QUARTERLY REPORT
OCTOBER - DECEMBER 1962
COMPILED BY3 D.G. Felton
I.W. Hughes
F. Haslam
ISSUED BYz S.J. Green
DISTRIBUTIONi
Copy No. I - D.S.F. Hobson, Esq.
2 - Sir Charles Ellis.
3 - H.D. Anderson, Esq.
4 - R.A. Boothroyd, Esq.
5
6 - T.M. Wade Jnr. Esq.
7 - L.C. Laporte, Esq.
8 - W.I.I. Reid, Esq.
9 - E.C. Fieldsend, Esq.
10 - G. Simpson, Esq.
11 - Library.
12 - File 68.
COFY No. 12 File 6E.
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 9
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Research & Development Establishment,
British-American Tobacco Company Ltd.9
Southampton.
DGF/JMS/68. Ist Januaryq 1963.
QUARTERLY REPORT
OCTOBER - DECEMBER 1962
INTRODUCTION
Since the last Quarterly Report, a number of
changes has been made In the Programme
and these have been taken into consideration In
the present report. They arei-
1. Basic research on the chemistry of tobacco
structural materials, formerly listed
under Project 5000, has been transferred to
Project 2000 sub-soction (2080),
2, A new project - Smoke Research, Generall
Project 3000 - has been started and
Incorporates Project 3100.
3. Work on Selective Filtration of Smoke
Constituents, formerly 3230t has been
reprogrammed as a new project (3400), now that the
Selective Filtration Section has been
established.
MOJECT 1000 GENERAL RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
1100 Analytical
(Miss C.W. Ayers) (7) Work continues on the
compilation of ultra-vIolet and
Infra-red spectra. An infra-red method has been
developed for
the determination of triacetin and polyethylene
glycol present
in filters and is being applied to various
commercial filters.
This method will be reported In the near future.
(12) Work on the determination of a total nitrogen
balance Is
still delayed owing to pressure of other work.
(13) A spectrographic method for the qualitative
determination
of metals in tobacco has been developed. Some
difficulties
are being experienced In attempting to develop a
quantitative
procedure. The existing colorimetric methods for
the estimation
of Iron, copper, al%ninium and manganese are being
re-examined
in an endeavour to improve their reproducibility.
CZ::)
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1200 Tobacco
(1.4. Hughes) (1) The separation of C.R.S.9 at
various levels, from an all
flue-cured tobacco blend has been successfully
carried out.
The operator Is now attempting to familiarise
herself with
different types of tobacco such as Burley and
Oriental.
(Miss C.U. Ayers) (3) Preliminary analysis of
Boxer tobacco using gas chromato-
graphyg has shown that this tobacco contains
approximately twice
as much acetic acid as the control supplied with
the Boxer sample.
This quantity of acetic acid Is approximately
twenty times that
found in a Players (CNIOD) tobacco. Other volatile
acids are
present in small amounts. It has been found that
the "acidic"
aroma of the Boxer sample has decreased enormously
since it was
received in R. & 0. E. and before further work is
contemplated
fresh samples should be obtained.
1300 Clqarettes
(S.R. Evelyn) (7) A further six samples of
cellulose acetate filter rods
made by the Threaded Roll process have been
examined. A report
is in preparation.
(S.R. Evelyn) (8) Composite filters
(paper-acetate) from South Africa
(1.W. Hughes) reported as being possibly
responsible for an Impairment in
smoke quality have been compared with similar
filters from
Rhodesia. No major difference between the two
filters could
be found. A report has been Issued.
(9) Cigarettes made for Project Crash has been
assessed for
filtrational properties and smoke taste. A report
has been
issued.
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(S.R. Evelyn) (10) The sample of paper, which has
been treated according to
(H.G. Horsewell) the patented 'Filtrall' process
(H. WhItefield) has recently
been received. This paper and a control are being
made Into
filter rods by the Schweitzer process and will be
compared.
1400 Process Research & Develorment
(A.W. Cronshaw) (1) Ekco Limited checked the
sealed sources for leakage to
comply with the Factories Ionising Radiations
Regulations.
Though there has been further correspondence with
the
Factory Inspector on an "Approved Scheme of Work".
the matter
Is still In his hands.
PROJECT 2000 MBACCO% RELATION OF CONSTITUENTS AND
PRCPERTIES OF TOBACCO
TO THE QUALITY OF LEAF AND S!,1OKE AND TO
AGRICULTURAL AND CURING,
PROCESSES
2010 Waterloo Part IV
(D.G. Felton) (2) The statistical analysis of the
results from Part IV has
been completed by the laboratory responsible, but
the report
has not yet been received by R. & D. E.
2020 Grey Tobacco
(D.J. Wood) (3) Laboratory examination of stored
leaf from the second
(R. Comber) greenhouse crop, 1961, Is nearing
completion. During storage,
(C.W. Ayers) changes have recurred in reflectance
colour and In a number
of organic constituents. It Is hoped to Issue a
report early
in 1963.
(4) No work has been carried out on pigments In
cured tobacco
but an appraisal of the problem will be reported
early in 1963.
(5) The leaf samples from Pakistan have been found
to be
contaminated with very fine soil particles which
are extremely
difficult to remove, even by chemical treatment.
This
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contamination accounts for the very high content
of irong
aluminium and silica. The report, which was held
up because
of these new findings, is now in course of
preparation.
(6) Storage of leaf from the first of the 1962
greenhouse
experiments Is continuing. Colour measurements,
which are
being made at regular Intervalsq show a very
definite
relationship between nutrient treatment and colour
changet
the sample with the highest levels of iron and
chloride
darkening rapidly. Visually this sample now
appears grey.
(7) There Is nothing to add concerning the second
of the 1962
greenhouse experiments.
(8) Plants of the third 1962 experiment are still
In the
greenhouse, with harvesting and curing now In
progress. Nearly
all leaves from plantsq fed a combination of iron
and aluminium,
have cured to a dark grey-brown colour.
(9) The Initial work on enzyme Inactivation by
dielectric heat
has been completed and a report will shortly be
issued. The
colour change of leaf In which enzymes had been
inactivated
wasq after two months storage, virtually the some
as that of
untreated leaf. From this It Is concluded that the
reactions
which lead to change in colour during storage
after flue-curing
are largely if not entirely non-enzymic.
(10) In an effort to find the causes of sponging
in flue-cured
tobacco from Cyprusq samples of the tobacco and of
the soil from
Cyprus have been obtained by Leaf Department. The
leaf samples
are now being analysed. It is not yet known
whether this defect
is In any way related to grey tobacco.
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(11) Soil samples from Pakistan have been sent at
our request
In the hope that analysis of trace elements might
help to
elucidate the nutrient causes of grey tobacco. A
much more
comprehensive soil analysis Is simultaneously
being carried out
in Pakistan Itself.
2 D40 (1 & 3) A report has been prepared on the
results obtained by
(R.G. Hook) multiple redrying and
thermogravimetric analysis. This work
has been of little help in determining the nature
of water
bonding, but has shown it should be possible to
develop an
oven test to determine moisture content without
organic
volatiles. Such a method would have great use in
R. & D. E.
(2) Initial work with differential therma I
analysis Indicates
that this technique will probably have little
value In
determining the nature of water bonding.
(4) Work has commenced on the vapour pressure
studies of
tobacco at different temperatures and moistures.
(Miss C.V1. Ayers) (5) Owing to various requests
for accurate moisture contents
of tobacco, the various methods for estimating
water, such as
Karl Fischer reagent and near-Infra-red
spectroscopy, are being
examined. Initial indications suggest that the
near-infra-red
method may be the better one.
2060 Fennentation of Tobacco
(W.B. Fordyce) (3) A theoretical study of the
carbohydrate balance In
fermentation has been started.
2070 Colour of Tobacco
(D.J. Wood) (I & 2) This project has been
Initiated in order to learn more
about the colour of tobacco In generalt how the
reflectance
colour Is related to various fractions of
extractable coloured
substances, how It Is affected by processing
(including primary
C
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processing) what chemical changes are involved in
the latter,
etc. So far the work has been concerned with
establishing
suitable techniques for studying the relation
between
reflectance colour and extractable colour.
2080 Chemical Structure of Tobacco
(W.B. Fordyce) During this quarter the
determination of molecular weight
(A.R. Cousins) using viscometry has been completed
and a report has been
drafted. Further vi3cometric Investigations will
be carried
out and reported as a complement to the light
scattering
technique (M86).
(W.B. Fordyce) (1) Re-examination of the periodate
consumption of flue-cured
tobacco xylan Indicates that the oxidation Is
virtually
complete (100%) and not 75% complete as suggested
by earlier
experiv*nts and reported in the previous quarterly
report.
Work has begun on the minor polysaccharide
constituents of
Burley tobacco. Use of a slow cellulose column of
high
resolution for the separation of the sugars
obtained on
hydrolysis indicates the presence of three
hitherto un-
detected sugars.
(2) A report has been completed on the comparison
of cell
wall carbohydrates in various tobaccos and P.C.L.
This
Investigation is now suspended.
(W.B. Fordyce) (3) An examination of the
constitution of flue-cured tobacco
(A.R. Cousins) pectin is being made. The pectic
acid is reduced, via the
ethylene glycol ester, to a galactan, whose
structure Is
determined more easily than that of the parent
uronic acid.
(_77
CZD
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(W.B. Fordyce) (4) Preliminary measurements of the
mechanical properties of
(A.R. Cousins) leaf have been made. When all the
physical properties have
(P.J. Nicholl) been studied, the examination of
the polysaccharlde constituents
will be started.
(W.B. Fordyce) (5) An investigation regarding the
use of freeze-drying as a
means of recovering tobacco flavour constituents
has been
started.
(A.R. Cousins) (6) A light-scattering instrument,
for the measurement of
absolute weight-average molecular weights, has
been Installed.
Calibration experiments using sucrose octa-acetate
as a
standard are In progress.
(7) The determination of number average molecular
weight of
constituent polysaccharides of tobacco using
ebulliometry
and vapour pressure osmometry is awaiting delivery
of apparatus,
PROJECT 3000 CIGARETTE DESIGN Smoke research -
qeneral.
(D. Cleverdon) (1) An attempt to measure the free
radical activity of tobacco
smoke condensate has shown that It Is rich in
inhibitors for
free radical reactions e.g. condensate is able to
suppress the
polymerisation of vinyl acetatet Initiated by
benzoyl peroxide,
This suggests that smoke condensate contains
constituents which
are able to react with the growing chain radicals
and convert
them to low energy entities incapable of further
growth.
Inhibitors are often odd-electron compounds
themselves or are
very readily converted into odd-electron
structures.
This work is being pursued.
(C.I. Ayres) (2) A survey of Nblished information
on the effects of
smoking on cilia has been started and it Is
intended to report
in the form of a critical survey of the evidence.
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3100 Smoke Formation
3110 Characterisation of tobacco as a smoke
producer
(C.I. Ayres) (3) The contribution by repyrolysis
to benzpyrenet tar and
nicotine yields has been studied, using a long
(102 mm)
cigarette. A report has been prepared and will be
Issued.
(C.W. Ayers) (6) The determination of product
efficiencies for tar and
nicotine for cigarettes made from single grades of
flue-curiad
and Burley tobaccos Is under way. This work is
being carried
out to determine the range of product efficiency
values likely
to be encountered.
3120 Study of Pipes. ciqars and ciqarettes
(C.I. Ayres) (2) Following a visit to R. Barling &
Sons (pipe manufacturers)
a supply of rough-cut mod blocks was received.
Soma different
pipe designs are being made from these and will be
Investigated.
(3) The yields of benzpyrene from cigarettes for
which
cigarette paper of different porosities were used
are being
determined. This Is the first part of the
Investigation into
the effects of combustible and noncombustible
wrappers on smoke
production.
(4) Nothing to report.
3130 Characterisation of the combustion process
(R.G. Hook) (1) The feasibility of using a number
of thermocouples to
enable a more accurate definition of
temperature-distance
profile In a burning cigarette to be obtained has
been assessed.
It is considered that the maximum number usable
will be four.
Work will continue along these lines. Other
factors likely
to affect the combustion temperaturehave also been
examined.
4 ~
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(a) As the oxygen content increases above that of
air, the
combustion temperature rises.
(b) Using the reverse smoking machine originally
designed
it has been found that the combustion temperature
drops 1000C
below that measured In 'normal' B-A.T. (suction)
smoking.
This finding has led to a modification to the
existing reverse
smoker such that the divergence from Onormall
smoking is
minimised.
(2) Nothing to report.
(J.D. Backhurst) (3) The first report giving the
first results on material
balance In a burning cigarette, using side and
mainstream smoke
collection has been finished and will be Issued
shortly. Briefly,
the work shows that although the transfer of
nicotine to main-
stream smoke during puffing Is efficient (85%) It
Is only 50%
efficient for side stream generated during
smoulder.
The overall recovery of nicotine Is of the order
of 60-70%.
The investigation of the effect of changing
cigarette parameters
is now completed and will be reported shortly.
(C.I. Ayres) (5) A preliminary examination of
possible techniques for
(N.E. Willis) splitting the puff h6s, been
started. First thoughts suggest
that the valve designed for micro-sampling of the
vapour phase
of cigarette smoke will represent the first
working model.
(R.G. Hook) (6) The thermal analysis (over a
temperature range of 100 - 7000C)
of tobacco and tobacco constituents has commenced.
A first
report, In preparation, describes the results
obtained during
the thermogravimetric analysis of various tobaccos
and tobacco
constituents such as the carbohydrates.
3150 Transfer and Pyrolysis processes
(S.R. Evelyn) (1) Further work with the addition
of nicotine base and citrate
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to paper "model' cigarettes has shown that the
choice of this
model vas not a good one, owing largely to losses
of nicotine
by evaporation. Furtherg high draw resistance
andfIltration
of the paper models tend to wake this approach
unrealistic.
Consequentlyq work with paper models is being
suspended.
(S.R. Evelyn) (2 & 5) The third report on the
release of nicotine from
(J.D. Backhurst) tobacco and models has been
issued.
The study of the release of nicotine added to
tobacco
cigarettes has continued and has been enlarged to
include side-
stream evaluation. The results suggest that the
product
efficiency of the added nicotine is somewhat
dependent upon
the form In which the nicotine Is added. A report
is in
preparation.
(S.R. Evelyn) (3) Experiments to measure the rates
of release and decom-
position of nicotine have been re-started. The
original
apparatus has been modified so that samples of the
heatad
tobacco and distillate can be withdrawn and
assayed at suitable
time intervals during each experiment, in order to
determine
the actual release and decomposition rates at
fixed temperatures.
(C.I. Ayres) (6) Work has commenced to find the
pyrolytic precursors of the
(R.E. Thornton) phenols which occur in cigarette
smoke. Yihile a G.L.C. apparatus
is being calibrated, the colorimetric method Is
being used and
the Initial results showt
(I) repyrolysis of smoke may make Important
contributions
to phenols yield
(11) different tobaccos can give markedly
different phenols
yield
(III) increase In the moisture content of a
cigarette
depresses the yield of phenols per cigarette.
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3160 Development of Smokinq Machine
(N.E. Willis) (3) Tests on the modified valve for
free and "restricted"
smoking have demonstrated that the changes vdiich
were
incorporated have adversaly affected Its sealing
during the
puff period. This Is now being tackled by
re-arrangement of
the valve.
3170 Weiaht of material burnt In a nuff
(A.W. Cronshaw) (1) Work on the Beta-Ray equipment
has been further delayed
by absence but an attempt is being made to analyse
the traces
obtained with the Interlorscope. At present the
chart is
being cut Into sections and weighed. The early
Indications
are that the method Is extremely tedious and not
sufficiently
accurate. It may be necessary to go to an
electronic computor
technique.
PROJECT 3200 CIGARETTE DESIGNt MODIFICATION OF
SLUKE AFTER FORNIATION
3210 (2) The effect of changes in relative
humidity on the
(J.B. Backhurst) particle size distribution Is
being examined.
(4) A comparison of the particle size distribution
of smoke
from Burley cigarettes made wholly from Burley
tobacco and
flue-cured tobacco has been undertaken.
The Rank Cintel Flying Spot Particle Resolver is
being
commissioned for use.
322D Mechanical Filtration
(S.R. Evelyn) (1) Evaluation of the filtrational
properties of Polythene tow
and sheets has been carried out for project 4260.
There do not
appear to be any unusual effects due to this
material.
Owing to other committments (e.g. 1307) progress
with this
Q-17
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project has been slow.
(6) Initial results Indicated that the efficiency
of a
synthetic filter Is dependent on the smoking
tobacco; with
Burley tobacco enhanced efficiency was shown.
This effect is being studied but there is nothing
to
report at this time.
3240 Effect of Temperature on Smoke
(K.D. Kilburn) (2) The study of the effect of
temperature an the composition
of the vapour phase has been discontinued.
(C.I. AyTes) (3) A report has been Issued on the
effect of temperature on
filtration efficiency.
PROJECT 3300 THE MAIN FACTORS INFLUENCTIZ TASTE &
FIAVOUR
3310 Analysis of smoke with resvect to flavour
compounds
(K.D. Kilburn) (3) The first three fractions
obtained from smoke distillate
CH. Dymond) after preparative scale gas
chromatography have been examined
using various analytical tools such as Infra red
and mass
spectrometry and quantitative small scale gas
chromatography.
The first fraction Is mainly composed of aliphatic
hydrocarbons
and furans. The second fraction is mainly composed
of benzene,
toluene, xylenes plus some monoterpenes, while the
third consists
of carbonyls and esters.
3320 Mechanics of the release of volatile flavour
compounds
(2 & 3) A report Is In preparationt attempting to
allocate
the contributions of (a) pyrolysis of volatile and
non-volatile
components of tobacco, and (b) repyrolysis of both
volatile
and non-volatile components of smoke, to the
vapour phase of
smoke.
'0
L-n
c0
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3330 To establish a chemical basis for sensory
testinq
(I & 2) Cigarettes containing the fractions
Isolated under
project 3313 are being assessed by the taste and
flavour working
party. The Initial trials showed some promise and
work will
continue along these lines.
3340 To establish a technique for assessinq the
taste & flavour of
(D.E. Conway) Whole smoke
(4) The investigation Into the effect of stem an
Irritation
should be completed and ready for statistical
analysis within
three weeks.
(D.E. Conway) (5) Further "ork on cigarette smoke
aroma has led to the
establishment, within the working party, of a
flavour profile
method for describing smoke. Results so far show
that It Is
applicable to a wide range of cigarettes and good
replication
of the profile has been obtained.
PROJECT 3400 SE =-IVE FILTRATION
3410 Selective removal of phenols.
(H.G. Horsewell) The evaluation of filters made
from cellulose triacetate,
(G. Rayner) secondary acetate and from paper has
been completed. The
(D.U. Carroll) effect of such additives as
polyethylene glycol and triaectin
has also been assessed. A report is being Issued.
(1) Paper filterst impregnated with a range of
additives such
as bentonite treated with quaternary salts,are
being evaluated
for phenol filtration. The work Is not yet
completed.
342D Selective removal of volatile acids
(H.G. Horsewell) (1) A gas chromatographic method
Is being developed for the
(G. Rayner) determination of volatile acids in
cigarette smoke. The
(C.W. Ayers) following acids can be determined
quantitatively : formic,
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acetic, propionic, n- and Iso-butyric and n- and
iso-valeric
acids. A titrimetric method for 'total volatile
acids* gives
values which agree reasonably with those obtained
by the gas
chromatographic technique. Tests are now being
carried out
using the titrimetric method for determining
filtration
efficiency.
A report Is in preparation.
3430 Selective removal of aldehydes
(H.G. Horsewell) (1) A method for the
determination of volatile aliphatic
0. Rayner) aldehydes in cigarette smoke is under
test. If it is shown
(C.71. Ayers) to give reproducible results, it
will be used to determine
(D.M. Carroll) filtration efficiency.
PROJECT 4100 PROCESS RESEARCH 9 DEVELOPME11r:
PPINIARY
4100 Primarv Process Research
(F. Hasiam) (6 & 7) It has been agreed to make the
simplest first approach
to the problem of vapour losses in primary process
and to fit
an FMB stainless steel water cooled condenser to
the Southampton
Branch dryer exhaust system. This condenser has
been designed
and quotations are awaited. it will later be
Installed and
quantities of condensate collected.
(D.E. Conway) (8) A method for uniformly reducing
tobacco lamina to small
pieces diameter) without producing dust has been
derwnstrated.
Tobacco in this form has been made Into cigarettes
and also used
as filter tips. The experiment will be repeated an
a larger
scale and a direct wmparlson made with
conventionally cut lamina.
It is thought that such cigarettes may have saw
unique properties.
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4110 Production Flow Problems
(D.S. Goodfellow) (2) It was decided during the
period to hold the scheme in
abeyance indefinitely.
Willis) (4) The modified South African load cell
is being fitted to
the test conveyor.
(A.H. Wright) (5) The electro-mechanical device
for controlling the level
of tobacco at the foot of the pin band has been
completed and
has operated successfully. A report has been
prepared.
(F. Haslam) (6) The Merchen Weighing Conveyor has
been shipped to Liverpool
and Is awaiting Installation prior to testing.
4123 Primary Process Development
(A.J.0. Thomson) (2) A pair of stainless steel
rolls has now been Installed in
Liverpool Branch. There are therefore three sets
of rolls at
present running under normal factory conditions.
Equipment for accurately positioning the doctor
blade has
been ordered from Messrs. Vickery. It Is hoped
that this may
reduce the wear an the beryllium copper scrapers
to even less than
the 0.04 lb. per million lb. of tobacco processed
i-thich has been
recorded to date.
(D.S. Goodfellow) (3) The design for the skip
diverter has been finished and the
order placed with Microcell. Queries arising from
the Install-
ation of the automatic skip filler In Southampton
Branch have
been dealt with - with the help of Mr. F. White -
and all out-
standing technical points are settled. Delivery
has been
delayed but is now expected in January 1963.
4130 Basic study of Tobacco Cuttina
(N.E. Willis) (2) A Mark I Molins Tobacco Cutting
Machine has been adapted
Cl\
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4140
(W.B. Fordyce)
(J.D. Backhurst)
MOJECT 4200
for this work. Independent tachometer controlled
T.A.S.C.
drives have been fitted to the band and cutting
head to enable
a range of cutting conditions to be examined. A
pneumatic
loading system has been introduced so that a range
of pressures
can be Introduced for experimental work.
A further system for assessing the local intensity
of
pressure on the cheese is under construction and
will be
fitted at a later stage.
Stem processinq
(7) The study of the effect of solvent extraction
of stems
on smoke properties has been discontinued.
SECONDARY AND PACKAGING
4210 Claarette Makina
(J.W.H. Segar) (1) The High Speed hik. 8 (No.
18258) has been used to assist
(N.E. Willis) In Branch production In conjunction
with modification trials
(A.W. Cronshaw) arranged at Molins request.
(E.B. Wilkes) An examination is being made of the
quality of the
winnowings produced on this machine with the jet
diffuser and
some routine analysis was made of the cigarettes
produced.
(N.E. Willis) (3) Designs are complete for special
equipment for adjusting
and defining the settings of (a) long folder
(b) short folder
(c) tongue piece
for a Mark 8 M.C.M. Manufacture has commenced and
the first
items should be installed within the course of the
next few
weeks.
(J.W.H. Segar) (5) 'York on Molins Mark 5-8-5 No.
18516 has been discontinued
(N.E. Willis) pending further modifications.
Discussions have taken place with
<ZD
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(A.W. Cronshaw) Molins on the problem of
occasional bad ends. Adjustments by
R. & D. E. to reduce the distance of transfer
between the
hopper tape and perforated band have shown an
Improvement but
performance Is still regarded as unsatisfactory
from the point
of view of ends.
One possible solution Is to increase the
perforated band
tension and to modify the perforated band tape
roller assembly
to reduce the trapping of tobacco In the ecreteur
section. The
parts for this have just been received and will be
tested during
the next few weeks.
(J.W.H. Segar) (7) The proposed work on the Hauni
MAX filter tipping unit has
now been cancelled.
(J.W.H. Segar) (8) Routine ru=ing tests on Branch
production are still In
(N.E. Willis) progress on the High Speed Mark 8
M.C.M. No. 20244 and the
(A.'i,'. Cronshaw) quality of cigarettes has been
maintained.
(A.H. Wright) (9) Apparatus for investigating the
basic principles and
problems in Sonic cutting of cigarette rod Is
being designed and
some of the necessary equipment has been
purchased.
(N.E. Willis) (10/11) Preliminary work has been
undertaken to determine the
dimensional differences between the garnitures
which have shown
differences in filling power. This will be
extended to cover
other garnitures at a later stage.
4230 Modified Cloarettes
(D.S. Goodfellow) (4) The majority of the defects
in manufacture has now been
overcome by the use of papers with the correct
physical properties.
Samples of rods with special inserts have been
machine made using
aluminium foil, flock paper, filter paper and
metallized fabric
and sample cigarettes have been made up by hand
for smoking tests.
Assl5tance has been given in coarnissioning the
first machine at
c7 l~
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 9
November 1999


-
Liverpool.
4240 Clqarette liandlinq
(F. Ha5lam) (1) A report is in course of
preparation which describes the
present state of development of the pneumatic
cigarette conveyor.
(2) Construction of a differential drying plant
for cigarettes
is in an advanced stage and some mechanical tests
are in progress.
4250 PackaqInq
(F. Haslam) (4) A study has been made of possible
methods of coding packages
ither visibly or invisibly using a binary code
system and then
:
lectronically reading these codes for routing and
grouping
purposes. No further work will be undertaken.
42 W Filters
A series of special paper filters has been made up
for
laboratory assessmentj present work Is based on
manufacturing
plugs from Filtrall treated paper.
(F. Haslam) (1) The manufacture of plugs from
polyethylene tow hzs
(D.E. Conway) continued. Experiments with a wire
mesh catching band on the
tow-producing machine have proved successful. The
spun tow
does not appear to adhere to such a band and In
fact It is
necessary to apply suction behind the hand to
ensure that the
tow adheres to it during collection.
A report is in hand describing the machine and the
results
obtained from it.
(F. Haslam) (3) Molecular sieve material has been
reduced to a fine powder
(K.D. Kilburn) and dusted onto polythene tow at
the 5% level after activating.
The resulting filters when made into cigarettes
appear to show
some small selectivity towards unsaturated
compounds. A cost
estimate for filters of this type has been
prepared.
CN
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 9
November 1999


- 19 -
(F. Haslam) (4) The problems involved in the
addition of Polyethylene
(D.E. Conway) Glycol to filters have been
examined. Paper filter rods loaded
with this material have been prepared and It has
been shown that
Polyethylene Glycol and Polyethylene Kax can be
blended together
and spun on the tow machine. It has also been
shown that rods
can be prepared by dipping In an acetone solution
of Polyethylene
Glycol. This work has been reported and has now
been brought to
a close.
(F. Haslam) (5) A design study is in hand to
Increase the capacity of the
(M.E. Willis) filter tow spinner up to 50 to 100
ft. tow/minute.
Unproarammed
(D.S. Goodfellow) Drawings of a R.Y.O. device,
incorporating features
requested by the Inventor, have been prepared and
despatched
to Dalam Products.
A prototype of the Improved version of the
original has
been made and is at present being evaluated.
PROJECT 4400 QUALITY coruRCL DEVELOPMENT
4400 General consideration of Quality Control
(A.W. Cronshaw) (1) The study of factory methods
in current use has been
(E.B. Wilkes) suspended during mobile laboratory
work.
4410 Nrticle Size Analysis
(E.B. Wilkes) (1) Experimental voork on the
assessment of Canadian sieves
was resumed and the results will require analysis
before the
report can be completed.
(E.B. Wilkes) (6) work on the assessment of VI.T.
fibre length counter Is
held up.
4420 Ends Te st i na
(A.N. Cronshaw) (1) The modifications were fitted
to the 1. T. Co. ends tester
(E.B. Wilkes) Mark 3 and appeared to work
satisfactorily. I. T. Co. have been
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 9
November 1999


- 20 -
informed. The Instrument is nort being used to
assess the
firmness of the ends of COXYL cigarettes.
(A.J.0. Thomson) (2) A survey has been uade of
methods of ends assessment and
a number of new tests has been devised. A report
will be
issued shortly.
4430 CInarette Weiqht Monitors
(A.W. Cronshaw) (4) The operation of the Solartron
computor with automatic
circuit is still not satisfactory and Solartron
are still
working on the problem.
4440 Development of Laboratory Tests
(A.W. Cronshaw) (1) A formal report on the A.M.F.
Cigarette Comparator was
written.
(A.'N. Cronshaw) (4) The routine use of the
"standard" for F.P.I.T. has been
(N.E. Willis) correnced at R. & D. E. It Is hoped
that reports on the units
will shortly be obtained from Bristol and
Louisville.
A new unit is being manufactured for use with
85/85 type
F.P.I.T. which has been supplied to Montreal.
(N.E. Willis) (5) The prototype Hydrostatic
firmness tester using an existing
feed mechanism has been completed and is under
test.
(E.B. Wilkes) (7) The calibration of the 1 litre
capacity Pycnometer was
(N.E. Willis) completed. Density determinations
were made on a sample of
(A.E. Yallup) tobacco and the standard deviation
of the results determined.
As a result It was decided that four tests would
give a
representative answer. Two pairs of samples of
Control and
COXM tobacco were examined and a significant
difference In
density was measured.
UnDroaranned
(A.W. Cronshaw) In order to bring up-to-date the
calibration work an the
Profile Tester - particularly for the 85/85 model
- the
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 9
November 1999


- 21 -
effects of weightj moisture and circumference are
being
examined in several detailed experiments. The
results are
passed to I. T. Co. (G.B. & I.) for analysis on
their digital
computor.
PROJECT 4500 INSTRUMENr DEVELOPMENT
A.E. Yallup has been visiting U.S.A. and Canada to
examine th*
possible Instrumentation of moisture measurement,
particularly
in Threshing and Drying Plants.
4510 Installed Moisture Meterinq Equipment
(A.E. Yallup) (3) The Kappa Continuous Moisture
Meter has not been delivered
by the supplier.
(A.E. Yallup) (4) Tests on the Plessey Continuous
Moisture Meter have been
suspended during the period under review.
(5) Calibration of the tube-type instrument for
pipe feeder
has been delayed due to other work.
4520 Sample Testinq Moisture Mieter
(1) The fully transistorised Kappa Moisture Meter
is still
await:d.
(2.Pl ) Further tests on the Kappa AB/55 have been
carried out
in an endeavour to complete this work. A report is
in an
advanced stage of preparation.
(4) The Plessey small leaf moisture meter can now
be tested
with tobacco samples. A prototype moulded lid has
been received
and the first batch Is expected within the next
few days.
(5) Tests are being carried out on the first of
the Plessey
whole leaf moisture meters. The remaining five are
expected
within the next months.
Provisionally these have been allocated to:-
New Zealand, Chile, South Africap Salisbury, and
East Africa.
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 9
November 1999


- 22-
PROJECT 5000 FCL & WASTE TOBACCO UTILISATION
5000 Basic Research
(D.J. Wood) (2) On the basis of experiments using
model systems It is
concluded that neither oxidative reactions nor
contamination
with metals are likely to play much part in the
darkening
which occurs during the manufacture of `VS/FCL.
The work
has been reported and will not at the moment be
pursued
any further.
(R. Comber) (3) A report on the structure of
reconstituted tobacco leaf
has been issuadq and no further work to
contemplated for the
time being.
5100 Castina Processes. Technical
(P.J. Nicholl) Cl) Work has been completed on the
use of the Aylesford and
Valley beaters for the preparation of a VS/PCL
binder.
5200 VS/FCL Introduction of Process to other
Territories
(8) Simon-Carves Monsanto are preparing a plant
design for
the treatment of effluent In South Africa.
5300 Paper Processes
(P.J. Nicholl) (5) The work on the coating of
paper with tobacco extracts
and ground tobacco has been completed and
reported.
(6) A future programme has been formulated, aimed
not at waste
utilization but at preparing a product of Improved
quality.
5400 New Processes for FCL
(P.J. Nicholl) (1) Work on the extrusion of
tobacco has continued and has
been reported. Present work Is concerned with
characterisation
of the tobacco-water mixtures and with the scaling
up of the
process to give a production rate of 50 lb./hr.
Qn
cr,
cr_-
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 9
November 1999


- 23 -
(2) Attempts have been made to extrude filaments
of Perique
for Incgrporation in Three Nuns pipe tobaccog butg
as yetv a
suitably flexible product has not been obtained.
5500 T.S.U. Process
(J.V. O'Brien) Flowshects and equipment are being
prepared before installing
the T*S.U. process In Brussels and, perhapsv
Amsterdam. A
Tingey feeder has been modified to supply a
constant feed of
of shorts to the Russell Mill and a Novadel feeder
has had a
solid screw fitted to handle the xequisite
throughput of ground
flour.
5600 Stem Treatment
The Eirich Mill, rAodel SF9, has been returned
from Geneva.
Further confirmatory work on the filling poi-.-er
of shredded
stem, by Itself, and at various levels in tobacco
lamina rag
should provide sufficient InforFwtion to assess
the relative
economics of stem shredding against the C.R.S.
process.
PROJECT 6000 FILLI!U F0:Z-R rm~itova,.:rir
6000 Pracesi Research
(F. Haslam) (1) The examination of to'jacco in
abnormal cigarettes is
awaiting the szt:lsfactory develoixnent of a
method of size
analysis.
(5) Construction of a differential drying plant
for cigarettes
Is in an advanced stage and some mechanical tests
are In progress.
(6) A report has been issued on the additivity of
CU;CYL and
wetting processes to one another and further work
along these
lines Is being planned.
(0.E. Conway) (7) The position on additives for
increased rigidity is as
follows:-
U-I
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 9
November 1999


- 24 -
(a) Solvent extraction. Apparatus for the
extraction of
5 1b. tobacco at a time is being constructed. The
laboratory experiments suggest that the most
useful
solvents will be those that remove least material
from
the tobacco. The filling capacity change is
dependent
on completeness of extraction.
(b) Freeze drying. No further work during this
period.
(c) Spraying with humectants. The draft patent on
the
addition of polyethylene glycol has been
withdrawn.
(d) Addition of starches etc. This work is
continuing.
It has been found experimentally that heating or
drying
tobacco to a low moisture content changes the
filling
capacity-relative humidity relationship. This
effect is
being investigated. The work by Rice (Canada) on
the
effective volume of tobacco has been examined and
will
be followed up. An attempt will be made to link
the
effective volume, the filling capacity and the
equilibrium
moisture content of different types of tobacco.
(9) An examination has been carried out into the
effects of
oven heating of tobacco on its filling power and
some interesting
increases In filling power have been observed.
These changes
are being further examined on a laSoratory scale.
6100 Develomont of CUICYL and COMIR
(F. Haslam) (11) The Inv,2stigating of the effect
of cutting machines on
filling power is awaiting the commissioning of
modified cutting
mchinery.
6200 Introduction of CONM and COMM to other
territories
(A.J.0. Thomson) (3) Experiments aimed at
discovering the causes of the
difference bet-meen filling power improvement
obtained In
Liverpool and Southampton have been unsuccessful,
due to
the normal manufacturing variations. The standard
deviation
between test results Is around 1~,%, so It would
require a
series of over 10 tests In order to pick up
differences of
under a. This was not practicable. Considerable
work has
been done on evaluating the ends of COIUYL
cigarettes.
CD
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 9
November 1999


- 25 -
In a visual test smooth ends are to be preferred
to furry ends.
In all the tests, excepting visual tests, there is
no notice
taken of whether the ends are furry or not.
The final conclusion may be that the COWYL ends
have lost
colour and are more furry but are riot, In other
respects,
inferior to ends of normal manufacture.
(A.J.0. Thomson) (4) In the following notes only
those overseas factories are
mentioned In which the position has changed since
the last report.
Amsterdam
The Mobile Laboratory has tested the products of
the
Asterweg Factory with CWM in action. The average
Improvement
In filling power vas 2.Z6.
The variation in the firmness of cigarettes of
normal
manufacture between one day and enother was of the
order of 5%
so that the filling power improvement achieved was
occasionally
swamped or reversed in the test results.
Geneva
Installation of all equipment is now complete and
short
trials have been carried out on the pipe feeders
and on one
air dryer. The feeders are now being calibrated In
preparation
for filling power tests in January 1963.
Malta
The difficulties In running the pipe without
blow-outs
persist and It Is now almost certain that this
stems from the
level In the pipe being controlled by the metering
hand speed.
There was insufficient space to allow the
installation of an
autofeed to control the level in the pipet this is
the custom
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 9
November 1999


- 25 -
in other factories. An air lift is used to carry
tobacco from
the cutters to the pipe. The solution must lie
either In
reducing the fluctuations In the output of the
cutting machines
still further or in a major and costly alteration
of layout.
India
Testing is now under way but considerable
difficulty
arises from the lack of equipment. This can
neither be obtained
locally nor (due to foreign exchange restrictions)
be bought
abroad.
Improvements of approximately 1% have been found
but since
steam pressure Is liable to considerable
fluctuations (reducing
valves not available) and the temperature of the
tobacco cannot
be properly checked (no rapid response
thermometer)3 this may
be due to an insufficient supply of steam.
Unproarammed
(F. Haslam) Work has commenced on the day to day
measurement of
(A.W. Cronshaw) cigarette firmness from one
particular machine against a
standard.
(F. Haslam) It has been shown that the tobacco
smalls utilization
process can be used In controlling within limits
the colour
of cut tobacco la cigarettes. The finely ground
powder is
lighter In colour than the tobacco from which It
is produced
and can be applied to cut tobacco to impart some
of this light
colour.
A short, further examination has been made of the
use of
a COXYL type gravity pipe for the feeding and
conditioning of
stem prior to It being rolled and cut. As has been
recorded
BATCO document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 9
November 1999


- 27 -
previously the conditioning appeared to be
extremely even.
Further to this the firmness of 100% C-P-S.
cigarettes
manufactured from this material appeared to be
greater than
that of comparable cigarettes made from C.R.S.
processed In
the conventional fashion In Southampton Branch
Factory.
PATE1TrS
Routine work of the Patent Section has continued.
Approximately 150 specifications have been added
to the
general stackg bringing the total to around 1950.
A further six provisional specifications have been
filed,
bringing the total to 32. Interim Amendment sheets
for the
Patent Folio have been issued.
A number of Official Reports have been received f
foreign examiners and some applications have been
abandoned
at the Provisional Application stage.
During the quarter, Miss Ivinson spent two weeks
at
Jensen & Son, the Patent Agents.
BUILDIrU MAI11TENANCE SERVICES ETC.
(F. Russell) Laboratory Block
Workshop constructed on roof.
Central File and Patents Offices re-sited.
Still boiler and water service air tank stripped
for inspection.
Static water tank de-rusted and repainted.
Develoment. Hall No. 2
Part of Hall cleared and partitioned off for
erection
of Mezzanine extension.
Large Eirich Mill installed.
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 9
November 1999


- 28
General
All portable fire extinguishers examined.
Replacing of faulty Insulite windows in
Establishment completed.
All roads resurfacedo
Fractured fire main repaired.
REPORTS ISSUED
During the period, the following reports were
issuedt-
R. & D. E. REPORTS No.
B-A.T. Smoking Machineo RD.214-F.
The dry distillation of nicotine from models and
tobacco
at temperatures up to 35COC. M218-F.
Analysis of the burning zone In a cigarette.
RD.219-F.
An assessment of elutriation as a quality control
test for
determining the winnowings content of tobacco rag.
RD.22D-F.
The effects of temperature upon the filtration of
smoke. RD.221-R.
Waste tobacco utilisation. RD.223-R.
Anatomical study of tobacco and reconstituted
tobacco. RD.V4-R.
PCL: Paper process. The coating of paper tissue
sheets with
tobacco slurries. RD.277-R.
The additivity of processing techniques for
improving the filling
power of cut Virginia tobaccos- Part 1. RD.228-R.
PCL: Paper processes. Flow chart of paper process,
incorporating
solvent extraction of stem. RD.229-R.
LABORATORY REPORTS
The effect of circumference change on the smoke
production
of a cigarette. L.66-F.
The determination of nicotine in tobacco and
cigarette smoke
using the Lange U.V. colorimeter. L.67-R.
A laboratory study of paper process. L.68-F.
Operation "CRASH". L.70-R.
C=)
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 9
November 1999


- 29-
Filtration efficiency of cellulose acetate
5/1OD,OOO filter
plugs: effect of changing the tobacco used as the
source of L.71-F.
smoke.
An examination of the drying processes in Asterweg
(Holland) Factory. L.73-R.
An examination of the drying processes in Brussels
factory. L.75-R.
An examination of the drying processes in
Copenhagen factory
together with an examination of tho firmness of
cigarettes L.76-R.
made or. the Mark 8.
An examination of the AMF cigarettS filling
comparator. L.77-F.
Operation "Scratch". Examination of
Myria/Cellulose acetate
dual filters ex South Africa and Rhodesia. L.78-R.
EMINEERIM REPORTS
The automatic coding, recognition and routing of
packages. E.23-F.
The pneumatic feeding of cigarette making machines
incorporating
automatic feeding of any selected blend to any
making machines. 2.24-F.
Examination of the Decoufle LOF cigarette making
machine In
Brussels factory. E.25-F.
STAFF
The establishment was increased to 185 in
accordance with the Annual Report in
October 1962. In addition there have subsequently
been 8 transfers from payroll to
staff and one transfer from Branch staff (seconded
to R. & D. E.) to R. & D. E. staff
io that the new establishment is 194 made up as
follows.
At 30/9/62
Staff Employed 169
Staff recruited but not yet employed 3
Staff planned transfer, not yet effective -
Outstanding vacancies 5
177
At 31/12/62
175
1
8
10
194
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 9
November 1999


- 30-
Staff additions Staff recruited but not vet
emploved
B. Lawrence J. Richardson
D.A. Johnson
Staff planned transfer, not yet effective
M.G. Sims
R.E. Thornton L. Groves
D.M. Carroll K. Mainstone
D. P. Board B. Monday
R.B. Hopmell W. Hurding
Mrs. P. Donworth G. Harnett
R. Clark
Staff resiqnations Mrs. J. Cawte
K13s A.M. Delamore Mrs. M. Ford
M.A. Whitford.
Outstanding vacancies are owde up as followss
2 chemists, I physicist, I engineer, 1 technical
assistant, 5 assistants.
VISITCP,S
During the quarter, there were 137 visitors to R.
& D. E. In addition to regular
B-A.T. visitors, these included:-
Mr. G. Butler B-A.T. Co. Liverpool
Dr. H.R. Bentley I. T. Co. Bristol
Mr. E.T. Barwick Argentina
Mr. Duprell Chambon Ltd.
Mr. Evans A.R.L. Ltd.
Mr. W.A. Franklin India
Mr. Ford & A.U. Other Richard Costains Ltd.
Mr. J.E. Garbarino Buenos Aires.
Mr. G.H. Hutchinson Pakistan
C71\
BATCo document for Province of BritiSh Columbia 9
November 1999


31 -
Mr. Hussian Nazir
Mr. Hoath
Messrs. Hawkins, Law
Mr. A.N. Jamieson
Mr. W. Jewell
Air. Keith
Mr. Lloyd-Jones
Mr. W.E. Martin
Mr. Morris
Mr. G.H. Parsons
Mr. L.L. Paige
Mr. M.E. Regis
Dr. Seehofer
Mr. P. Stone
Mr. Smith
Mr. J.E. Satterfield
Mr. R. Spencer
Mr. G.F. Todd, Mr. H.B. Grice
Mr. J.R. Tugvvood
Mr. Williamson
Mr. I.F. Hendry, Mr. Bannatyne
Mr. R.A. Smith, Mr. Pope
Mr. H, Boly, Mr, G.F. Lanoy
Mr. L. Ijsselstein
Pakistan
WiggirsTeape & Co.
Whiffen & Sons, Loughborough
Nigeria
Geneva
I. T. Co. Canada
B.T.I.
B.X. Plastics Ltd.
Microcell Ltd.
I. T. Co. Bristol
I. T. Co. Bristol
Argentina
Ge ny
Indonesia
Molins Machine Co.
Millbank.
I. T. Co. Bristol
T.M.S.C.
'Jensen & Son.
Cigarette Components
WigginsTeape Ltd.
W.D. & H.O. Wills, Bristol
Odon Warland
B-A.T. Co. Amsiterdam.
Uri
r__
BATCo document for Province of British Columbia 9
November 1999