SUDDEN
SHOCK"
50 -
0 HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 454- 1 U M
CZ)
co
c0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-56-
Smoking in response to trauma (Figure 11x) is
likely amongst all
smokers and particularly women.
Perception of a need for nicotine in cigarettes
(Figure lly) is
most acknowledged amongst highly dissonant smokers
and least amongst the
two consonant groups. Overall, however, there is a
low level of agreement
with this statement, although the results in
respect of age and class are
what might be expected.
The final statement (Figure llz) separates the
highly consonant smoker
from the rest. Those smokers responding positively
to this statement were
questioned further on the times or occasions at
which they always smoke.
0/0 FIGURE 11 x
'00 1 SMOKE AFTER RECEIVING 13AD NEWS OR A SUDDEN
SHOC~
50
0 HIC CON 015 HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
cc
110
---j
U-1
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-57-
FIGURE 11 y
0/0
100 1 NEED THE NICOTINE IN CIGARETTES
50'
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F
16+ 25+ 45+ 1 1 Iz
% FIGURE 11 z
100, 1 ALWAYS HAVE CIGARETTES AT CERTAIN TIMES OR
OCCASION5 DURING THE DAY"
50,
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 1 1
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-58-
The most popular times of day/occasions for those
who have
cigarettes at certain times of the day (59% of all
smokers) are shown
in Table 11.
TABLE 11
After meals (unspecified)
First thing in the morning/when I get up
Tea break/tea time/with a cup of tea
Coffee break/mid-morning
After lunch/midday meal
With a drink (alcoholic)
Last thing at night/before going to bed
After dinner/evening meal
Evenings at home
After breakfast
HIC CON DIS HID
M M (7.) M
50 54 65 54
24 27 15 23
28 21 24 20
23 21 21 21
19 19 12 16
12 18 9 11
12 11 6 12
9 11 6 12
8 9 12 10
9 9 6 8
C:D
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


I /
tirt
1( ~
CZ)
(_n
UM
co
---j
011
_r~z-
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-59-
As noted earlier, the data collected in this
section will be subjected
to more detailed statistical analysis. For the
present, however, a few
tentative conclusions can be stated regarding the
motivation to smoke as
a function of degree of consonance/dissonance.
Relative to the other three sub-groups of smoker,
the highly consonant
smoker perceives smoking more in relation to
relaxing, as an accompaniment
to as well as a facilitator of relaxation and, not
surprisingly, is most
likely to smoke as an accompaniment to drinking,
to break the ice with
other smokers, and a; a reward after a hard or
boring task. More than
any other sub-group member he is likely to find
smoking comforting and
is most likely to really enjoy smoking and find it
very satisfying.
He is least likely to admit to smoking as a habit
or to need the
nicotine in cigarettes. Smoking is not so readily
seen as one of a few
indulgences and the highly consonant smoker is
least likely to smoke when
bored or dejected.
Overall, the highly consonant smoker might be
considered to be
motivated by positive affect and has an apparently
straightforward
disposition to smoking.
In contrast, the highly dissonant smoker, relative
to the other smoker
sub-groups, appears to be motivated by negative
affect. Thus he smokes when
feeling bored, when feeling alone, tense, anxious
or "down". He is the most
likely to smoke in response to trauma and at
certain times during the day.
Like the highly consonant smoker, he values
smoking as an accompaniment to
drinking but unlike the highly consonant smoker,
admits to smoking instead
of nibbling. He is the most likely to smoke when
feeling hungry, when
deeply absorbed in an activity, and in order to
feel less tense or irritable.
(Z:)
QIn
Ull
CC)
CN
U-I
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-60-
He is the most likely to smoke to make a break
and, more than any other
sub-group, acknowledges his need for nicotine.
The highly dissonant smoker is least likely to
smoke because
cigarettes are being handed around and least
values handling the cigarette
as part of the pleasure of smoking. Less than
others he finds smoking
comforting, enjoyable and satisfying.
The dissonant smokers might be characterised as
indulgent smokers
who, more than any other sub-group, admit to
smoking out of habit, because
cigarettes are being handed around and because
they are comforting. They
also more often find handling the cigarette part
of the joy of smoking
and most readily admit to smoking being an
indulgence.
Relative to the other sub-groups, dissonant
smokers are least likely
to smoke when relaxing, in order to relax, to make
a break, to help
concentration, to "break the ice" with other
smokers, as a drinking
accompaniment, when deeply absorbed, when "down",
after trauma, when
hungry, as a reward. They are least likely to
smoke in order to feel
less tense or irritable.
The consonant smoker is characterised by
relatively highest or
lowest responses on very few statements. More than
any other sub-group,
consonant smokers smoke to help concentration or
when working but not
deeply absorbed in what they are doing. They are
least likely to smoke
because cigarettes are being handed around, when
they feel alone, tense
or anxious and, like the highly consonant smoker,
they disavow their
need for nicotine. They are, however, the group
most likely to smoke
.first thing in the morning.
cc
\-C
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


-61-
Attempts to Quit
By definition, all of the consonant smokers and
all of the highly
dissonant smokers had, at some time, attempted to
give up smoking cigarettes.
Together these two groups comprised 72 percent of
the smoker sample.
They were asked "How hard have you tried to give
up smoking manufactured
cigarettes altogether?" and the responses are
summarised in Table 12
below.
TABLE 12
NOT AT ALL HARD
NOT VERY HARD
QUITE HARD
VERY HARD
CONSONANT HIGHLY
M DISSONANT
M
11 6
45 28
22 31
22 36
By and large, the highly dissonant group reported
the greater mean
effort but it is clear that, without further
information on the recency
of attempting to quit, little can be concluded
about the actual resolve
to do so.
For the two groups, the average length of time
since making their
last attempt was 3.25 years (consonant) and 2.18
years (highly dissonant).
The full profile of this data is given overleaf in
Table 13.
(J1
c0
\0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


!~t
O~
I
(-J-
Ln
cc
11 C
-,j
--j
(::~D
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


L
E
N
G
T
H
O
F
T
I
M
E
S
I
N
C
E T A
L B
A L
S E
T 1
A 3
T
T
EM
PT
T
O
Q
U
I
T
S
M
O
K
I
N
G
C
D O
I N
S S
S O
O NA
NA N
N C
C E
E /
S
E
X
A
G
E
S.
E.
C
LAS
S
S MO C O N 1l t D M F 1 6 + 2 5 + 4 5 + 1 1 1 1 1
1
L e s s t h a n 1 m o n t h 7 . 3 9 6 7 9 6 6 3 8
8
1 - 3 mo n t h s 1 0 5 1 4 9 1 1 2 4 7 9 9 1 0 1 2
3 - 6 mo n t h s 7 5 9 7 8 1 1 8 6 7 7 9
6 - 9 mo n t h s 4 2 4 4 3 8 2 4 4 4 2
9 - 1 2 m o n t h s 9 7 1 1 1 0 8 8 1 3 6 6 1 1 1
0
1 2 - 1 8 m o n t h s 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 1 3 1 5 1 3
9 1 2 1 0 1 2
1 8 - 2 4 m o n t h s 8 9 8 8 9 4 1 0 8 9 8 8
2 - 5 ye a r s 2 4 3 0 2 1 2 5 2 3 2 1 2 7 2 2 2 4
2 8 2 0
O
C v
a e
n r
' 5
t
r y
e e
m a
e r
m s
b
e
r 1 7
2 2 2
4 1 3
1 1 8
3 1 5
1 -
- 1 4
- 2 5
5 2 3
3 1 3
2 1 5
3
IZZ68SSOI
0
0
CL
0
0
r-
0
1
T
0
CD
0
k
=r
0
0
F
3
0
0
r-f~
0
cr
CD
co
to


L. ''. "..I
(-TI
Un
c0
'I'D
--j
--4
NJ
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0 FIGURE 12
.0/10 11
5 ON THE LAST OCCASION THAT YOU GAVE UP SMOKING
CIGARETTES HOW LONG DID YOU GIVE UP FOR
40-
so-
20
10-
0
7'
1 wk
1 wk 1-2wk
2-3wk 3-,4wk I mo
F--j CONSONANT
HIGHLY DISSONANT
;7
i-3mo 3-6mo 6-12 mo >I yr
Uri
(-n
co
(--4
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-63-
Less than fifty percent of the highly dissonant
group have made
an attempt to quit in the last year and yet, by
definition, they remain
at least fairly seriously committed to giving up.
The length of time
for which they gave up on the last attempt to quit
is presented in
Figure 12 and compared with similar data in
respect of the consonant
smoker group.
0 FIGURE 12
50
ON THE LAST OCCASION THAT YOU GAVE UP SMOKING
CIGARETTES HOW LONG DID YOU GIVE UP FOR ?
40-
10-
20
10-
0
7-
.C 1wk
CONSONANT
HIGHLY 015SONANT
7
7-
/ FP
17 ~ F
/ I I A
1 wk 1- 2 %*A 2-3wk 3-4wk 1 mo
7
1-3mo 3-6mo 6-12mo >1 yr
The number of serious attempts to give up smoking
in the last two
years is shown in Figure 13 (overleaf).
(Z)
co
%10
--j
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


CD
(-,I
U-1
co
',D
-Ij
---,I
U1
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0
Y FIGURE 13
O
.
- 1,
HOW
MANY
SERIOUS ATTEMPTS TO GIVE UP 5MOKING
50- HAVE YOU MADE IN THE LAST TWO YEARS ?'
CONSONANT (MEAN- 0-611)
40- HIGHLY DISSONANT (MEAN 1 -39)
30-
20
io,
P-3
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 10
NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS
CD
CC)
01 \
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-64-
0 FIGURE 13
HOW MANY SERIOUS ATTEMPTS TO GIVE UP SMOKING
50- HAVE YOU MADE IN THE LAST TWO -YEARS ?
CONSONANT (MEAN- 0-68)
40- HIGHLY D15SONANT (MEAN 1 -39)
30-
20
10
7-
0 0 1 2 3 4 6 7 a 9 10
NUMBER OF ~rTEMPTS
Whilst the highly dissonant smoker has, on
average, made twice as many
attempts to quit during the past two years (1.38
cf. 0.68 for the consonant
smoker), one third have made no attempt at all
during this period. Further
analysis is required to determine the size of the
sample who might be
classified as "active" highly dissonant smokers.
From Figure 12, it would
appear that the consonant smoker was able to quit
smoking for longer than
the highly dissonant smoker. Almost a third of the
highly dissonant group
returned to smoking in less than one week after
their last attempt to quit.
The main reasons for attempting to give up smoking
are summarised in
Table 14 where the corresponding data from
Operation AQUARIUS are also given
for comparison.
(Z)
Lyi
(-n
c0
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


-65-
TABLE 14
WHAT WERE THE MAIN REASONS THAT MADE YOU TRY TO
GIVE
UP SMOKING MANUFACTURED CIGARETTES?
PROJECT LIBRA OPERATION
(N=536) AQUARIUS
(N=1225)
CON HID SMO
M M (Z)
COST 35 42 39 43
HEALTH (GENERAL) 18 34 28 30
CHEST/BRONCHITIS 3 9 6 7
DOCTOR'S ADVICE 2 5 4 5
PREGNANT 7 6 6 4
COUGHING 5 6 6 4
CANCER 4 5 4 4
FAMILY PRESSURE 7 8 7 4
SEE IF I COULD 11 7 9 6
ADVERTISING 3 3 3 3
Reasons related to health are more prevalent in
the highly dissonant
group although, for both sub-groups, cost is the
most frequently mentioned
specific reason. It is interesting to note that,
compared with the
Operation AQUARIUS data, the influence of
advertising has remained stable,
whereas family pressure is now quoted more often.
Will-power is a more
significant motive for the consonant than the
highly dissonant smoker.
03
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


-66-
When asked why they started to smoke again, the
responses presented
in Table 15 were obtained. Overall, these data for
the two sub-groups
are consistent with the impressions of their
motivation to smoke noted
earlier.
TABLE 15
WHY DID YOU START TO SMOKE MANUFACTURED CIGARETTES
AGAIN?
ALL MENTIONS OF HABIT/WEAKNESS
ALL MENTIONS OF RELAXATION/
RELIEVES NERVES/IRRITABILITY
CRAVING/COULDN'T DO WITHOUT
OFFERED ONE AND STARTED AGAIN
OTHER PEOPLE WERE SMOKING
BOREDOM
LIKE TO SMOKE
FELT HUNGRY/PUTTING ON WEIGHT
TO BE SOCIABLE
LIKE A CIGARETTE WITH A DRINK
WHEN HAD MONEY WENT BACK TO IT
CIGAR/PIPE LED BACK TO CIGARETTES
NO PARTICULAR REASON
CONSONANT HIGHLY DISSONANT
(N=213) (N=323)
(7.) (7.)
12 23
23 31
14 15
14 8
9 8
8 7
11 4
6 7
3 5
3 1
2 1
- 1
6 4
c::>
QJ1
C-M
00
00
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


CD
(-n
L-rI
cc
110
co
r--)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-67-
It will be recalled that the distinction between,
on the one hand,
the dissonant and the highly dissonant smoker and,
on the other, the
consonant and highly consonant smoker was
determined by the seriousness
of the intent to quit smoking. The two dissonant
sub-groups comprised
those smokers who expressed a very or fairly
serious intention to quit,
whereas those not very seriously or not at all
seriously intending to
do so were classified as consonant. The highly
consonant and dissonant
smokers have made no attempt to give up smoking
whereas the consonant
and highly dissonant smokers have made at least
one attempt.
Respondents were asked to support with reasons
their responses to
the discriminating question and these are listed
overleaf in Tables 16
(dissonant groups) and 17 (consonant groups).
For the two dissonant groups (Table 16) general or
specific mentions
of health were most mentioned with cost somewhat
more frequently quoted
by the highly dissonant smokers. Family pressure
and/or the smell of
cigarettes is slightly more relevant to the
dissonant smoker than the
highly dissonant smoker.
Acknowledging the pleasure and enjoyment derived
from smoking is
the most popular reason for not wishing to give up
(Table 17). The
highly consonant smoker more often than the
consonant smoker believes
that he does not smoke enough to injure his
health, whereas the consonant
smoker more often acknowledges the value to him of
smoking in order to
aid relaxation or relieve tension. Mentions of
habit and simple inability
to quit are much more likely from the consonant
smoker.
c0
00
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


CD
(-n
(-P
c0
\-0
-,j
cc
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-68-
TABLE 16
WHY DO YOU SAY YOU WOULD VERY/FAIRLY SERIOUSLY
LIKE TO GIVE UP SMOKING?
HEALTH REASONS (GENERAL)
HEALTH REASONS (SPECIFIC)
FINANCIAL REASONS
WOULD LIKE TO STOP IF I COULD
JUST A HABIT
SOCIAL NON-ACCEPTANCEANTI-SOCIAL
YOU SMELL OF CIGARETTES
FAMILY PRESSURE
THEY ARE DIRTY/MAKE A MESS
DISSONANT HIGHLY DISSONANT
(N=56) (N=323)
M (Z)
48 59
23 16
34 48
5 11
9 6
5 4
5 3
5 2
2 2
co
CX)
CJ7
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


A "
~11
z
C=)
(-n
(-n
co
I'D
--_j
co
Cr\
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-69-
TABLE 17
WHY DO YOU SAY YOU WOULD NOT VERY/NOT AT ALL
SERIOUSLY LIKE TO GIVE UP SMOKING?
HIGHLY CONSONANT CONSONANT
(N=154) (N=213)
(7.) (7.)
ENJOY SMOKING/GET PLEASURE 65 60
DON'T SMOKE ENOUGH TO INJURE HEALTH 19 10
HELPS ME TO RELAVRELIEVE TENSION 6 14
HAVE NO REASON TO 10 9
WOULD BE UNABLE TO/ITS A HABIT 3 11
WOULD PUT ON WEIGHT 4 5
PEOPLE DIE OF CANCER WHO DON'T SMOKE 2 1
When asked "What do you think would happen if you
gave up smoking?",
the most popular first reply for all sub-groups
was that they would eat
more and/or suffer weight problems (Figure 14a).
Half of the dissonant
smokers and more women than men expressed this
concern which also shows
trends with age and social class.
The second most popular first response referred to
bad temper,
irritability and moodiness (Figure 14b). The
dissonant smoker is
least likely to perceive this consequence which is
most often voiced
by the consonant groups and more by men than by
women.
Reference to Figure 14c shows that the "benefit"
of saving money
appeals least to the highly consonant smoker, most
to the 25 to 44 year
old group and least to the A, B, Cl group of
social classes. As might
be expected, the prospect of better health is
mentioned first by more
U-1
c0
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


-70-
smokers in the dissonant groups than in the
consonant groups (Figure 14d)
Women more than men see the prospect of becoming a
"nervous wreck" as
a consequence of quitting and this is a function
of age (Figure 14e).
Almost a fifth of the highly consonant smokers
believe that there
would be no effect if they gave up smoking (Figure
14f) .
The data presented in Figures 14a-14f were those
relating to
"first mentions". In Figures 15a-15b, the four
most popular categories
of all mentions (i.e. first and after prompting)
are given.
(ZD
(-n
Qn
co
c0
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


-71-
FIGURE 14 a
WEIGHT PROBLEMS/ EAT MORE
0
50
40
30-
20
10
0 HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+
% FIGURE 14 b
50 GET 13AD TEMPERED/ IRRITABLE/MOODY
40
30
20
10
U-1
co
0
HIC CON 015 HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ r 11 M
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0
20 -X0 FIGURE 14 c
SAVE MONEY/BE BETTER OFF
10,
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 164 25+ 45+
0 FIGURE 14 d
20 /0 13E BETTER HEALTHWISE/FITTER
10-
M F1
0 r-i
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ r n M
20 0~0 FIGURE 14e
WOULD BEA NERVOUS WRECK
10.
0 F-1 MF]n
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+- 25* 45+ 1 ff M
0/1 FIGURE 14 f
20 NOTHING
10-
C0
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 254- 45+ 1 11 M
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-73-
FJGURE 15a
% MENTIONS OF EAT/DRINK MORE
60-
50-
40 -
30
20
10-
0 HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 IL 2
% FIGURE 15 b
60 MENTIONS OF NERVES/IRRITABLE /IMPOSSIBLE
50
40.
30 -
20 -
10-
0
HID CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
FIGURE 15c
40 0/0 MENTIONS OF BETTER FOR HEALTH
30 -
20 -
10
r-1 F1
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 251- 45+
CD
Co
1 U III
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


X,*'
C5
(.r-1
(_rI
co
I'D
-_j
1 ~0
QI-4
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-74-
Finally in this section, attention was turned to
gauging the amoun:
of pressure smokers were under to give up smoking
altogether and/or to
modify their smoking behaviour.
The distribution between the smoker groups of
those who felt
themselves to be under a great deal or a fair
amount of pressure to
quit is shown in Figure 16a. It is clear that the
two dissonant groups
are more aware of pressure and that this is
particularly felt in the
middle age group and the higher socioeconomic
classes. For 42 percent c-F
the highly dissonant group and 30 percent of the
dissonant groups atte--ts
at persuasion had come from husbands and wives.
Only one in five highl-.
dissonant smokers and one in three dissonant
smokers reported being undz-r
no pressure at all compared with 47 percent of
consonant smokers and
67 percent of highly consonant smokers.
A broadly similar pattern emerges when pressure to
modify smoking
behaviour is considered (Figure 16b). In this
case, the relative positions
of the dissonant and highly dissonant smokers have
been reversed. Agaia,
it is the husbands and wives who are most likely
to exert the pressure
(35% for the highly dissonant and 29% for the
dissonant). However,
37 percent of highly dissonant and 39 percent of
dissonant smokers
perceive themselves to be under no pressure at all
to modify their
smoking behaviour.
The ways in which the various smoker groups have
attempted to
modify their smoking behaviour will be presented
and discussed in a
subsequent section of this report.
CD
CC)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-75-
0/0 FIGURE 16 a
50. THOSE UNDER A GREAT DEAL/A FAIR AMOUNT OF
PRESSURE TO GIVE UP SMOKING ALTOGETHER
40-
30
2 o -
10-
0
HIC CON D15 HID M F 16+ 25+- 45+ 1 H I
FIGURE 16b
50 THOSE UNDER A GREAT DEAL/A FAIR AMOUNT OF
PRE55URE TO MODIFY THEIR SMOKING BEHAVIOUR
40
30
20
10 -
0
HIC CON DIS HID
M F 16+ 25+- 45+ 1 1 M
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-76-
Attitudes to Smoking and Health
Smokers were presented with a series of twenty-one
statements
relating to attitudes to smoking, health and
social acceptability of
smoking. As before, they were asked to respond
according to a five
point scale of agreement/ disagreement and in the
Figures referred to
in this section, the combined percentages of each
group agreeing strongly
or agreeing are presented. The statements were not
presented in the
order in which they are discussed here.
The first two statements (Figures 17a and 17b)
refer to the possible
reduction of the conflict between smoking and
health by attempting to
rationalize the health issue. From what has been
presented earlier in
this report, it is not surprising to find that the
highest level of
belief that "tj2ere is too much fuss being made
about smoking and health
risks" is to be found amongst the highly consonant
sub-group and least
amongst highly dissonant smokers (Figure 17a).
Interestingly, 37% of
all smokers disagreed/disagreed strongly with this
statement, implying
that more fuss should be made, and even amongst
the highly consonant
sub-group, 18Z expressed this view.
The rationalization expressed in Figure l7b
clearly separates the
dissonant from the consonant groups. Only eight
percent of the highly
consonant smokers disagreed with this statement
compared with 42 percent
of the highly dissonant sub-group.
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


(-M
LTI
c0
1-0
---j
1-0
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0/0 FIGURE 17c
100-
MANY NON-SMOKERS DIE OF ILLNESSES THAT ARE OFTEN
SAID TO BE CAUSED BY SMOKING CIGARETTE5'
50
C=)
CC)
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 X Ill
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-78-
Responses to the statements referred to in Figures
17c, d and e
reflect a fatalistic disposition to smoking and
health based upon a
..s tatistical" rationalization. Agreement with
the statement in Figure 17c
is uniformly high across the smoker sub-groups but
this is a statement
with which it might be difficult to disagree.
Consonant smokers are more likely to agree with
the additive risk
effect of smoking as are older and working class
respondents (Figure 17d).
The response pattern amongst smoker sub-groups to
this statement is the
inverse of that in Figure 17e where the truly
fatalistic sentiment
appeals most to the highly consonant smoker. The
overall high level
of agreement with this statement is somewhat
surprising.
0 FIGURE 17 c
100-
MANY NON-SMOKERS DIE OF ILLNESSES THAT ARE OFTEN
SAID TO BE CAUSED BY SMOKING CIGARETTES"
50
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
C=>
cc
\~c
CO
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-79-
100 FIGURE 17d
CIGARETTE SMOKING SIMPLY MAKES IT MORE LIKELY
THAT YOU WOULD GET AN ILLNESS YOU WOULD GET ANYWAY
50-
0
HIC CON D15 HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 Z M
100% FIGURE 17 e
YOU COULD BE RUN OVER BY A BUS TOMORROW SO
WHY WORRY ABOUT'SMOKING CIGARETTE5
50
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
co
110
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


y
A
C=3
~-p
(-n
cc
\-I)
c0
r\-)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


% FIGURE 171
100, THERE IS NOTHING WRONG WITH SMOKING AS LONG
AS A PERSON SMOKES MODERATELY"
50-
0
HIC CON DIS HID
CD
c0
C--
M F 16+ 25+ 45+ a M
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-80-
Rationalization through modifying smoking
behaviour is a feasible
means of conflict reduction. Moderation in
consumption (Figure 17f)
is highly endorsed by the consonant groups whilst
more doubt is expressed
by the highly dissonant group.
The highly consonant smoker is, however, least
likely to agree that
mild cigarettes are safer than strong cigarettes
(Figure 17g) or that
low tar cigarettes are safer than other cigarettes
(Figure 17h) . Whilst
the responses to these two statements appear to be
highly correlated,
for all but the highly dissonant smoker, there is
a drop in the level
of agreement from the "mild" to the "low tar"
statements. The generally
high level of agreement across respondents is
notable.
0/0
100-
50
FIGURE 17f
THERE IS NOTHING WRONG WITH SMOKING AS LONG
AS A PERSON SMOKES MODE R -~%-E LY"
0
HIC CON CiS HID -M F 16+ 25+ 45+
1
co
`10
CC)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0 FIGURE 171
100~ I ENJOY SMOK NG AND DON'T SEE WHY I
SHOULD CHANGE MY WAYS!'
50
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F
16+ 25+ 45+ r a IM
CD
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


IL"
tn
1 :3 Z
> z
M
aK
m 0
+ < Z
Ln
M
LA
L
rn
/OMS901


-82-
Denial of authority is another possible mode of
conflict resolution,
directly or indirectly inferred from the three
statements noted in
Figures 17i, 17j and l7k.
The consonant groups appear to be adamant in their
reluctance to
quit smoking (Figure 17i) and, not unexpectedly, a
trend with age is
evident. Dissonant and highly dissonant smokers,
it will be recalled,
are less likely to really enjoy smoking anyway
(Figure lla) and this
aspect of the present question may have influenced
their response to
the whole.
There is a high level of accord regarding the
disagreement amongst
doctors with respect to smoking and health (Figure
17j) and this is
again reflected in respect of belief in government
pronouncements
(Figure l7k). In both cases, however, it is the
highly dissonant smoker
who is least sceptical.
0 FIGURE 17i
100 YO 1.
I ENJOY SMOKING AND DON'T SEE WHY I
SHOULD CHANGE MY WAY5'
50
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F
16+ 25+ 45-t
co
110
cc
c::)
c0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


00 FIGI. RE 17 j
100Z DOCTORS DO NOT AGREE- AMONGST THEMSELVES
ABOUT THE POSSIBLE DANGERS OF SMOKING TO HEALT~'
50-
0 HIC CON 015 HID M F 16-t 25+ 45+ 1 a z
100
50-
0
1. FIGURE 17k
YOU CANNOT ALWAYS BELIEVE WHAT THE GOVERNMENT
TELLS YOU ABOUT SMOKING AND HEALTH"
HIC CON DIS HID
M F
16+ 25+ 45+ 1 H M co
1 ~0
C-X:)
CD
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


C::)
(-n
(-P
co
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-84-
In the introduction to this project (1) one of the
questions posed
for this research was: "How does the smoker remain
a smoker despite the
apparently good reasons for him to quit?" One way
of reducing the conflict
within the smoker is to deny, devalue or otherwise
rationalize the health
argument. The four modes of potential conflict
reduction discussed so
far rely on either a fatalistic disposition to
health or a faith in
"safer" smoking, or a denial of anti-smoking
information.
The fifth way of dealing with the internal
conflict between smoking
and health is perhaps the most rational and was
hypothesised to be most
appealing to the consonant group (1).
Reference to Figure 17Z supports this contention
where it is clear
that the consonant groups are more likely to agree
with the statement.
As noted earlier, however, agreement presupposes
that the risks are
genuinely perceived as "small" or that some
rationalization has allowed
that conclusion to be reached.
The data presented in Figure 17m are clearly
influenced by an age
effect which is not independent of the question.
Even so, one fifth
of smokers under 25 years of age feel that
quitting now would not make
any difference to them. Overall, the data again
support the hypothesis
that the sentiment of the statement is most
appealing to the consonant
sub-groups.
OD
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-85-
100% FIGURE 17 1.
THE ENJOYMENT I GET FROM SMOKING 15 WORTH J
ANY SMALL RISKS IT MIGHT INVOLVe
50.
0 HIC CON 015 HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 9 11
0/. FIGURE 17 rn
100. 'I'VE SMOKED FOR 50 LONG THAT STOPPING WOULD
NOT MAKE ANY DIFFERENCE NOW"
50
0
HIC CON DIS HID
c0
M F 16+ 25+ 45+ r I a
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


cc
11 C
C---
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


100% FIGURE 17n
FULLY INTEND TO GIVE UP SMOKING SOME DA;
50 -
0 F]
HIC CON D15 HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 1 IM
co
1 \0
cc
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-86-
Intention to quit is, as expected, more strongly
expressed by
the dissonant sub-groups (Figure 17n). There is,
however, for these
groups an apparent conflict between this intention
and their responses
to the statement: "Smoking might be hazmful, but I
can't stop" (Figure 17o)
insofar as more than fifty percent agree with both
statements.
Ability to quit, assuming motivation to do so,
(Figure 17p) is more
firmly expressed by the highly consonant and
consonant sub-groups,
although the latter has, by definition, already
failed to do so.
0 FIGURE 17n
100 ~0
I FULLY INTEND TO GIVE UP SMOKING SOME DA;
50 -
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 11
CZ)
CC)
c0
0-1
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


5
c::)
(--n
C-71
c0
110
cc
-_j
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


_90-
Social Acceptability of Smoking
Included in the battery of attitudinal items were
five statements
relating to the social acceptability of smoking
and the perception by
smokers of public attitudes.
Fifty-eight percent of all smokers believe that it
is much less
socially acceptable to smoke nowadays (Figure
l7q). Amongst smokers
it is those in the two dissonant groups who most
strongly support the
contention. Younger smokers are less likely to
agree than those aged
twenty-five and above and a relationship between
level of agreement
and socioeconomic class is clearly evident.
This overall picture is largely replicated, albeit
at a lower level,
when feelings of embarrassment about smoking are
measured (Figure 17r).
Very few smokers from the two consonant groups
agree with this statement
and it is the highly dissonant who are most likely
to be affected.
Markedly more women than men support the
statement, but in this case
it is the oldest rather than the youngest age band
which shows the
least concern. The trend with class is similar to
that noted above.
It would appear that, despite the recognition by
the majority of
smokers that smoking is less socially acceptable
nowadays, significantly
fewer (28% overall) actually feel embarrassed
about smoking.
CD
CO
CO
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


_89-
also provided the highest level on three
occasions. It would appear that
the highly dissonant smoker group comprises
individuals with a complex
array of attitudes or idiosyncratic sub-groups yet
to be defined.
Dividing the sample according to sex reveals that
men are slightly
more ready than women to rationalize the health
issue, but have less faith
in mild or low tar cigarettes. More women than men
express the intention
to quit some day and yet they also more readily
acknowledge their inability
to stop smoking. They are less sceptical than men
regarding doctors'
ad7ice but tend to be more fatalistic.
Segmenting according to age, trends are apparent
in respect of the
following items, with the highest level of
agreement being expressed by
the older (45 years +) group:
"Smoking, may be harmful, but r can't stop"
"The enjoyment I get from smoking is worth any
small risks it
might involve"
"Many non-smokers die of illnesses that are often
said to be
caused by smoking cigarettes"
"Mild cigarettes are safer than strong cigarettes"
"Low tar cigarettes are safer than other
cigarettes"
Not surprisingly, the strength of intention to
quit some day
dininishes with age.
QTI
(.-n
cc
\_1)
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


r p I C-+U (4-'
t,
IXI
/X,
(ZD
(-M
(-n
c0
110
CC)
NJ
C7)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


_90-
Social Acceptability of Smoking
Included in the battery of attitudinal items were
five statements
relating to the social acceptability of smoking
and the perception by
smokers of public attitudes.
Fifty-eight percent of all smokers believe that it
is much less
socially acceptable to smoke nowadays (Figure
l7q). Amongst smokers
it is those in the two dissonant groups who most
strongly support the
contention. Younger smokers are less likely to
agree than those aged
twenty-five and above and a relationship between
level of agreement
and socioeconomic class is clearly evident.
This overall picture is largely replicated, albeit
at a lower level,
when feelings of embarrassment about smoking are
measured (Figure 17r).
Very few smokers from the two consonant groups
agree with this statement
and it is the highly dissonant who are most likely
to be affected.
Markedly more women than men support the
statement, but in this case
it is the oldest rather than the youngest age band
which shows the
least concern. The trend with class is similar to
that noted above.
It would appear that, despite the recognition by
the majority of
smokers that smoking is less socially acceptable
nowadays, significantly
fewer (28% overall) actually feel embarrassed
about smoking.'
CC)
110
CO
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


0 FIGURE 17q
100 ~- .
NOWADAYS IT IS MUCH LESS SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE TO
SMOKE
50-
0
HIC CON DIS HID M F 16+ 25+ 45+
% FIGURE 17r
100, NOWADAYS THERE ARE TIMES WHEN I
FEEL EMBARASSED ABOUT SMOKINd'
50
0,
HIC CON 015 HID M F
1 11 M
16+ 25+ 45+ 1 IE H1
C:~)
(-Yl
(-n
co
r-0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


V, 0S
---I
C:D
(-n
Q.ri
c0
110
CXD
r\-)
(--I
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


FIGURE 17,
100 CIGARETTE SMOKING IS A DIRTY HABd
50-
0 PIC CON DIS HID
M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 1 in c0
\-0
cc
NJ
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-92-
Percepti-.-a of cigarette smoking as a dirty habit
clearly differen-ciates
the four smoke: sub-groups and men from women
(Figure 17s). A broad17
similar patter-a of responses obtains in respect
of the belief that
cigarette smoking is harmful to the health of
non-smokers (Figure 17t).
Overall, 36 percent of smokers agreed with this
statement and only
six percent di3agreed strongly.
The asser:ive response to social pressure is most
marked in the
two consonant groups (Figure 17u). Six percent of
all smokers, and
thirteen perceat of dissonant smokers disagreed
strongly with the
statement and, one may presume, acknowledge other
people's feelings
by not smoking in the presence of those who don't
like it.
100 0/0 FIGURE 17s
~IC-ARETTE SMOKING IS A DIRTY HABIf
50-
0
HIC CON 215 HID M F
16+ 25+ 45+
1 1 M
cc
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


-93-
10/0 FIGURE 17t
100, CIGARETTE SMOKING 15 HARMFUL TO THE HEALTH
OF NON-SMOKERS"
50
0
HIC CON DIS HID
M F
16* 25+ 45+
1 1 x
100% FIGURE 17u
'JUST BECAUSE OTHER PEOPLE DONT LIKE SMOKING I
DON'T
BEE WHY I SHOULD NOT SMOKE IN THEIR PRESENCE,
50
0
HIC CON 015 HID
M F 164- 25+ 454-
CZ)
1 R M
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-94-
Two items presented in this questionnaire were
also presented in
Operation AQUARIUS (2). For comparison, the data
from smokers for both
items are presented below.
AQUARIUS LIBRA
(7) M
"CIGARETTE SMOKING IS A DIRTY HABIT"
Agree strongly/agree 65 60
Disagree strongly/disagree 28 31
"CIGARETTE SMOKING IS HARMFUL TO
THE HEALTH OF NON-SMOKERS"
Agree strongly/agree 30 36
Disagree strongly/disagree 57 45
Belief by smokers that cigarette smoking is a
dirty habit has
apparently eased a little over the time between
the two exercises
whilst it has firmed in respect of the harmful
effects on non-smokers.
cc
\_0
C.0
r1,)
C-0
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


30
20
10.
FIGURE 18
kW MANY YEARS IN ALL WERE YOU A CIGARETTE SMOKER
RECENT
EX-5MOKERS
(-2 YEARS)
77-
0 <3yrs. 3-4 yrs.
5-6 yrs.
ESTABLISHED
n EX-SMOKERS
2 YEARS)
77
7-10yrs. 11-15 yrs
7,
16-20yrs. 21-30 yrs. > 31 yrs.
C:D
Cc-
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-95-
IV. THE EX-SMOKER
For the purposes of this report, two categories of
ex-smoker have
been defined on the basis of length of time since
quitting - those who
gave up two or less years ago and those who gave
up more than two years
ago. The mean length of time since quitting for
the two groups was
0.74 years and 10.91 years respectively.
Twenty-nine percent of all
ex-smokers in the sample were classified as recent
ex-smokers (<2 years)
and the remainder as established ex-smokers (>2
years). The distribution
of length of time as a smoker, for each group, is
shown in Figure 18.
FIGURE 18
0/0 HOW MANY YEARS IN ALL WERE YOU A CIGARETTE
SMOKER ?
30 - RECENT ESTABLISHED
EX-SMOKERS n EX-SMOKERS
(<2 YEARS) (> 2 BEARS)
70 ' I-
77 77
10 X
77
Z
0 r7_ X
<3 yrs. 3-4 yrs. 5-6yrs. 7-10yrs. 11-15yrs.
16-20yrs. 21-30 y r s. > 31 yrs.
It can be seen that more than half of the both
recent and established
ex-smoker groups had been smokers for more than
sixteen years before quitting.
Previous Smoking Behaviour
At the time of quitting, more than fifteen percent
of now ex-smokers
were smoking less than ten cigarettes per day
(Figure 19). In this respect
CC
I'D
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


Y/
>1
0
~_-I
CZ)
\-0
Cc.
NJ
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


FIGURE 19 1
0 RESPONDENTS PREVIOUSLY SMOKING LESS THAN 10
30 CIGARETTES/DAY
20
10.
0
5 M0 <2Y :,-2Y M F 164 25+ 45+ 1 a X:
CKD
1-0
CC)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-96-
FIGURE 19
0 RESPONDENTS PREVIOUSLY SMOKING LESS THAN 10
3 0 ~0 CIGARETTES/DAY
20 -
10 7
0
smo -2Y >2Y M F 164 25+ 4.5+ 1 EU
they are similar to highly consonant and consonant
current smokers
(see Figure 7).
The most popular brands amongst ex-smokers are
shown in Table 18
where, to be included, a brand must have attracted
at least 5% usage
by at least one of the categories of respondent
under consideration. It
should be noted that the size of the sample in the
16 to 24 year age
band is only 31 persons and therefore the 10%
referred to under "other
menthol" for this group derives from three
respondents only.
The most popular previous brands are listed (Table
19), again
adopting the >5% criterion. It is interesting to
note that, with the
exception of Embassy Extra Mild (Table 18) and
Silk Cut (Table 19)
there is a conspicuous absence of low tar
products. This is somewhat
unexpected in the case of the recent quitters but
not surprising in
the case of established ex-smokers.
The most popular reasons for changing to their
most recent current
brand are shown in Figure 20.
CD
C)c
1-~
03
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


-97-
M
O
ST
P
O
P
U
L
A
R T AB
BR L
A E
N
D 1
S 8
(
E
X
-
S
M
O
KE
R
S
)
WH E N Q U I T S E X A G E S. E. C LA S S
E X 6 <2 Y > 2 Y M M 1 6 + 2 5 + 4 5 + 1 1 1 1 1 1
B E N S O N & H E D G E S K . S . 5 9 3 6 2 3 5 5
6 3 5
D U N H I L L K . S . 1 3 1 1 2 6 1 1 - 2 1
E M B A S S Y E . M . F . T . 1 5 - 1 2 - 1 2 3 -
E M B A S S Y N O . 1 F . T . 5 5 5 4 5 1 3 8 2 6
4 2
E M B A S S Y R E G A L F . T . 3 6 2 4 3 6 4 3 3
3 5
E M B A S S Y F . T . 1 0 9 1 0 8 1 3 6 1 3 9 1 2
6 1 2
J O H N P L A Y E R S P E C I A L - 1 - - 1 6 - -
- 1 -
P A R K D R I V E P L A I N 2 - 3 3 2 - 2 2 - 5 2
P L A Y E R S M E D I U M N A V Y C U T P LA I N 1
0 3 1 3 1 3 5 - 2 1 5 1 0 1 1 1 0
P L A Y E R S N O . 6 F . T . 9 11 8 9 9 1 9 1 1 7
6 9 1 3
R O T H M A N S K . S . 2 3 2 1 3 1 0 2 1 2 2 2
S E N I O R S E R V I C E P L A I N 5 1 7 7 3 - 1
8 3 7 7
W O O D B I N E P L A I N 5 - 7 7 - 1 7 2 3 1 2
O
O T
T H
H E
E R
R T
M
L 6
1 4
1 6
- 4
- 9
2
1 6
0 5
- 6
- 7
I 5
- 5
-
I
E P
N P
T E
H D
O
8 6 9 0 1
0
0
CL
0
0
0
0
<
0
:r
0
0
cr
0
0
cr
m
to
to
to


T
A -
B 9
L 8-
E
1
9
P R E V I O U S B R A N D ( E X - S M O K E R S)
W H E N Q U I T S E X A G E S. E. C L A S S
E X S < 2 Y > 2 Y M F 1 6 , 2 5 , 4 5 - 1
C O N S U L A T E F . T . - -
1 -
1
6 - -
1
E M B A S S Y F . T . 7 1 3 4 8 5 1 0 1 4 3 9 7 3
P L A Y E R S M E D I U M N A V Y C U T P L A I N
9 7 1 0 1 0 8 - 2 1 4 1 0 7 1 1
P L A Y E R S N O . 6 F . T . 5 1 0 3 4 6 6 8 3 3
6 5
S E N I O R S E R V I C E P L A I N 6 5 6 6 5 3 8
4 7 4 5
S I L K C U T F . T . 1 2 - - 2 6 1 - I I
W O O D B I N E P L A I N 6 3 7 8 3 - 2 9 3 8 8
O
N T
O H E
P R
R
E T
V I
I P
O P
U E
S D
R
E
G
U
L
A
R
B
R
AN
D
S
M
O
KE
D
3 4
7
2 4
1
4 4
3
3 3
8
3 6
5
4 -
2
3 4
6
3 5
7
3 6
5
3 2
7
3 3
9
ZH68SS0j
0
0
CL
0
0
-h
0
0
<
(D
0
h
w
0
0
0
0
rol
0
cy
CD
c0
w


FIGURE 20a
a/. THEY WERE CHEAPER
40-
30-
77
20.
10-
0
SM0 <2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25t 45+
0 FIGURE 20b
/6
30 - THEY WERE MILDER
20-
7-7
10-
0 A
SM0 <2y >2y M F 16+ 25+ 45+
FIGURE 20 c
30 - TRIED THEM AND PREFERRED THEM
20-
1 IE IM
77
10.
Q'n
0
SIVIO <2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 454
co
Q-^j
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


C:D
(-.T-l
Q11
cc
1-0
CC)
-C~:.
CZ)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0
0
7
50 -
40
77
30
20.
10-
0
SM0
<2 Y >2Y
FIGURE 21
MENTIONS OF HEALTH
M F 164 25+ 45+ 1 K 11
co
110
Co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-100-
Cost considerations appear to be a constant factor
regardless of
whet'--er the ex-smoker is recent or established,
but appealed particularly
to t'--e middle aged respondents. Mildness was
more relevant to the
rece--t quitter.
All mentions of health are summarised in Figure 21
and, as expected,
this motivation is more readily quoted by recent
ex-smokers. As with
the smoker group (Figure 10), a trend with age is
evident.
The occasions of the most enjoyable cigarette of
the day for
ex-smokers are summarised in Table 20. Compared
with current smokers
(TaKe 10), "the first one" is markedly less often
specified.
07
0
50 -
40 -
7-7
X
30
20-
X
00/
10-
0
Sli 0 -2Y >2Y
FIGURE 21
MENTIONS OF HEALTH
M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 H Ur
Q-n
cc
CC)
-.I!:,
r1 J
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


TA B L E 2 0
WH I CH W A S TH E M O S T E NJ O Y A BL E C T C
AR S T T C O F n1 E D A Y FO R Y OU ?
W H E N Q U I T S E X A G E S. E. C LA S S
E X S < 2 Y > 2 Y m F 16 + 2 5 + 4 5 + 1 l I I I I
THE FIRST O N E (AL L ME NTIO N S) 2 7 3 2 2 4 2 5
2 4 12 1 6 3 1 2 5 '2 0 3 3
THE F IRST O N E
AFTER BR E A K FAST 2 3 2 2 2 6 - 2 2 1 3
MID MORN I N G /COF FEE 4 5 3 3 4 6 3 4 4 3 3
AFTER LU N C H 1 - 1 1 - - 1 1 - 1 -
AFTER DI N N E R 1 1 1 1 - - 2 - 2 1 -
- IN EVENI N G - - - - - - - - - - -
- UNSPECIF I E D 2 3 2 2 2 6 - 2 2 1 3
WHEN I G E T UP 1 7 2 1 1 5 1 7 1 5 - 8 2 2 1 3 1
4 2 6
AFTER MEAL S ( UNSP ECIF IED) 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 9 3
i s 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 0
AFTER-DINN E R / EVEN ING MEAL 1 6 1 3 1 7 1 6 1 7
3 2 3 1 4 1 9 2 0 7
AFTER LUNC H / M IDDA Y HE AL 7 7 6 8 4 13 8 5 5 7
8
AFTER WORK / I N THE EVE NING 7 7 8 7 9 13 8 7 7 9
5
WHEN RELAX I N G 4 3 4 4 5 6 2 5 5 3 4
LAST THING A T NIG HT 2 3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2
WITH A DRI W K 3 3 3 3 4 3 7 2 4 2 3
NO PARTICU L A R TIM E 1 0 8 1 1 1 2 6 16 7 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1
DON'T KNOW / N O T ST ATED 1 1 7 1 3 1 0 1 3 29 1
0 1 0 1 0 1 3 1 2
0
0
CL
0
0
c
3
0
0
0
h
0
0
E
-9
0
0
r+
0
cr
(D
-L
c0
to


0
YO
100-
50-
0
SM0
FIGURE 22a
1 REALLY ENJOYED SMOKING
< 2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
CC)
it M
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-102-
Previous Smoking Motivation
Ex-smokers were presented with the same battery of
motivation statements
as the smokers but these were phrased
retrospectively. As before, the
five point scale of agreement was employed and in
the following Figures
(2 la-21z), statements of strongly agree and agree
have been consolidated
into the percentages quoted.
The Figures are presented without individual
comment. It is important
to stress that these responses are at the mercy of
potentially faulty
recall, particularly in respect of the established
ex-smoker. For comparison
purposes, the average response of the smoker group
is shown at the
extreme left of each Figure. The order of
presentation is the same as
in Figures lla-z.
0/6
100,
7-7
50-
0
SM0
FIGURE 22a
1 REALLY ENJOYED SMOKIN~
-2 Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+
Ia
CXD
\Z-1
cc
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-103-.
100% FIGURE 22b
I FOUND SMOKING VERY SATISFYING
7-7
X
50
0
smo -2Y ~12Y' M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 ir M
0/. FIGURE 22 c
100 -
I SMOKED AS A REWARD AFTER A HARD OR BORING TAS~
50 -
0
smo <2y -2y M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 11 x
c::)
Un
co
cn_
r-
cc
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-104-
00 FIGURE 22d
100 LIKED. TO SMOKE WHEN I HAD A DRIN~
7
50
0
SM0 >-2Y
0/0
100,
50-
0
SM0 -2Y ::-ZY
M F 16+ 25+ 45+
FIGURE 220 11
1 SMOKED WHEN RELAXING
M F 16+ 25+ 45+
1
CD
c0
CO
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-105-
% FIGURE 22 f
100- SMOKED IN ORDER TO RELAX
77
50
0
SIVIO <2Y >2Y M F 16-+ 25+ 45+
100 0/1 . FIGURE 22g
I SMOKED IN ORDER TO BREAK THE ICE WITH OTHER
5MOKERS
50
7,
o CC)
SM0 <2Y >2Y M F 16 25 45 + I I x
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-106-
0 FIGURE 22h
100 X0 1 9.
I SMOKED IN ORDER TO HELP ME CONCENTRATE
50
77
0
SM0 < 2y >2y M F 16 + 25 + 45 1
100 0/0 FIGURE 22i
I SMOKED WHEN WORKING BUT NOT DEEPLY ABSORBED IN
THE TASK
so
77
~-n
CC)
0 \-0
SM0 2Y ;:,-2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45f 1 11 M co
Q-n
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-107-
% FIGURE 22
100 'SMOKING WA S ONE OF MY FEW INDLILGENCE~
7-
so -
0
SM0 -,N > 2 Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+
0/0 FIGURE 22 k
100 - HANDLING A CIGARETTE WAS PART OF THE JOY OF
SMOKIN
50
CD
c0
0 \-0
5 M0 --ZY >2Y M F 16+ 25+- 45+ 1 C-0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


100 0/0
77
50 -
0
smo
-log-
FIGURE 22 1,
CIGARETTES ARE COMFORTING
-2 Y >2Y
M F 16+ 25+ 45+ L U IT
100 FIGURE 22m 9
I SMOKED BECAU5E CIGARETTES WERE BEING HANDED
AROUND
50
7'
0
SM0 <2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25-t. 45+ Ji M
co
1-10
cc
(_J-j
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-109-
FIGURE 22 n
100- "THERE WERE OFTEN TIMES WHEN I LIT UP A
CIGARETTE
JUST OUT OF HABIT"
50
0
51 VIO <2Y >ZY M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
%
100
50
0
SIVIO
FIGURE 22 o
I SMOKED WHEN FEELING DOWN
< ZY >ZY M F 16+ 25+- 45+
1 U Im
CZ)
co
co
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-110-
100% FIGURE 22 p
SMOKED WHEN FEELING ALONE~
50-
X
X
0
SM0 <2Y >ZY M F 16+ 25+ 45+
FIGURE 22q
0/1
100- 1 SMOKED WHEN FEELING TENSE OR ANXIOU5~
77
50-
cc
'I'D
0
5 MO <2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+- 1 1 M
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


0 FIGURE 22r
100 Y10 1. 1 SMOKED IN ORDER 'TO FEEL LESS TENSE
OR LESS IRRITABLE'
50
smo < 7y >zy M F 16+ 25+ 45+
0/1 FIGURE 22 s
100. SMOKED WHEN FEELING HUNGRY BUT COULDN'T OR
DID t4T
WANT TO EAT"
50 -
77
X
X co
110
SM0 <ZY :>2y M F 16+ 25-1- 45+ 1 IL Z Co
(-n
CrI,
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


100%
50
FIGURE 22t
I SMOKED INSTEAD OF NIBBLING SOMETHIN6'
7,
0
SM0 <2Y >2Y
M F 16+ 25+ 45+
100% I FIGURE 22u
I SMOKED WHEN FEELING BORE6
7-
50.
CD
Q-n
(-T1
Co
0
SM0 -2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+ t Er M cc
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-113-
FIGURE 22
100
I -SMOKED WHEN DEEPLY ABSORBED IN WHAT I -WAS
DOING
50
7
X
0
SM0 -2Y >2Y
M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 M
% FIGURE 22 w
100-
I SMOKED IN ORDER TO MAKE A BREAK IN TASK~
50
7-~
0
5 M0 -ZY >2Y
M F 16+ 25+ 45+
CD
c0
1 1 M ~_n
cx:>
BATCo, document for Province of British Columbia
29 October 1999


-114-
FIGURE 22x
'00 1 SMOKED AFTER RECEIVING BAD NEWS OR A SUDDEN
SHOCK
77
50
0
5 M0 < 2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25* 45+
FIGURE 22Y
100, 1 NEEDED THE NICOTINE IN CIGARETTE5"
50
7,
X
x
0
smo <2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+. r u m
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999
co
\_0
00


100 0y, FIGURE 22z
I ALWAYS HAD CIGARETTES AT CERTAIN TIMES OR
OCCASIONS DURING THE DAY"
7-
s0 -
0
SIVIO 7Y > 2Y M F 16* 25+ 45+ 1
cc
\.C
C--
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-115-
0 FIGURE 22z
100 ~0 01 ALWAYS HAD CIGARETTES AT CERTAIN TIMES
OR
OCCASIONS DURING THE DAY"
7-
50 -
X
X
X
S1140 < 2Y > 2Y M F 16+- 25+ 45+
Relative to any sub-group of smokers, ex-smokers
are more likely to
have smoked because cigarettes were being handed
around and in order to break
the ice with other smokers. They are less likely
to believe that smoking
was one of their few indulgences.
Recent ex-smokers, compared with established
ex-smokers are more
likely to have smoked when bored, when tense or
anxious, when feeling "down"
and after a trauma. They are also more likely to
have smoked when feeling
alone and in order to feel less tense or
irritable.
Those ex-smokers strongly agreeing/agreeing with
the statement in
Figure 22z (49% of all ex-smokers) were questioned
about the times of day
or occasions on which they always had a cigarette
and the results are
presented in Table 21 and -compared with the
responses of all smokers.
cc
11.0
CXD
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-il6-
TABLE 21
EXS SM0
<2 Y >2Y
M (Z) (7.)
AFTER MEALS (UNSPECIFIED) 49 60 54
FIRST THING IN THE MORNIVG/WHEN I GET UP 14 11 24
TEA BREAK/TEA TIME/WITH A CUP OF TEA 13 20 22
COFFEE BREAK/MID-MORNING 15 17 21
AFTER LUNCH/MIDDAY MEAL 16 16 17
WITH A DRINK (ALCOHOLIC) 1 12 13
LAST THING AT NIGHT/BEFORE GOING TO BED 6 6 11
AFTER DINNER/EVENING MEAL 22 13 11
EVENINGS AT HOME 10 10 10
AFTER BREAKFAST 14 7 8
It can be seen that the cigarette "first thing in
the morning" is
less often mentioned by ex-smokers than by current
smokers, although
"after breakfast" and "after dinner" are more
often quoted. Ex-smokers
are also less likely than current smokers to smoke
a cigarette "last
thing at night/before going to bed".
The data collected in respect of ex-smokers'
previous motivation to
smoke will be the subject of further analysis.
co
110
co
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


-117-
Quitting Behaviour
All ex-smokers were asked how sure they are that
they will not take
up smoking packeted cigarettes again. The results
are presented in
Table 22 and, as might be expected, a greater
confidence in remaining an
ex-smoker is expressed by the more established
ex-smoker group.
TABLE 22
WHEN QUIT
<2 Y >2Y
VERY SURE 35 82
QUITE SURE 30 12
NEITRER SURE NOR UNSURE 22 4
QUITE UNSURE 7 2
VERY UNSURE 6 -
Respondents were then asked to justify their
statements depending
upon the answers given above. Table 23 sm-arises
the reasons given
by those who are very/quite sure as a function of
length of time since
quitting and age. Tables 24 and 25 present similar
data for those who
were neither sure nor unsure and those who were
very/quite unsure
respectively.
CD
CC)
\10
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


_118-
TABLE 23
WHY DO YOU SAY YOU ARE VERY/QUITE SURE YOU WILL
NOT TAKE UP
SMOKING CIGARETTES AGAIN?
WHEN QUIT AGE
<2 Y >2Y 16+ 25- 45+
ALL MENTIONS OF HEALTH 45 43 37 40 46
WOULD BE SI-_LY/DON'T WANT TO 21 31 26 20 33
FINANCIAL P_TkSONS 30 23 26 27 24
HAVE TRIED z:~M DIDN'T LIKE 13 18 22 19 16
DISLIKE THE SMELL 11 10 7 19 7
R.Y.O./SMOK__ PIPE AND PREFER 3 5 8 4 2
WIFE/ HUSBAND /CHILDREN WOULDN'T LIKE IT 3 2 7 3 1
FOOD TASTES BETTER - 2 - 3 1
WOULD NOT CHILDREN TO SMOKE - 1 - 1 1
It will be recalled (Table 14) that, for smokers,
the most often quoted
reason for =-:tempting to quit was the cost of
smoking. For ex-smokers, the
major reasc=s for not taking up smoking again are
related to health and not
cost. This suggests that those smokers who have
already quit were motivated
by differen: reasons than those yet expressing the
wish to.
The ri-ck of a sudden lapse, even for established
ex-smokers is
surprisingly high, especially for the older person
unsure about his intention
to remain au ex-smoker (Table 24). Tension, and
stress (Table 25) are
potentiallv the greatest threat to the established
ex-smoker's resolve.
All those e-r-smokers who were neither sure nor
unsure, quite unsure or very
unsure that they will not take up smoking
cigarettes were questioned further
about their doubts (Table 26).
CD
(-M
Q71
CC)
CC)
0 _1
CXD
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh C01urnbia
29 October 1999


_119-
TABLE 24
WHY DO YOU SAY YOU ARE NEITHER SURE NOR UNSURE YOU
WILL NOT
TAKE UP SMOKING CIGARETTES AGAIN?
WHEN QUIT AGE
<2 Y >2Y 16+ 25+
MAY HAVE A SUDDEN LAPSE 45 62 50 46
QUIT BEFORE AND WENT BACK 27 - 50 17
MAY UNDER EXTREME TENSION 6 23 1 21
IF OFFERED ONE, I MAY SMOKE IT 9 - - -
READY MADE ARE HANDIER THAN ROLL-UPS 6 - - 8
ROLL-UPS ARE CHEAPER - 8 - 4
TABLE 25
WHY DO YOU SAY 7-OU ARE VERY/QUITE UNSURE YOU WILL
NOT TAKE
:P SMOKING CIGARETTES AGAIN?
WHEN QUIT
<2 Y >2Y
STILL CRAVE FOR THEM 37 38
HAVE NOT ENOUGH WILL POWER 42 25
UNDER STRESS I MAY 11 38
DON'T KNOW 11 -
16+
50
50
-
-
AGE
25+
45
45
-
9
45+
55
20
-
15
-
45+
29
29
36
7
1 _0
~Do
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-120-
TABLE 26
WHY DO YOU THINK THAT YOU MIGHT START SMOKING
PACKETED CIGARETTES AGAIN?
WHEN QUIT AGE
<2 Y >2Y 16+ 25+ 45+
UNDER STRESS, I MAY 19 38 50 23 24
ENJOY THEM 17 24 25 20 18
LACK OF WILL POWER 25 5 25 14 24
SOMETIMES FANCY ONE/WHEN I WAKE UP 1
15 14 - 14 is
WANT ONE
HANDY/READY MADE 4 5 - 9 -
MAY GO BACK WHEN HAVE HAD THE BABY 2 - - 3 -
DON'T KNOW 21 10 - 20 18
It should be noted that only 14 percent of all
ex-smokers qualified
for inclusion in Table 26.
It would appear from the data presented in Figure
23 that most
successful quitters do not make repeated efforts
to give up smoking before
achieving their new status. Although the question
included a time
qualification, it would appear that established
ex-smokers succeeded
after fewer attempts than more recent ex-smokers.
This may well be a
reflection of the different motivations to quit
expressed by the two
groups.
c0
1.10
c0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


ox
0 FIGURE 23
100, BEFORE GIVING UP SMOKING, HOW MANY ATTEMPTS
HAD YOU MADE IN THE PREVIOUS TWO YEARS"
2 y >2Y
]--(ME ANz 1-3 (MEAN 1-07)
[
50
0 Fb
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 9 10
NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS
CD
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-121-
% FIGURE 23
100, BEFORE GIVING UP SMOKING, HOW MANY ATTEMPTS
HAD YOU MADE IN THE PREVIOUS TWO YEARS" ?
2 y tu>2Y
]--(MEAN= 1-3 (MEAN 1-07)
[
50
0
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a 3 10
NUMBER OF ATTEMPTS
Comparing the data on attempts to quit by smokers
(Figure 13) with
that from those who have been successful (Figure
23), it can be seen that
the profile of responses for the highly dissonant
smokers is broadly
similar to that of the successful quitter. The
data suggest that it
is rare for a smoker to quit if he makes more than
five attempts in two
years to give up.
The reasons cited by ex-smokers for quitting are
summarised in
Table 27. The distribution of responses reinforces
the belief that
those who have already given up smoking cigarettes
were more motivated
by health reasons than the average smoker for whom
cost remains the
primary incentive (Table 14).
C:D
Cx:)
c0
--j
U-1
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-122-
TABLE 27
WHAT WERE THE REASONS THAT MADE YOU GIVE UP
SMOKING
MANUFACTURED CIGARETTES?
WHEN QUIT AGE
<2 Y >2Y 16+ 25+ 45+
COST 31 26 39 31 24
HEALTH (GENERAL) 36 37 35 35 39
CHEST/BRONCHITIS 11 6 3 6 9
DOCTOR'S ADVICE 1 6 - 1 6
PREGNANT 3 4 10 4 2
COUGHING 7 6 - 7 6
TALK ABOUT CANCER/HEALTH WARNINGS 7 8 6 11 6
FAMILY PRESSURE 9 6 6 11 5
SEE IF I COULD 15 11 19 10 12
DISLIKED TASTE/WENT OFF THEM 5 11 6 10 9
Q.n
(-M
03
\~o
CXD
----j
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-123-
Compared with those smokers still wishing to give
up smoking
(Figure 16a), relatively few of those who have
successfully quit were
under pressure to do so (Table 28). Those who have
become ex-smokers
in the last two years have experienced a greater
amount of pressure with
the older respondent more likely to have received
a great deal of pressure.
As with current smokers, husbands and wives were
the most likely
sources of influence and, for recent ex-smokers,
children were mentioned
by one in five respondents. General pressure from
T.V./newspapers etc.
was quoted by 4 percent of recent ex-smokers but
only by I percent
of established quitters.
TABLE 28
HOW MUCH PRESSURE, IF ANY, DID YOU FEEL YOURSELF
UNDER TO GIVE
UP SMOKING CIGARETTES ALTOGETHER?
WHEN QUIT AGE
<2 Y >2Y 16+ 25+ 45+
A GREAT DEAL 14 13 3 15 14
A FAIR AMOUNT 19 11 32 16 10
NOT VERY MUCH 21 16 19 14 18
NONE AT ALL 47 59 45 55 57
C=)
00
1-10
00
---_j
1-0
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


-124-
TABLE 29
WHICH OF THESE PHRASES BEST DESCRIBES HOW YOU FEEL
ABOUT
HAVING STOPPED SMOKING?
WHEN QUIT AGE
<2 Y >2Y 16+ 25+ 45+
VERY HAP'-:'Y 40 70 48 59 64
QUITE HA?FY 33 20 39 22 23
NEITHER HAPPY NOR UNHAPPY 19 8 13 13 10
QUITE UNHAPPY 5 1 - 2 2
VERY UNF-kPPY 3 - - 2 1
Reference to Table 29 confirms that the longer a
person has been an
ex-smoker, the more content he is with having
stopped smoking.
The reported consequences of having stopped
smoking are summarised
in Table 30, from which it can be seen that the
most often quoted effects
related to food, either as a 'benefit' (tasted
better) or as (presumably)
a disadvantage (weight gain) . Gaining weight was
particularly noted
amongst older ex-smokers who were also the least
likely to record
improvement ia the taste of food. The number of
generally positive
mentions are greatly in excess of the negative
reactions.
cc
11 C
(:0
cc
13 ATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia
29 October 1999


-125-
TABLE 30
WHAT HAPPENED WHEN YOU GAVE UP SMOKING
MANUFACTURED CIGARETTES?
WHEN QUIT AGE
<2 Y >2Y 16+ 25+ 45+
NOTHING 13 24 23 13 25
PUT ON WEIGHT/ATE SWEETS 27 28 13 27 30
MISERABLE/MOODY/BAD TEMPERED 17 10 13 14 10
MISSED HANDLING A CIGARETTE 3 1 3 2 1
COULD THINK OF NOTHING ELSE 1 - - 1 1
WITHDRAWAL SYMPTOMS 1 - - 1 -
DRANK MORE - - - I -
FOOD TASTED BETTERATE BETTER 26 22 32 25 22
FELT FITTER 15 25 13 27 20
MORE MONEY TO SPEND 20 18 32 22 16
NO COUGH 15 16 16 13 16
NOT SO SHORT OF BREATH 11 12 6 18 9
MOUTH FELT CLEANER 10 6 6 7 7
NO STALE SMELL IN MORNING/HOUSE DOESN'T SMELL 6 2
3 4 2
MORE ALERT 4 2 - 4 2
CLOTHES/HAIR SMELT BETTER 1 2 6 4 -
NO SORE THROAT 3 1 3 2 1
LESS HEADACHES I I - 2 1
cc
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


p
acwfacLA &~-
CD
Ln
Qn
co
co
Co
411
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-126-
TABLE 31
WHAT, IF ANYTHING, DO YOU MISS MOST AS A RESULT OF
NOT
SMOKING MANUFACTURED CIGARETTES?
WHEN QUIT AGE
<2 Y >2Y 16+ 25+ 45+
NOTHING 58 57 45 68 75
AFTER DINNER/RELAXING/THE CALMING EFFECT 15 9 26
10 10
HANDLING A CIGARETTE 13 5 16 8 7
IN A SOCIAL SITUATION 8 6 10 10 5
WITH A DRINK 5 2 3 7 2
THE SATISFACTION 7 1 3 4 2
THE TASTE 2 1 3 1 1
WHEN CONCENTRATING I - - 1 -
THE EARLY MORNING CIGARETTE - I - - -
DON'T KNOW 1 2 - 1 2
The majority of ex-smokers claimed not to have
missed anything as
a result of not smoking (Table 31). This is
particularly true of
established ex-smokers but, as noted earlier, the
accuracy of responses
are dependent upon sometimes lengthy memory.
Whilst for a large number
of smokers, the early morning cigarette is the
most enjoyable (Table 10),
this was mentioned by only one of the 525
ex-smokers questioned here.
co
110
c0
co
Qlm
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


0/. FIGURE 24.
100 THERE 15 TOO MUCH FUSS BEING MADE ABOUT
SMOKING
AND HEALTH RISKS~(see figure 17a)
U-1
5 M0 <ZY >2y M F 164 25+ 45+ 1 M CC)
50-
110
CC
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-127-
Attitudes to Smoking and Health
Responses to nine of the sixteen items on smoking
and health presented
to smokers were also elicited from the sample of
ex-smokers. As before,
the percentage of each category strongly agreeing
or agreeing with each
statement is shown in the following Figures.
In every case, the level of agreement is lower for
either category
of ex-smoker than for the undifferentiated smoker
sample and in most cases,
lower for the establighed ex-smoker relative to
the recent ex-smoker.
The follc-jing Figures (24a-24i) are presented
without individual
comment, but to assist comparison, reference is
made to the appropriate
Figure for the smoker groups' responses.
0/0 FIGURE 24a
i0 o THERE 15 TOO MUCH FUSS BEING MADE ABOUT
-SMOKING
AND HEALTH R15KS"(see figure 17a)
0
SM0 -2Y >2Y M F 164 254- 45+ in
50 - 7-
U-I
(-n
c0
CC)
co
cc
BATCo document for Province Of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


-126-
% FIGURE 24 b
100- MANY NON-SMOKERS DIE OF ILLNESSES THAT ARE
OFTEN
SAID TO BE CAUSED BY SMOKINGaGARET TES (see fi
gure 17 c)
77
so
0
SM0 -2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 R I
100 0/. " FIGURE 24c
CIGARETTE SMOKING SIMPLY MAKES IT MORE LIKELY THAT
YOU
WOULD GET AN ILLNESS YOU WOULD GET ANYWAY (see
figure T7d)
7-
50-
0
SIVIO <2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 r M
CD
c0
%10
c0
c0
11.0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


10 OOZO FIGU RE 24 d
'~OU COULD BE RUN OVER BY A BUS TOMORROW 50 WHY
WORRY ABOUT SMOKING CIGARETTE~ (see figure 17e)
7-
50 -
SM0 -<2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 Z El
% " FIGURE 24e
100" THERE IS NOTHING WRONG WITH SMOKING AS LONG
AS
A PERSON SMOKES MODERATELY" (see figure 17f)
77
50
0
SIVIO <2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 1 iff
CC
1-C
C-1-
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-130-
00 FIGURE 24 1
100 MILD CIGARETTES ARE SAFER THAN STRONG
CIGARETTES
(see figure 179)
77
50
0
smo <2Y >2~ M F 16+ 25+ 45+ r n x
0 ~ FIGURE 24g
0
100 ~OW TAR CIGARETTES ARE SAFER THAN OTHER
CIGARETTE~
(see figure 17h)
.50
0
smo 2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1
C::D
~_n
(-n
co
110
CXD
BATCo, document for Province of British Columbia
29 October 1999


-131-
0 FIGURE 24 h
YO
"'o YOU CANNOT ALWAYS BELIEVE WHAT THE GOVERNMENT
TELLS
YOU ABOUT SMOKING AND HEALTH" (see. figure 17 k)
77
50
0
smo -,2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+
100% . FIGURE 24i
DOCTORS DO NOT AGREE AMONGST THEMSELVES ABOUT THE
P0551BLE DANGERS OF SMOKING TO HEALTH'(see figure
17j)
so
0
smo <2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+- 45+ 1 K El
co
1-0
c0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-132-
Compared with the average smoker, ex-smokers are
less likely to
believe that there is too much fuss made about
smoking, and generally
seem to be less fatalistically disposed. In almost
all cases the established
ex-smoker group is less highly represented in
these data than the recent
ex-smoker.
Belief in the relatively greater safety of mild
cigarettes and low
tar cigarettes is generally high and particularly
amongst younger ex-smokers.
This group is, however, least sceptical about
government and doctors'
advice about smoking and least likely to endorse
moderation in smoking.
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


0 y0 it FIGURE 24j w
100- NOWADAYS IT IS MUCH LE55 SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE
TO SMOKE
(see figure T7q)
7-
50-
X
0 SM0 <2y >ZY M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 H X
co
\~o
c0
I'D
ON
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-133-
Social Acceptability of Smoking
Three of the five items on social acceptability of
smoking presented
to smokers, were also answered by the ex-smoker
group (Figures 24j-24t).
In these cases, the ex-smokers give firmer
responses than the smokers and,
within the ex-smoker sample, established
ex-smokers are more likely to
express agreement than recent quitters.
100 FIGURE 24i
NOWADAYS IT IS MUCH LESS SOCIALLY ACCEPTABLE TO
SIVICKE
(see figure T7q)
smo <2Y >2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+ 1 U a
co
c0
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


z
i
Q-n
U7
cc
110
CKD
CC)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-134-
FIGURE 24 It
100. 0 d
CIGARETTE SMOKING 15 A DIRTY HABIT (see fiqure
17s)
50-
0
SIVIO <7Y -2Y M F 16+ 25+ 45+
0/1 d FIGURE 24 L
10" CIGARETTE SMOKING 15 HARMFUL TO THE HEALTH OF
NON-SMOKERS
(see figure 17t)
50-
7-,
0
SM0 < ZY > 2y M F 16+ 25-t- 45+
c0
cc
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


~-7
~_r
cc
I-Z~
1-0
--D
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-135-
As with the smoker group, it is possible to
compare the responses
by ex-smokers to two items given here with
ex-smokers' responses to the
same items presented in Operation AQUARIUS (2).
AQUARIUS LIBRA
(7) M
"CIGARETTE SMOKING IS A DIRTY HABIT"
Agree strongly/agree 73 74
Disagree/disagree strongly 20 16
"CIGARETTE SMOKING IS HARMFUL TO
THE HEALTH OF NON-SMOKERS"
Agree strongly/agree 50 50
Disagree/disagree strongly 36 32
The response pattern in respect of both items is
remarkably stable
compared with the slight shift recorded for
smokers in respect of the
same items (p. 94).
%10
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


r~~
I/
CD
(-n
Un
c0
110
110
CD
N.)
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-136-
V. SMOKING AND HEALTH CONCERN
The final section of the questionnaire contained q
uestions answered
by all respondents - smokers, ex-smokers, and
never smokers and comprised
items designed to gauge respondents' knowledge and
beliefs about cigarettes
and health.
Substances in Cigarettes
All respondents were asked: "Apart from tobacco
and paper, what
other substances are there in cigarettes?" The
four most popular responses
to this question are given in Table 32 and it
should be noted that no other
substance received more than a 5 percent response
by any group.
TABLE 32
SUBSTANCES IN CIGARETTES
ALL
TOT
NICOTINE 65
TAR 46
SALT PETRE 16
SMOKERS
CON SONANCE/D ISSONA NCE
SM0 HIC CON DIS HID
69 66 68 68 71
48 so 46 46 49
21 21 22 16 21
EX-SMOKERS NEVER
SMOKERSI
WHEN QUIT
EXS <2Y >2Y NEV
67 73 65 61
52 57 50 41
24 23 24 6
DON'T KNOW 21 19 20 18 25 17 17 11 18 26
c::)
BATCO document for Province Of Brifth COIUMbia 29
October 1999


-137-
If these data are interpreted as an index of
awareness, it is
consistent with expectation that recent ex-smokers
are most aware of
the presence of nicotine and tar in cigarettes.
Thus, those smokers
who have attempted to quit (the consonant and
highly dissonant), are
least likely to be ignorant of the presence of
nicotine and tar in
cigarettes. The difference between smokers' and
ex-smokers' awareness
is more marked in respect of tar than nicotine,
further suggesting perhaps
that the health motivation to quit included a
perception of tar as an
undesirable constituent of cigarettes.
This hypothesis is not clearly supported, however,
when the data
in Table 33 are considered. Here, respondents were
asked: "Which of
the substances that you have mentioned do you
think are harmful to
health?" It is clear that for all respondents,
regardless of category,
nicotine is more often than tar seen to be harmful
to health.
TABLE 33
ALL
TOT
NICOTINE 59
TAR 51
SALT PETRE 5
DON'T KNOW 9
SMOKERS EX-SMOKERS
CO NSONANCE/ DISSONANCE WHEN QUIT
SMO HIC CON DIS HID EXS <2Y >2Y
57 53 48 60 64 57 60 56
50 49 48 48 52 54 54 53
6 7 3 2 7 7 7 7
8 10 10 7 6 11 11 12
NEVER
SMOKERS
NEV
64
49
3
8
cz:>
c0
110
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 29
October 1999


. . r, ~ - ( i -
I
I
CD
(-71
L.n
co
CrII
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-138-
Of the total sample of 2018, 1594 mentioned at
least one substance
w~Lich, apart from tobacco and paper, they
believed to be in cigarettes.
C'aly 470 respondents mentioned more than one
substance and these were
subsequently asked: "Which one substance in
cigarettes or cigarette smoke
--:a you think is most harmful to health?" The
results are summarised in
-able 34.
TABLE 34
NEVER
ALL SMOKERS EX-SMOKERS
SMOKERS
CON SONANCE/D ISSONANCE WHEN QUIT
TOT SMO HIC CON DIS HID EXS <2Y >2Y NEV
N I C 0--',-E 26 20 14 29 9 20 20 29 16 38
T&R 60 65 68 60 73 66 66 58 70 50
SALT ?ETRE 1 3 4 6 - 2 - - - 1
DON': ILNOW 11 10 14 6 18 9 12 11 12 11
Clearly, for the more sophisticated respondent who
is able to provide
more than one constituent, tar is far more often
perceived as the substance
most harmful to health. Again, it is those who
have made unsuccessful
attempts to quit (the consonant and highly
dissonant smokers) who are least
likely to be unable to answer the question.
All respondents were asked if they had seen the
government tables
showing tar and nicotine content of all brands of
cigarettes. The
percentage of each category of respondent
answering "yes" is shown in
Figure 25.
c0
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh C01urnbia
29 October 1999


0 RGURE 25
;/0
"'0' HAVE SEEN GOVT TABLES OF
TAR NICOTINE CONTENT
50
0
HIC CON D15 HID EX5 NEV
% FIGURE 26
10 D, DO NOT KNOW THE TAR
BAND CATEGORIES
50-
0
HIC CON DIS HID EX5 NEV
c0
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 29
October 1999


-139-
FIGURE 25 0/0 FIGURE: 26
0
'00 HAVE SEEN GOVT TABLES OF 100. DO NOT KNOW THE
TAR
TAR & NICOTINE CONTENT - BAND CATEGORIES
50- 50-
0 0
HIC CON D15 HID EXS NEV HIC CON DIS HID EXS NEY
The two smoker groups who have attempted to quit
and the ex-smokers
have a greater level of awareness than the other
two smoker groups and
the irrelevance of the tables for the never smoker
is reflected accordingiy.
Surprisingly, it is the consonant and highly
dissonant smoker groups
who are relatively more ignorant of the tar band
categories used on
cigarette packs (Figure 26). The established
ex-smoker and the never
smoker clearly separate from the other groups in
this regard. When
asked "What are the tar band